# Gitaly

[Gitaly](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitaly) is the service that
provides high-level RPC access to Git repositories. Without it, no other
components can read or write Git data. GitLab components that access Git
repositories (gitlab-rails, gitlab-shell, gitlab-workhorse, etc.) act as clients
to Gitaly. End users do not have direct access to Gitaly.

In the rest of this page, Gitaly server is referred to the standalone node that
only runs Gitaly, and Gitaly client to the GitLab Rails node that runs all other
processes except Gitaly.

## Configuring Gitaly

The Gitaly service itself is configured via a TOML configuration file.
This file is documented [in the Gitaly
repository](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitaly/blob/master/doc/configuration/README.md).

In case you want to change some of its settings:

**For Omnibus GitLab**

1. Edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb` and add or change the [Gitaly settings](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/omnibus-gitlab/blob/1dd07197c7e5ae23626aad5a4a070a800b670380/files/gitlab-config-template/gitlab.rb.template#L1622-1676).
1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).

**For installations from source**

1. Edit `/home/git/gitaly/config.toml` and add or change the [Gitaly settings](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitaly/blob/master/config.toml.example).
1. Save the file and [restart GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source).

## Running Gitaly on its own server

This is an optional way to deploy Gitaly which can benefit GitLab
installations that are larger than a single machine. Most
installations will be better served with the default configuration
used by Omnibus and the GitLab source installation guide.

Starting with GitLab 11.4, Gitaly is able to serve all Git requests without
requiring a shared NFS mount for Git repository data.
Between 11.4 and 11.8 the exception was the
[Elasticsearch indexer](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-elasticsearch-indexer).
But since 11.8 the indexer uses Gitaly for data access as well. NFS can still
be leveraged for redudancy on block level of the Git data. But only has to
be mounted on the Gitaly server.

Starting with GitLab 11.8, it is possible to use ElasticSearch in conjunction with
a Gitaly setup that isn't utilising NFS. In order to use ElasticSearch in this
scenario, the [new repository indexer](../../integration/elasticsearch.md#elasticsearch-repository-indexer-beta)
needs to be enabled in your GitLab configuration.

NOTE: **Note:** While Gitaly can be used as a replacement for NFS, it's not recommended
to use EFS as it may impact GitLab's performance. Review the [relevant documentation](../high_availability/nfs.md#avoid-using-awss-elastic-file-system-efs)
for more details.

### Network architecture

The following list depicts what the network architecture of Gitaly is:

- GitLab Rails shards repositories into [repository storages](../repository_storage_paths.md).
- `/config/gitlab.yml` contains a map from storage names to
  `(Gitaly address, Gitaly token)` pairs.
- the `storage name` -\> `(Gitaly address, Gitaly token)` map in
  `/config/gitlab.yml` is the single source of truth for the Gitaly network
  topology.
- A `(Gitaly address, Gitaly token)` corresponds to a Gitaly server.
- A Gitaly server hosts one or more storages.
- A GitLab server can use one or more Gitaly servers.
- Gitaly addresses must be specified in such a way that they resolve
  correctly for ALL Gitaly clients.
- Gitaly clients are: Unicorn, Sidekiq, gitlab-workhorse,
  gitlab-shell, Elasticsearch Indexer, and Gitaly itself.
- A Gitaly server must be able to make RPC calls **to itself** via its own
  `(Gitaly address, Gitaly token)` pair as specified in `/config/gitlab.yml`.
- Gitaly servers must not be exposed to the public internet as Gitaly's network
  traffic is unencrypted by default. The use of firewall is highly recommended
  to restrict access to the Gitaly server. Another option is to
  [use TLS](#tls-support).
- Authentication is done through a static token which is shared among the Gitaly
  and GitLab Rails nodes.

Below we describe how to configure two Gitaly servers one at
`gitaly1.internal` and the other at `gitaly2.internal`
with secret token `abc123secret`. We assume
your GitLab installation has three repository storages: `default`,
`storage1` and `storage2`.

### 1. Installation

First install Gitaly on each Gitaly server using either
Omnibus GitLab or install it from source:

- For Omnibus GitLab: [Download/install](https://about.gitlab.com/install/) the Omnibus GitLab
  package you want using **steps 1 and 2** from the GitLab downloads page but
  **_do not_** provide the `EXTERNAL_URL=` value.
- From source: [Install Gitaly](../../install/installation.md#install-gitaly).

### 2. Client side token configuration

Configure a token on the instance that runs the GitLab Rails application.

