Simplify MVCC by determining transaction start time using lastTransaction.

This implements: https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/issues/50

Rather than watching invalidations, simply use 1 + the storages
lastTransaction, which is equivalent to but much simpler than waiting
for the first invalidation after a transaction starts.

More importantly, it means we can always use loadBefore and get away
from load.  We no longer have to worry about ordering of invalidations
and load() results.

Much thanks to NEO for pointing the way toward this simplification!

Implementing this initially caused a deadlock, because DB.open()
called Connection.open() while holding a database lock and
Connection.open() now calls IStotage.lastTransaction(), which acquires a
storage lock. (It's not clear that lastTransaction() really needs a
storage lock.)  Meanwhile, IStotage.tpc_finish() calls a DB function
that requires the DB lock while holding the storage lock.  Fixing this
required moving the call to Connection.open() outside the region where
the DB lock was held.

To debug the problem above, I greatly improved lock-debugging
support. Now all of the ZODB code imports Lock, RLock and Condition
from ZODB.utils. If the DEBUG_LOCKING is set to a non-empty value,
then these are wrapped in such a way that debugging information is
printed as they are used. This made spotting the nature of the
deadlock easier.

Of course, a change this basic broke lots of tests. Most of the
breakage arises from the fact that connections now call
lastTransaction on storages at transaction boundaries.  Lots of tests
didn't clean up databases and connections properly.  I fixed many
tests, but ultimately gave up and added some extra cleanup code that
violated transaction-manager underware (and the underware's privates)
to clear transaction synchonizers in test setup and tear-down.  I plan
to add a transaction manager API for this and to use it in a
subsequent PR.

This tests makes database and connection hygiene a bit more important,
especially for tests, because a connection will continue to interact
with storages if it isn't properly closed, which can lead to errors if
the storage is closed.  I chose not to swallow these errors in
Connection, choosing rather to clean up tests.

The thread debugging and test changes make this PR larger than I would
have liked. Apologies in advance to the reviewers.

src/ZODB/ActivityMonitor.py

@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
 #
 ##############################################################################
 """ZODB transfer activity monitoring
+"""
 
-$Id$"""
-
-import threading
 import time
 
+from . import utils
+
 
 class ActivityMonitor:
     """ZODB load/store activity monitor
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class ActivityMonitor:
     def __init__(self, history_length=3600):
         self.history_length = history_length  # Number of seconds
         self.log = []                     # [(time, loads, stores)]
-        self.trim_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.trim_lock = utils.Lock()
 
     def closedConnection(self, conn):
         log = self.log
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class ActivityMonitor:
 
     def trim(self, now):
         self.trim_lock.acquire()
-        
+
         log = self.log
         cutoff = now - self.history_length
         n = 0
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class ActivityMonitor:
             n = n + 1
         if n:
             del log[:n]
-        
+
         self.trim_lock.release()
 
     def setHistoryLength(self, history_length):

src/ZODB/BaseStorage.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ its use is not recommended.  It's still here for historical reasons.
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 
-import threading
 import time
 import logging
 import sys
@@ -28,10 +27,10 @@ import zope.interface
 from persistent.TimeStamp import TimeStamp
 
 import ZODB.interfaces
-from ZODB import POSException
-from ZODB.utils import z64, oid_repr, byte_ord, byte_chr
-from ZODB.UndoLogCompatible import UndoLogCompatible
-from ZODB._compat import dumps, _protocol, py2_hasattr
+from . import POSException, utils
+from .utils import z64, oid_repr, byte_ord, byte_chr
+from .UndoLogCompatible import UndoLogCompatible
+from ._compat import dumps, _protocol, py2_hasattr
 
 log = logging.getLogger("ZODB.BaseStorage")
 
@@ -85,8 +84,8 @@ class BaseStorage(UndoLogCompatible):
         log.debug("create storage %s", self.__name__)
 
         # Allocate locks:
-        self._lock = threading.RLock()
-        self.__commit_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._lock = utils.RLock()
+        self.__commit_lock = utils.Lock()
 
         # Comment out the following 4 lines to debug locking:
         self._lock_acquire = self._lock.acquire
@@ -108,45 +107,6 @@ class BaseStorage(UndoLogCompatible):
         else:
             self._oid = oid
 
-    ########################################################################
-    # The following methods are normally overridden on instances,
-    # except when debugging:
-
-    def _lock_acquire(self, *args):
-        f = sys._getframe(1)
-        sys.stdout.write("[la(%s:%s)\n" % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-        self._lock.acquire(*args)
-        sys.stdout.write("la(%s:%s)]\n" % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-
-    def _lock_release(self, *args):
-        f = sys._getframe(1)
-        sys.stdout.write("[lr(%s:%s)\n" % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-        self._lock.release(*args)
-        sys.stdout.write("lr(%s:%s)]\n" % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-
-    def _commit_lock_acquire(self, *args):
-        f = sys._getframe(1)
-        sys.stdout.write("[ca(%s:%s)\n" % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-        self.__commit_lock.acquire(*args)
-        sys.stdout.write("ca(%s:%s)]\n" % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-
-    def _commit_lock_release(self, *args):
-        f = sys._getframe(1)
-        sys.stdout.write("[cr(%s:%s)\n" % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-        self.__commit_lock.release(*args)
-        sys.stdout.write("cr(%s:%s)]\n" % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-
-    #
-    ########################################################################
-
     def sortKey(self):
         """Return a string that can be used to sort storage instances.
 

src/ZODB/Connection.py

@@ -12,13 +12,11 @@
 #
 ##############################################################################
 """Database connection support
-
-$Id$"""
-
+"""
+from __future__ import print_function
 import logging
 import sys
 import tempfile
-import threading
 import warnings
 import os
 import time
@@ -54,6 +52,7 @@ import six
 
 global_reset_counter = 0
 
+noop = lambda : None
 
 def resetCaches():
     """Causes all connection caches to be reset as connections are reopened.
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
         # type of an oid is str.  TODO:  remove the related now-unnecessary
         # critical sections (if any -- this needs careful thought).
 
-        self._inv_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._inv_lock = utils.Lock()
         self._invalidated = set()
 
         # Flag indicating whether the cache has been invalidated:
@@ -253,7 +252,17 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
         if obj is not None:
             return obj
 
-        p, serial = self._storage.load(oid, '')
+        before = self.before
+        if before is None:
+            # Normal case
+            before = self._txn_time
+
+        data = self._storage.loadBefore(oid, before)
+        if data is None:
+            # see the comment in setstate
+            raise ReadConflictError()
+
+        p, _, _ = data
         obj = self._reader.getGhost(p)
 
         # Avoid infiniate loop if obj tries to load its state before
@@ -348,17 +357,9 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
         if self.before is not None:
             # This is a historical connection.  Invalidations are irrelevant.
             return
-        self._inv_lock.acquire()
-        try:
-            if self._txn_time is None:
-                self._txn_time = tid
-            elif (tid is not None) and (tid < self._txn_time):
-                raise AssertionError("invalidations out of order, %r < %r"
-                                     % (tid, self._txn_time))
 
+        with self._inv_lock:
             self._invalidated.update(oids)
-        finally:
-            self._inv_lock.release()
 
     def invalidateCache(self):
         self._inv_lock.acquire()
@@ -404,7 +405,6 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
     def sync(self):
         """Manually update the view on the database."""
         self.transaction_manager.abort()
-        self._storage_sync()
 
     def getDebugInfo(self):
         """Returns a tuple with different items for debugging the
@@ -534,7 +534,6 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
 
             invalidated = dict.fromkeys(self._invalidated)
             self._invalidated = set()
-            self._txn_time = None
             if self._invalidatedCache:
                 self._invalidatedCache = False
                 invalidated = self._cache.cache_data.copy()
@@ -825,20 +824,20 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
         # We don't do anything before a commit starts.
         pass
 
-    # Call the underlying storage's sync() method (if any), and process
-    # pending invalidations regardless.  Of course this should only be
-    # called at transaction boundaries.
-    def _storage_sync(self, *ignored):
+    def newTransaction(self, transaction=None):
         self._readCurrent.clear()
-        sync = getattr(self._storage, 'sync', 0)
-        if sync:
-            sync()
+        getattr(self._storage, 'sync', noop)()
+        if self.opened:
+            self._txn_time = p64(u64(self._storage.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+
+        # Nope that we flush invalidation *after* setting transaction
+        # time, because invalidating persistent classes causes data to
+        # be loaded.
         self._flush_invalidations()
 
-    afterCompletion =  _storage_sync
-    newTransaction = _storage_sync
+    afterCompletion = newTransaction
 
-     # Transaction-manager synchronization -- ISynchronizer
+    # Transaction-manager synchronization -- ISynchronizer
     ##########################################################################
 
     ##########################################################################
@@ -866,109 +865,42 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
                 raise
 
         try:
-            self._setstate(obj, oid)
-        except ConflictError:
-            raise
-        except:
-            self._log.exception("Couldn't load state for %s %s",
-                                className(obj), oid_repr(oid))
-            raise
-
-    def _setstate(self, obj, oid):
-        # Helper for setstate(), which provides logging of failures.
-        # We accept the oid param, which must be the same as obj._p_oid,
-        # as a performance optimization for the pure-Python persistent implementation
-        # where accessing an attribute involves __getattribute__ calls
-
-        # The control flow is complicated here to avoid loading an
-        # object revision that we are sure we aren't going to use.  As
-        # a result, invalidation tests occur before and after the
-        # load.  We can only be sure about invalidations after the
-        # load.
-
-        # If an object has been invalidated, among the cases to consider:
-        # - Try MVCC
-        # - Raise ConflictError.
 