**For Omnibus GitLab**

1. On the client node(s), edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`:

   ```ruby
   gitlab_rails['gitaly_token'] = 'abc123secret'
   ```

1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).

**For installations from source**

1. On the client node(s), edit `/home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml`:

   ```yaml
   gitlab:
     gitaly:
       token: 'abc123secret'
   ```

1. Save the file and [restart GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source).

### 3. Gitaly server configuration

Next, on the Gitaly servers, you need to configure storage paths, enable
the network listener and configure the token.

NOTE: **Note:** if you want to reduce the risk of downtime when you enable
authentication you can temporarily disable enforcement, see [the
documentation on configuring Gitaly
authentication](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitaly/blob/master/doc/configuration/README.md#authentication)
.

Gitaly must trigger some callbacks to GitLab via GitLab Shell. As a result,
the GitLab Shell secret must be the same between the other GitLab servers and
the Gitaly server. The easiest way to accomplish this is to copy `/etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json`
from an existing GitLab server to the Gitaly server. Without this shared secret,
Git operations in GitLab will result in an API error.

NOTE: **Note:**
In most or all cases, the storage paths below end in `/repositories` which is
not that case with `path` in `git_data_dirs` of Omnibus GitLab installations.
Check the directory layout on your Gitaly server to be sure.

**For Omnibus GitLab**

1. Edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`:

   <!--
   updates to following example must also be made at
   https://gitlab.com/charts/gitlab/blob/master/doc/advanced/external-gitaly/external-omnibus-gitaly.md#configure-omnibus-gitlab
   -->

   ```ruby
   # /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb

   # Avoid running unnecessary services on the Gitaly server
   postgresql['enable'] = false
   redis['enable'] = false
   nginx['enable'] = false
   prometheus['enable'] = false
   unicorn['enable'] = false
   sidekiq['enable'] = false
   gitlab_workhorse['enable'] = false

   # Prevent database connections during 'gitlab-ctl reconfigure'
   gitlab_rails['rake_cache_clear'] = false
   gitlab_rails['auto_migrate'] = false

   # Configure the gitlab-shell API callback URL. Without this, `git push` will
   # fail. This can be your 'front door' GitLab URL or an internal load
   # balancer.
   # Don't forget to copy `/etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json` from web server to Gitaly server.
   gitlab_rails['internal_api_url'] = 'https://gitlab.example.com'

   # Make Gitaly accept connections on all network interfaces. You must use
   # firewalls to restrict access to this address/port.
   gitaly['listen_addr'] = "0.0.0.0:8075"
   gitaly['auth_token'] = 'abc123secret'

   # To use TLS for Gitaly you need to add
   gitaly['tls_listen_addr'] = "0.0.0.0:9999"
   gitaly['certificate_path'] = "path/to/cert.pem"
   gitaly['key_path'] = "path/to/key.pem"
   ```

1. Append the following to `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb` for each respective server:
   
   For `gitaly1.internal`:

   ```
   gitaly['storage'] = [
     { 'name' => 'default' },
     { 'name' => 'storage1' },
   ]
   ```
   
   For `gitaly2.internal`:

   ```
   gitaly['storage'] = [
     { 'name' => 'storage2' },
   ]
   ```

   NOTE: **Note:**
   In some cases, you'll have to set `path` for `gitaly['storage']` in the
   format `'path' => '/mnt/gitlab/<storage name>/repositories'`.

1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).

**For installations from source**

1. On the client node(s), edit `/home/git/gitaly/config.toml`:

   ```toml
   listen_addr = '0.0.0.0:8075'
   tls_listen_addr = '0.0.0.0:9999'

   [tls]
   certificate_path = /path/to/cert.pem
   key_path = /path/to/key.pem

   [auth]
   token = 'abc123secret'
   ```

1. Append the following to `/home/git/gitaly/config.toml` for each respective server:
   
   For `gitaly1.internal`:

   ```toml
   [[storage]]
   name = 'default'

   [[storage]]
   name = 'storage1'
   ```
   
   For `gitaly2.internal`:

   ```toml
   [[storage]]
   name = 'storage2'
   ```

   NOTE: **Note:**
   In some cases, you'll have to set `path` for each `[[storage]]` in the
   format `path = '/mnt/gitlab/<storage name>/repositories'`.