-        if self.before is not None:
-            # Load data that was current before the time we have.
             before = self.before
-            t = self._storage.loadBefore(oid, before)
-            if t is None:
-                raise POSKeyError() # historical connection!
-            p, serial, end = t
-
-        else:
-            # There is a harmless data race with self._invalidated.  A
-            # dict update could go on in another thread, but we don't care
-            # because we have to check again after the load anyway.
-
-            if self._invalidatedCache:
+            if before is None:
+                # Normal case
+                if self._invalidatedCache:
+                    raise ReadConflictError()
+                before = self._txn_time
+
+            data = self._storage.loadBefore(oid, before)
+            if data is None:
+                # We had data (by definition, since we have a
+                # reference to it), but it's gone.  It must have
+                # updated since this transaction, and been packed
+                # away, cuz the tests are mean. The best we can do is
+                # raise a ReadConflictError and try again
                 raise ReadConflictError()
 
-            if (oid in self._invalidated):
-                self._load_before_or_conflict(obj)
-                return
-
-            p, serial = self._storage.load(oid, '')
+            p, serial, _ = data
             self._load_count += 1
 
-            self._inv_lock.acquire()
-            try:
-                invalid = oid in self._invalidated
-            finally:
-                self._inv_lock.release()
-
-            if invalid:
-                self._load_before_or_conflict(obj)
-                return
-
-        self._reader.setGhostState(obj, p)
-        obj._p_serial = serial
-        self._cache.update_object_size_estimation(oid, len(p))
-        obj._p_estimated_size = len(p)
-
-        # Blob support
-        if isinstance(obj, Blob):
-            obj._p_blob_uncommitted = None
-            obj._p_blob_committed = self._storage.loadBlob(oid, serial)
-
-    def _load_before_or_conflict(self, obj):
-        """Load non-current state for obj or raise ReadConflictError."""
-        if not self._setstate_noncurrent(obj):
-            self._register(obj)
-            self._conflicts[obj._p_oid] = True
-            raise ReadConflictError(object=obj)
+            self._reader.setGhostState(obj, p)
+            obj._p_serial = serial
+            self._cache.update_object_size_estimation(oid, len(p))
+            obj._p_estimated_size = len(p)
 
-    def _setstate_noncurrent(self, obj):
-        """Set state using non-current data.
+            # Blob support
+            if isinstance(obj, Blob):
+                obj._p_blob_uncommitted = None
+                obj._p_blob_committed = self._storage.loadBlob(oid, serial)
 
-        Return True if state was available, False if not.
-        """
-        try:
-            # Load data that was current before the commit at txn_time.
-            t = self._storage.loadBefore(obj._p_oid, self._txn_time)
-        except KeyError:
-            return False
-        if t is None:
-            return False
-        data, start, end = t
-        # The non-current transaction must have been written before
-        # txn_time.  It must be current at txn_time, but could have
-        # been modified at txn_time.
-
-        assert start < self._txn_time, (u64(start), u64(self._txn_time))
-        assert end is not None
-        assert self._txn_time <= end, (u64(self._txn_time), u64(end))
-        self._reader.setGhostState(obj, data)
-        obj._p_serial = start
-
-        # MVCC Blob support
-        if isinstance(obj, Blob):
-            obj._p_blob_uncommitted = None
-            obj._p_blob_committed = self._storage.loadBlob(obj._p_oid, start)
-
-        return True
+        except ConflictError:
+            raise
+        except:
+            self._log.exception("Couldn't load state for %s %s",
+                                className(obj), oid_repr(oid))
+            raise
 
     def register(self, obj):
         """Register obj with the current transaction manager.
@@ -1044,20 +976,20 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
         register for afterCompletion() calls.
         """
 
-        self.opened = time.time()
-
         if transaction_manager is None:
             transaction_manager = transaction.manager
 
         self.transaction_manager = transaction_manager
 
+        transaction_manager.registerSynch(self)
+
+        self.opened = time.time()
+
         if self._reset_counter != global_reset_counter:
             # New code is in place.  Start a new cache.
             self._resetCache()
-        else:
-            self._flush_invalidations()
 
-        transaction_manager.registerSynch(self)
+        self.newTransaction()
 
         if self._cache is not None:
             self._cache.incrgc() # This is a good time to do some GC
@@ -1083,6 +1015,7 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
             self._reader._cache = cache
 
     def _release_resources(self):
+        assert not self.opened
         for c in six.itervalues(self.connections):
             if c._mvcc_storage:
                 if c._storage is not None:
@@ -1129,7 +1062,7 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
 
     def savepoint(self):
         if self._savepoint_storage is None:
-            tmpstore = TmpStore(self._normal_storage)
+            tmpstore = TmpStore(self._normal_storage, self._txn_time)
             self._savepoint_storage = tmpstore
             self._storage = self._savepoint_storage
 
@@ -1178,7 +1111,7 @@ class Connection(ExportImport, object):
             self._creating.update(src.creating)
 
             for oid in oids:
-                data, serial = src.load(oid, src)
+                data, serial, _ = src.loadBefore(oid, self._txn_time)
                 obj = self._cache.get(oid, None)
                 if obj is not None:
                     self._cache.update_object_size_estimation(
@@ -1251,12 +1184,10 @@ class TmpStore:
     """A storage-like thing to support savepoints."""
 
 
-    def __init__(self, storage):
+    def __init__(self, storage, before):
         self._storage = storage
-        for method in (
-            'getName', 'new_oid', 'getSize', 'sortKey', 'loadBefore',
-            'isReadOnly'
-            ):
+        self._before = before
+        for method in 'getName', 'new_oid', 'getSize', 'sortKey', 'isReadOnly':
             setattr(self, method, getattr(storage, method))
 
         self._file = tempfile.TemporaryFile(prefix='TmpStore')
@@ -1278,10 +1209,11 @@ class TmpStore:
             remove_committed_dir(self._blob_dir)
             self._blob_dir = None
 
-    def load(self, oid, version):
+    def loadBefore(self, oid, before):
+        assert before == self._before
         pos = self.index.get(oid)
         if pos is None:
-            return self._storage.load(oid, '')
+            return self._storage.loadBefore(oid, before)
         self._file.seek(pos)
         h = self._file.read(8)
         oidlen = u64(h)
@@ -1291,7 +1223,7 @@ class TmpStore:
         h = self._file.read(16)
         size = u64(h[8:])
         serial = h[:8]
-        return self._file.read(size), serial
+        return self._file.read(size), serial, None
 
     def store(self, oid, serial, data, version, transaction):
         # we have this funny signature so we can reuse the normal non-commit

src/ZODB/DB.py

@@ -13,13 +13,15 @@
 ##############################################################################
 """Database objects
 """
+from __future__ import print_function
 import sys
-import threading
 import logging
 import datetime
 import time
 import warnings
 
+from . import utils
+
 from ZODB.broken import find_global
 from ZODB.utils import z64
 from ZODB.Connection import Connection
@@ -179,6 +181,7 @@ class ConnectionPool(AbstractConnectionPool):
             (available and available[0][0] < threshhold)
             ):
             t, c = available.pop(0)
+            assert not c.opened
             self.all.remove(c)
             c._release_resources()
 
@@ -213,6 +216,7 @@ class ConnectionPool(AbstractConnectionPool):
 
         to_remove = ()
         for (t, c) in self.available:
+            assert not c.opened
             if t < threshhold:
                 to_remove += (c,)
                 self.all.remove(c)
@@ -405,7 +409,7 @@ class DB(object):
             storage = ZODB.MappingStorage.MappingStorage(**storage_args)
 
         # Allocate lock.
-        x = threading.RLock()
+        x = utils.RLock()
         self._a = x.acquire
         self._r = x.release
 
@@ -559,15 +563,17 @@ class DB(object):
                 # sys.getrefcount(ob) returns.  But, in addition to that,
                 # the cache holds an extra reference on non-ghost objects,
                 # and we also want to pretend that doesn't exist.
-                # If we have no way to get a refcount, we return False to symbolize
-                # that. As opposed to None, this has the advantage of being usable
-                # as a number (0) in case clients depended on that.
+                # If we have no way to get a refcount, we return False
+                # to symbolize that. As opposed to None, this has the
+                # advantage of being usable as a number (0) in case
+                # clients depended on that.
                 detail.append({
                     'conn_no': cn,
                     'oid': oid,
                     'id': id,
                     'klass': "%s%s" % (module, ob.__class__.__name__),
-                    'rc': rc(ob) - 3 - (ob._p_changed is not None) if rc else False,
+                    'rc': (rc(ob) - 3 - (ob._p_changed is not None)
+                           if rc else False),
                     'state': ob._p_changed,
                     #'references': con.references(oid),
                     })
@@ -628,7 +634,11 @@ class DB(object):
 
         @self._connectionMap
         def _(c):
-            c.transaction_manager.abort()
+            if c.opened:
+                c.transaction_manager.abort()
+                # Note that this will modify out pool, but this is safe, because
+                # _connectionMap makes a list of the pool to iterate over
+                c.close()
             c.afterCompletion = c.newTransaction = c.close = noop
             c._release_resources()
 
@@ -753,18 +763,18 @@ class DB(object):
             assert result is not None
 
             # open the connection.
-            result.open(transaction_manager)
 
             # A good time to do some cache cleanup.
             # (note we already have the lock)
             self.pool.availableGC()
             self.historical_pool.availableGC()
 
-            return result
-
         finally:
             self._r()
 
+        result.open(transaction_manager)
+        return result
+
     def connectionDebugInfo(self):
         result = []
         t = time.time()
@@ -986,7 +996,7 @@ class ContextManager:
             self.tm.abort()
         self.conn.close()
 
-resource_counter_lock = threading.Lock()
+resource_counter_lock = utils.Lock()
 resource_counter = 0
 
 class TransactionalUndo(object):

src/ZODB/DemoStorage.py

@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ to be layered over a base database.
 The base storage must not change.
 