1. Save the file and [restart GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source).

### 4. Converting clients to use the Gitaly server

As the final step, you need to update the client machines to switch from using
their local Gitaly service to the new Gitaly server you just configured. This
is a risky step because if there is any sort of network, firewall, or name
resolution problem preventing your GitLab server from reaching the Gitaly server,
then all Gitaly requests will fail.

Additionally, you need to
[disable Rugged if previously manually enabled](../high_availability/nfs.md#improving-nfs-performance-with-gitlab).

We assume that your `gitaly1.internal` Gitaly server can be reached at
`gitaly1.internal:8075` from your GitLab server, and that Gitaly server 
can read and write to `/mnt/gitlab/default` and `/mnt/gitlab/storage1`.

We assume also that your `gitaly2.internal` Gitaly server can be reached at
`gitaly2.internal:8075` from your GitLab server, and that Gitaly server 
can read and write to `/mnt/gitlab/storage2`. 

**For Omnibus GitLab**

1. Edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`:

   ```ruby
   git_data_dirs({
     'default' => { 'gitaly_address' => 'tcp://gitaly1.internal:8075' },
     'storage1' => { 'gitaly_address' => 'tcp://gitaly1.internal:8075' },
     'storage2' => { 'gitaly_address' => 'tcp://gitaly2.internal:8075' },
   })

   gitlab_rails['gitaly_token'] = 'abc123secret'
   ```

   NOTE: **Note:**
   In some cases, you'll have to set `path` for each `git_data_dirs` in the
   format `'path' => '/mnt/gitlab/<storage name>'`.

1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).
1. Tail the logs to see the requests:

   ```sh
   sudo gitlab-ctl tail gitaly
   ```

**For installations from source**

1. Edit `/home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml`:

   ```yaml
   gitlab:
     repositories:
       storages:
         default:
           gitaly_address: tcp://gitaly1.internal:8075
         storage1:
           gitaly_address: tcp://gitaly1.internal:8075
         storage2:
           gitaly_address: tcp://gitaly2.internal:8075

     gitaly:
       token: 'abc123secret'
   ```

   NOTE: **Note:**
   In some cases, you'll have to set `path` for each of the `storages` in the
   format `path: /mnt/gitlab/<storage name>/repositories`.

1. Save the file and [restart GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source).
1. Tail the logs to see the requests:

   ```sh
   tail -f /home/git/gitlab/log/gitaly.log
   ```

When you tail the Gitaly logs on your Gitaly server you should see requests
coming in. One sure way to trigger a Gitaly request is to clone a repository
from your GitLab server over HTTP.

### Disabling the Gitaly service in a cluster environment

If you are running Gitaly [as a remote
service](#running-gitaly-on-its-own-server) you may want to disable
the local Gitaly service that runs on your GitLab server by default.
Disabling Gitaly only makes sense when you run GitLab in a custom
cluster configuration, where different services run on different
machines. Disabling Gitaly on all machines in the cluster is not a
valid configuration.

To disable Gitaly on a client node:

**For Omnibus GitLab**

1. Edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`:

   ```ruby
   gitaly['enable'] = false
   ```

1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).

**For installations from source**

1. Edit `/etc/default/gitlab`:

   ```shell
   gitaly_enabled=false
   ```

1. Save the file and [restart GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source).

## TLS support

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/merge_requests/22602) in GitLab 11.8.

Gitaly supports TLS encryption. To be able to communicate
with a Gitaly instance that listens for secure connections you will need to use `tls://` url
scheme in the `gitaly_address` of the corresponding storage entry in the GitLab configuration.

You will need to bring your own certificates as this isn't provided automatically.
The certificate to be used needs to be installed on all Gitaly nodes and on all
client nodes that communicate with it following the procedure described in
[GitLab custom certificate configuration](https://docs.gitlab.com/omnibus/settings/ssl.html#install-custom-public-certificates).

NOTE: **Note:**
It is possible to configure Gitaly servers with both an
unencrypted listening address `listen_addr` and an encrypted listening
address `tls_listen_addr` at the same time. This allows you to do a
gradual transition from unencrypted to encrypted traffic, if necessary.

To configure Gitaly with TLS:

**For Omnibus GitLab**

1. On the client nodes, edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`:

   ```ruby
   git_data_dirs({
     'default' => { 'gitaly_address' => 'tls://gitaly1.internal:9999' },
     'storage1' => { 'gitaly_address' => 'tls://gitaly1.internal:9999' },
     'storage2' => { 'gitaly_address' => 'tls://gitaly2.internal:9999' },
   })

   gitlab_rails['gitaly_token'] = 'abc123secret'
   ```

1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).
1. On the Gitaly server nodes, edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`:

   ```ruby
   gitaly['tls_listen_addr'] = "0.0.0.0:9999"
   gitaly['certificate_path'] = "path/to/cert.pem"
   gitaly['key_path'] = "path/to/key.pem"
   ```

1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).

**For installations from source**

1. On the client nodes, edit `/home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml`:

   ```yaml
   gitlab:
     repositories:
       storages:
         default:
           gitaly_address: tls://gitaly1.internal:9999
         storage1:
           gitaly_address: tls://gitaly1.internal:9999
         storage2:
           gitaly_address: tls://gitaly2.internal:9999

     gitaly:
       token: 'abc123secret'
   ```

   NOTE: **Note:**
   In some cases, you'll have to set `path` for each of the `storages` in the
   format `path: /mnt/gitlab/<storage name>/repositories`.

1. Save the file and [restart GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source).
1. On the Gitaly server nodes, edit `/home/git/gitaly/config.toml`:

   ```toml
   tls_listen_addr = '0.0.0.0:9999'

   [tls]
   certificate_path = '/path/to/cert.pem'
   key_path = '/path/to/key.pem'
   ```

1. Save the file and [restart GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source).

To observe what type of connections are actually being used in a
production environment you can use the following Prometheus query:

```
sum(rate(gitaly_connections_total[5m])) by (type)
```

## `gitaly-ruby`

Gitaly was developed to replace the Ruby application code in GitLab.
In order to save time and/or avoid the risk of rewriting existing
application logic, in some cases we chose to copy some application code
from GitLab into Gitaly almost as-is. To be able to run that code,
`gitaly-ruby` was created, which is a "sidecar" process for the main Gitaly Go
process. Some examples of things that are implemented in `gitaly-ruby` are
RPCs that deal with wikis, and RPCs that create commits on behalf of
a user, such as merge commits.

### Number of `gitaly-ruby` workers

`gitaly-ruby` has much less capacity than Gitaly itself. If your Gitaly
server has to handle a lot of requests, the default setting of having
just one active `gitaly-ruby` sidecar might not be enough. If you see
`ResourceExhausted` errors from Gitaly, it's very likely that you have not
enough `gitaly-ruby` capacity.

You can increase the number of `gitaly-ruby` processes on your Gitaly
server with the following settings.

**For Omnibus GitLab**

1. Edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`:

   ```ruby
   # Default is 2 workers. The minimum is 2; 1 worker is always reserved as
   # a passive stand-by.
   gitaly['ruby_num_workers'] = 4
   ```

1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).

**For installations from source**

1. Edit `/home/git/gitaly/config.toml`:

   ```toml
   [gitaly-ruby]
   num_workers = 4
   ```

1. Save the file and [restart GitLab](../restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source).

## Eliminating NFS altogether

If you are planning to use Gitaly without NFS for your storage needs
and want to eliminate NFS from your environment altogether, there are
a few things that you need to do:

1. Make sure the [`git` user home directory](https://docs.gitlab.com/omnibus/settings/configuration.html#moving-the-home-directory-for-a-user) is on local disk.
1. Configure [database lookup of SSH keys](../operations/fast_ssh_key_lookup.md)
   to eliminate the need for a shared authorized_keys file.
1. Configure [object storage for job artifacts](../job_artifacts.md#using-object-storage)
   including [live tracing](../job_traces.md#new-live-trace-architecture).
1. Configure [object storage for LFS objects](../../workflow/lfs/lfs_administration.md#storing-lfs-objects-in-remote-object-storage).
1. Configure [object storage for uploads](../uploads.md#using-object-storage-core-only).

NOTE: **Note:**
One current feature of GitLab that still requires a shared directory (NFS) is
[GitLab Pages](../../user/project/pages/index.md).
There is [work in progress](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-pages/issues/196)
to eliminate the need for NFS to support GitLab Pages.

## Troubleshooting Gitaly

### Commits, pushes, and clones return a 401

```
remote: GitLab: 401 Unauthorized
```

You will need to sync your `gitlab-secrets.json` file with your GitLab
app nodes.

### `gitaly-debug`

Since GitLab 11.6, Gitaly comes with a command-line tool called
`gitaly-debug` that can be run on a Gitaly server to aid in
troubleshooting. In GitLab 11.6 its only sub-command is
`simulate-http-clone` which allows you to measure the maximum possible
Git clone speed for a specific repository on the server.