 """
+from __future__ import print_function
 import os
 import random
 import weakref
 import tempfile
-import threading
 import ZODB.BaseStorage
 import ZODB.blob
 import ZODB.interfaces
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class DemoStorage(object):
         self._issued_oids = set()
         self._stored_oids = set()
 
-        self._commit_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._commit_lock = ZODB.utils.Lock()
         self._transaction = None
 
         if name is None:
@@ -319,6 +319,7 @@ class DemoStorage(object):
     @ZODB.utils.locked
     def tpc_abort(self, transaction):
         if transaction is not self._transaction:
+            print('WTF', transaction, self._transaction)
             return
         self._stored_oids = set()
         self._transaction = None

src/ZODB/FileStorage/FileStorage.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import contextlib
 import errno
 import logging
 import os
-import threading
 import time
 from struct import pack
 from struct import unpack
@@ -32,6 +31,8 @@ from zc.lockfile import LockFile
 from zope.interface import alsoProvides
 from zope.interface import implementer
 
+from .. import utils
+
 from ZODB.blob import BlobStorageMixin
 from ZODB.blob import link_or_copy
 from ZODB.blob import remove_committed
@@ -2046,7 +2047,7 @@ class FilePool:
         self.name = file_name
         self._files = []
         self._out = []
-        self._cond = threading.Condition()
+        self._cond = utils.Condition()
 
     @contextlib.contextmanager
     def write_lock(self):

src/ZODB/MappingStorage.py

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ storage without distracting storage details.
 
 import BTrees
 import time
-import threading
 import ZODB.BaseStorage
 import ZODB.interfaces
 import ZODB.POSException
@@ -40,10 +39,10 @@ class MappingStorage(object):
         self._transactions = BTrees.OOBTree.OOBTree() # {tid->TransactionRecord}
         self._ltid = ZODB.utils.z64
         self._last_pack = None
-        _lock = threading.RLock()
+        _lock = ZODB.utils.RLock()
         self._lock_acquire = _lock.acquire
         self._lock_release = _lock.release
-        self._commit_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._commit_lock = ZODB.utils.Lock()
         self._opened = True
         self._transaction = None
         self._oid = 0

src/ZODB/tests/BasicStorage.py

@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ import transaction
 import zope.interface
 import zope.interface.verify
 
+from .. import utils
+
 ZERO = b'\0'*8
 
 class BasicStorage:
@@ -345,7 +347,7 @@ class BasicStorage:
         results = {}
         started.wait()
         attempts = []
-        attempts_cond = threading.Condition()
+        attempts_cond = utils.Condition()
 
         def update_attempts():
             with attempts_cond:

src/ZODB/tests/MTStorage.py

@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ class ZODBClientThread(TestThread):
             for i in range(self.commits):
                 self.commit(d, i)
         self.test.assertEqual(sorted(d.keys()), list(range(self.commits)))
+        conn.close()
 
     def commit(self, d, num):
         d[num] = time.time()

src/ZODB/tests/MVCCMappingStorage.py

@@ -130,3 +130,10 @@ class MVCCMappingStorage(MappingStorage):
             MappingStorage.pack(self, t, referencesf, gc)
         finally:
             self._commit_lock.release()
+
+    @ZODB.utils.locked(MappingStorage.opened)
+    def lastTransaction(self):
+        if self._transactions:
+            return self._transactions.maxKey()
+        else:
+            return ZODB.utils.z64

src/ZODB/tests/PackableStorage.py

@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ from ZODB.serialize import referencesf
 from ZODB.tests.MinPO import MinPO
 from ZODB.tests.MTStorage import TestThread
 from ZODB.tests.StorageTestBase import snooze
-from ZODB._compat import loads, PersistentPickler, Pickler, Unpickler, BytesIO, _protocol
+from ZODB._compat import (loads, PersistentPickler, Pickler, Unpickler,
+                          BytesIO, _protocol)
 import transaction
 import ZODB.interfaces
 import ZODB.tests.util
@@ -270,6 +271,8 @@ class PackableStorage(PackableStorageBase):
 
         self._sanity_check()
 
+        db.close()
+
     def checkPackWhileWriting(self):
         self._PackWhileWriting(pack_now=False)
 
@@ -312,6 +315,8 @@ class PackableStorage(PackableStorageBase):
 
         self._sanity_check()
 
+        db.close()
+
     def checkPackWithMultiDatabaseReferences(self):
         databases = {}
         db = DB(self._storage, databases=databases, database_name='')
@@ -327,6 +332,9 @@ class PackableStorage(PackableStorageBase):
         db.pack(time.time()+1)
         # some valid storages always return 0 for len()
         self.assertTrue(len(self._storage) in (0, 1))
+        conn.close()
+        otherdb.close()
+        db.close()
 
     def checkPackAllRevisions(self):
         self._initroot()
@@ -718,7 +726,7 @@ class ClientThread(TestThread):
 
     def __init__(self, db, choices, loop_trip, timer, thread_id):
         TestThread.__init__(self)
-        self.root = db.open().root()
+        self.db = db
         self.choices = choices
         self.loop_trip = loop_trip
         self.millis = timer.elapsed_millis
@@ -737,6 +745,8 @@ class ClientThread(TestThread):
 
     def runtest(self):
         from random import choice
+        conn = self.db.open()
+        root = conn.root()
 
         for j in range(self.loop_trip):
             assign_worked = False
@@ -745,7 +755,7 @@ class ClientThread(TestThread):
             try:
                 index = choice(self.choices)
                 alist.extend([self.millis(), index])
-                self.root[index].value = MinPO(j)
+                root[index].value = MinPO(j)
                 assign_worked = True
                 transaction.commit()
                 alist.append(self.millis())
@@ -756,6 +766,8 @@ class ClientThread(TestThread):
                 transaction.abort()
             alist.append(assign_worked)
 
+        conn.close()
+
 class ElapsedTimer:
     def __init__(self, start_time):
         self.start_time = start_time
@@ -776,5 +788,5 @@ def IExternalGC_suite(factory):
 
     return doctest.DocFileSuite(
         'IExternalGC.test',
-        setUp=setup, tearDown=zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown,
+        setUp=setup, tearDown=ZODB.tests.util.tearDown,
         checker=ZODB.tests.util.checker)

src/ZODB/tests/StorageTestBase.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import sys
 import time
 import transaction
 
-from ZODB.utils import u64
+from ZODB.utils import u64, z64
 from ZODB.tests.MinPO import MinPO
 from ZODB._compat import PersistentPickler, Unpickler, BytesIO, _protocol
 import ZODB.tests.util
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ class StorageTestBase(ZODB.tests.util.TestCase):
             self._storage.close()
 
     def tearDown(self):
-        self._close()
         ZODB.tests.util.TestCase.tearDown(self)
+        self._close()
 
     def _dostore(self, oid=None, revid=None, data=None,
                  already_pickled=0, user=None, description=None):

src/ZODB/tests/blob_packing.txt

@@ -130,4 +130,4 @@ revision as well as the entire directory:
 
 Clean up our blob directory and database:
 
-    >>> blob_storage.close()
+    >>> database.close()

src/ZODB/tests/blob_tempdir.txt

@@ -49,3 +49,5 @@ writing and expect the file to be in the blob temporary directory::
   True
 
   >>> w.close()
+  >>> database.close()
+

src/ZODB/tests/blobstorage_packing.txt

@@ -160,3 +160,5 @@ knowledge that the underlying storage's pack method is also called:
     >>> blob_storage._blobs_pack_is_in_progress
     False
     >>> base_storage.pack = base_pack
+
+    >>> database.close()

src/ZODB/tests/dbopen.txt

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ While it's boring, it's important to verify that the same relationships
 hold if the default pool size is overridden.
 
     >>> handler.clear()
-    >>> st.close()
+    >>> db.close()
     >>> st = Storage()
     >>> PS = 2 # smaller pool size
     >>> db = DB(st, pool_size=PS)
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ We can change the pool size on the fly:
 Enough of that.
 
     >>> handler.clear()
-    >>> st.close()
+    >>> db.close()
 
 More interesting is the stack-like nature of connection reuse.  So long as
 we keep opening new connections, and keep them alive, all connections
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ Nothing in that last block should have logged any msgs:
 If "too many" connections are open, then closing one may kick an older
 closed one out of the available connection stack.
 
-    >>> st.close()
+    >>> db.close()
     >>> st = Storage()
     >>> db = DB(st, pool_size=3)
     >>> conns = [db.open() for dummy in range(6)]
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ gc to reclaim the Connection and its cache eventually works, but that can
 take "a long time" and caches can hold on to many objects, and limited
 resources (like RDB connections), for the duration.
 
-    >>> st.close()
+    >>> db.close()
     >>> st = Storage()
     >>> db = DB(st, pool_size=2)
     >>> conn0 = db.open()

src/ZODB/tests/synchronizers.txt

@@ -25,10 +25,11 @@ Make a change locally:
     >>> rt = cn.root()
     >>> rt['a'] = 1
 
-Sync should not have been called yet.
+Sync is called when a connection is open, as that starts a new transaction:
 
-    >>> st.sync_called  # False before 3.4
-    False
+    >>> st.sync_called
+    True
+    >>> st.sync_called = False
 
 
 ``sync()`` is called by the Connection's ``afterCompletion()`` hook after the
@@ -77,7 +78,9 @@ path at some point when serving pages.
     >>> rt = cn.root()      # make a change
     >>> rt['c'] = 3
     >>> st.sync_called
-    False
+    True
+    >>> st.sync_called = False
+
 
 Now ensure that ``cn.afterCompletion() -> st.sync()`` gets called by commit
 despite that the `Connection` registered after the transaction began:
@@ -96,7 +99,8 @@ And try the same thing with a non-threaded transaction manager:
     >>> rt = cn.root()      # make a change
     >>> rt['d'] = 4
     >>> st.sync_called
-    False
+    True
+    >>> st.sync_called = False
     >>> tm.commit()
     >>> st.sync_called
     True

src/ZODB/tests/testConnection.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import unittest
 import transaction
 import ZODB.tests.util
 from ZODB.config import databaseFromString
-from ZODB.utils import p64
+from ZODB.utils import p64, u64, z64
 from persistent import Persistent
 from zope.interface.verify import verifyObject
 from zope.testing import loggingsupport, renormalizing
@@ -522,16 +522,24 @@ class InvalidationTests(unittest.TestCase):
         create one from an int.
 