For an up to date list of sub-commands see [the gitaly-debug
README](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitaly/blob/master/cmd/gitaly-debug/README.md).

### Client side GRPC logs

Gitaly uses the [gRPC](https://grpc.io/) RPC framework. The Ruby gRPC
client has its own log file which may contain useful information when
you are seeing Gitaly errors. You can control the log level of the
gRPC client with the `GRPC_LOG_LEVEL` environment variable. The
default level is `WARN`.

### Observing `gitaly-ruby` traffic

[`gitaly-ruby`](#gitaly-ruby) is an internal implementation detail of Gitaly,
so, there's not that much visibility into what goes on inside
`gitaly-ruby` processes.

If you have Prometheus set up to scrape your Gitaly process, you can see
request rates and error codes for individual RPCs in `gitaly-ruby` by
querying `grpc_client_handled_total`. Strictly speaking, this metric does
not differentiate between `gitaly-ruby` and other RPCs, but in practice
(as of GitLab 11.9), all gRPC calls made by Gitaly itself are internal
calls from the main Gitaly process to one of its `gitaly-ruby` sidecars.

Assuming your `grpc_client_handled_total` counter only observes Gitaly,
the following query shows you RPCs are (most likely) internally
implemented as calls to `gitaly-ruby`:

```
sum(rate(grpc_client_handled_total[5m])) by (grpc_method) > 0
```

### Repository changes fail with a `401 Unauthorized` error

If you're running Gitaly on its own server and notice that users can
successfully clone and fetch repositories (via both SSH and HTTPS), but can't
push to them or make changes to the repository in the web UI without getting a
`401 Unauthorized` message, then it's possible Gitaly is failing to authenticate
with the other nodes due to having the [wrong secrets file](#3-gitaly-server-configuration).

Confirm the following are all true:

- When any user performs a `git push` to any repository on this Gitaly node, it
  fails with the following error (note the `401 Unauthorized`):

  ```sh
  remote: GitLab: 401 Unauthorized
  To <REMOTE_URL>
  ! [remote rejected] branch-name -> branch-name (pre-receive hook declined)
  error: failed to push some refs to '<REMOTE_URL>'
  ```

- When any user adds or modifies a file from the repository using the GitLab
  UI, it immediatley fails with a red `401 Unauthorized` banner.
- Creating a new project and [initializing it with a README](../../gitlab-basics/create-project.md#blank-projects)
  successfully creates the project but doesn't create the README.
- When [tailing the logs](https://docs.gitlab.com/omnibus/settings/logs.md#tail-logs-in-a-console-on-the-server) on an app node and reproducing the error, you get `401` errors
  when reaching the `/api/v4/internal/allowed` endpoint:

  ```sh
  # api_json.log
  {
    "time": "2019-07-18T00:30:14.967Z",
    "severity": "INFO",
    "duration": 0.57,
    "db": 0,
    "view": 0.57,
    "status": 401,
    "method": "POST",
    "path": "\/api\/v4\/internal\/allowed",
    "params": [
      {
        "key": "action",
        "value": "git-receive-pack"
      },
      {
        "key": "changes",
        "value": "REDACTED"
      },
      {
        "key": "gl_repository",
        "value": "REDACTED"
      },
      {
        "key": "project",
        "value": "\/path\/to\/project.git"
      },
      {
        "key": "protocol",
        "value": "web"
      },
      {
        "key": "env",
        "value": "{\"GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES\":[],\"GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES_RELATIVE\":[],\"GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY\":null,\"GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY_RELATIVE\":null}"
      },
      {
        "key": "user_id",
        "value": "2"
      },
      {
        "key": "secret_token",
        "value": "[FILTERED]"
      }
    ],
    "host": "gitlab.example.com",
    "ip": "REDACTED",
    "ua": "Ruby",
    "route": "\/api\/:version\/internal\/allowed",
    "queue_duration": 4.24,
    "gitaly_calls": 0,
    "gitaly_duration": 0,
    "correlation_id": "XPUZqTukaP3"
  }

  # nginx_access.log
  [IP] - - [18/Jul/2019:00:30:14 +0000] "POST /api/v4/internal/allowed HTTP/1.1" 401 30 "" "Ruby"
  ```

To fix this problem, confirm that your [`gitlab-secrets.json` file](#3-gitaly-server-configuration)
on the Gitaly node matches the one on all other nodes. If it doesn't match,
update the secrets file on the Gitaly node to match the others, then
[reconfigure the node](../restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure).