         >>> cn.invalidate(p64(1), {p1._p_oid: 1})
-        >>> cn._txn_time
-        '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01'
+
+        Transaction start times are based on storage's last
+        transaction. (Previousely, they were based on the first
+        invalidation seen in a transaction.)
+
+        >>> cn._txn_time == p64(u64(db.storage.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+        True
+
         >>> p1._p_oid in cn._invalidated
         True
         >>> p2._p_oid in cn._invalidated
         False
 
         >>> cn.invalidate(p64(10), {p2._p_oid: 1, p64(76): 1})
-        >>> cn._txn_time
-        '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01'
+
+        >>> cn._txn_time == p64(u64(db.storage.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+        True
+
         >>> p1._p_oid in cn._invalidated
         True
         >>> p2._p_oid in cn._invalidated
@@ -560,6 +568,7 @@ class InvalidationTests(unittest.TestCase):
         >>> cn._invalidated
         set([])
 
+        >>> db.close()
         """
 
 def doctest_invalidateCache():
@@ -1289,6 +1298,9 @@ class StubStorage:
             raise TypeError('StubStorage does not support versions.')
         return self._data[oid]
 
+    def loadBefore(self, oid, tid):
+        return self._data[oid] + (None, )
+
     def store(self, oid, serial, p, version, transaction):
         if version != '':
             raise TypeError('StubStorage does not support versions.')
@@ -1304,6 +1316,9 @@ class StubStorage:
         # storage
         return None
 
+    def lastTransaction(self):
+        return z64
+
 
 class TestConnectionInterface(unittest.TestCase):
 

src/ZODB/tests/testDB.py

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def connectionDebugInfo():
     ...     now += .1
     ...     return now
     >>> real_time = time.time
-    >>> if isinstance(time,type):
+    >>> if isinstance(time, type):
     ...    time.time = staticmethod(faux_time) # Jython
     ... else:
     ...     time.time = faux_time
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def connectionDebugInfo():
     >>> before
     [None, '\x03zY\xd8\xc0m9\xdd', None]
     >>> opened
-    ['2008-12-04T20:40:44Z (1.40s)', '2008-12-04T20:40:45Z (0.30s)', None]
+    ['2008-12-04T20:40:44Z (1.30s)', '2008-12-04T20:40:46Z (0.10s)', None]
     >>> infos
     ['test info (2)', ' (0)', ' (0)']
 

src/ZODB/tests/testDemoStorage.py

@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ class DemoStorageTests(
         db = DB(self._storage) # creates object 0. :)
         self.assertEqual(len(self._storage), 1)
         self.assertTrue(self._storage)
-        conn = db.open()
-        for i in range(10):
-            conn.root()[i] = conn.root().__class__()
-        transaction.commit()
+        with db.transaction() as conn:
+            for i in range(10):
+                conn.root()[i] = conn.root().__class__()
         self.assertEqual(len(self._storage), 11)
         self.assertTrue(self._storage)
+        db.close()
 
     def checkLoadBeforeUndo(self):
         pass # we don't support undo yet

src/ZODB/tests/testFileStorage.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from ZODB.tests import ReadOnlyStorage, RecoveryStorage
 from ZODB.tests.StorageTestBase import MinPO, zodb_pickle
 from ZODB._compat import dump, dumps, _protocol
 
+from . import util
 
 class FileStorageTests(
     StorageTestBase.StorageTestBase,
@@ -696,7 +697,7 @@ def test_suite():
         suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(klass, "check"))
     suite.addTest(doctest.DocTestSuite(
         setUp=zope.testing.setupstack.setUpDirectory,
-        tearDown=zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown,
+        tearDown=util.tearDown,
         checker=ZODB.tests.util.checker))
     suite.addTest(ZODB.tests.testblob.storage_reusable_suite(
         'BlobFileStorage',

src/ZODB/tests/testMVCCMappingStorage.py

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ from ZODB.tests import (
     )
 
 class MVCCTests:
+
     def checkClosingNestedDatabasesWorks(self):
         # This tests for the error described in
         # https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/issues/45
@@ -42,7 +43,6 @@ class MVCCTests:
         db1.close()
         db2.close()
 
-
     def checkCrossConnectionInvalidation(self):
         # Verify connections see updated state at txn boundaries.
         # This will fail if the Connection doesn't poll for changes.

src/ZODB/tests/test_doctest_files.py

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ __test__ = dict(
     >>> list(conn2.root()[0].keys())
     []
 
+    >>> db2.close()
+    >>> db1.close()
     """,
     )
 

src/ZODB/tests/test_fsdump.py

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Now we see two transactions and two changed objects.
 
 Clean up.
 
->>> st.close()
+>>> db.close()
 """
 
 import re
@@ -87,6 +87,6 @@ checker = renormalizing.RENormalizing([
 def test_suite():
     return doctest.DocTestSuite(
         setUp=zope.testing.setupstack.setUpDirectory,
-        tearDown=zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown,
+        tearDown=ZODB.tests.util.tearDown,
         optionflags=doctest.REPORT_NDIFF,
         checker=ZODB.tests.util.checker + checker)

src/ZODB/tests/test_storage.py

@@ -99,10 +99,13 @@ class MinimalMemoryStorage(BaseStorage, object):
         del self._txn
 
     def _finish(self, tid, u, d, e):
-        with self._lock:
+        self._lock_acquire()
+        try:
             self._index.update(self._txn.index)
             self._cur.update(self._txn.cur())
             self._ltid = self._tid
+        finally:
+            self._lock_release()
 
     def loadBefore(self, the_oid, the_tid):
         # It's okay if loadBefore() is really expensive, because this
@@ -121,6 +124,9 @@ class MinimalMemoryStorage(BaseStorage, object):
                 end_tid = None
             else:
                 end_tid = tids[j]
+
+            self.hook(the_oid, self._cur[the_oid], '')
+
             return self._index[(the_oid, tid)], tid, end_tid
 
     def loadSerial(self, oid, serial):

src/ZODB/tests/testblob.py

@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ except NameError:
     import io
     file_type = io.BufferedReader
 
+from . import util
+
 def new_time():
     """Create a _new_ time stamp.
 
@@ -334,6 +336,7 @@ class RecoveryBlobStorage(BlobTestBase,
         transaction.commit()
         self._dst.copyTransactionsFrom(self._storage)
         self.compare(self._storage, self._dst)
+        db.close()
 
 
 def gc_blob_removes_uncommitted_data():
@@ -446,7 +449,6 @@ def packing_with_uncommitted_data_non_undoing():
     Clean up:
 
     >>> database.close()
-
     """
 
 def packing_with_uncommitted_data_undoing():
@@ -545,13 +547,14 @@ def loadblob_tmpstore():
     >>> transaction.commit()
     >>> blob_oid = root['blob']._p_oid
     >>> tid = connection._storage.lastTransaction()
+    >>> _txn_time = connection._txn_time
 
     Now we open a database with a TmpStore in front:
 
     >>> database.close()
 
     >>> from ZODB.Connection import TmpStore
-    >>> tmpstore = TmpStore(blob_storage)
+    >>> tmpstore = TmpStore(blob_storage, _txn_time)
 
     We can access the blob correctly:
 
@@ -609,7 +612,7 @@ def do_not_depend_on_cwd():
     >>> with conn.root()['blob'].open() as fp: fp.read()
     'data'
 
-    >>> bs.close()
+    >>> db.close()
     """
 
 def savepoint_isolation():
@@ -700,9 +703,11 @@ def savepoint_cleanup():
 
     >>> db.close()
     """
+
 def lp440234_Setting__p_changed_of_a_Blob_w_no_uncomitted_changes_is_noop():
     r"""
-    >>> conn = ZODB.connection('data.fs', blob_dir='blobs')
+    >>> db = ZODB.DB('data.fs', blob_dir='blobs')
+    >>> conn = db.open()
     >>> blob = ZODB.blob.Blob(b'blah')
     >>> conn.add(blob)
     >>> transaction.commit()
@@ -714,7 +719,7 @@ def lp440234_Setting__p_changed_of_a_Blob_w_no_uncomitted_changes_is_noop():
     >>> old_serial == blob._p_serial
     True
 
-    >>> conn.close()
+    >>> db.close()
     """
 
 def setUp(test):
@@ -757,7 +762,7 @@ def storage_reusable_suite(prefix, factory,
         "blob_connection.txt",
         "blob_importexport.txt",
         "blob_transaction.txt",
-        setUp=setup, tearDown=zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown,
+        setUp=setup, tearDown=util.tearDown,
         checker=zope.testing.renormalizing.RENormalizing([
             # Py3k renders bytes where Python2 used native strings...
             (re.compile(r"^b'"), "'"),
@@ -780,15 +785,16 @@ def storage_reusable_suite(prefix, factory,
     if test_packing:
         suite.addTest(doctest.DocFileSuite(
             "blob_packing.txt",
-            setUp=setup, tearDown=zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown,
+            setUp=setup, tearDown=util.tearDown,
             ))
     suite.addTest(doctest.DocTestSuite(
-        setUp=setup, tearDown=zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown,
-        checker = ZODB.tests.util.checker + \
+        setUp=setup, tearDown=util.tearDown,
+        checker = (
+            ZODB.tests.util.checker +
             zope.testing.renormalizing.RENormalizing([
-              (re.compile(r'\%(sep)s\%(sep)s' % dict(sep=os.path.sep)), '/'),
-              (re.compile(r'\%(sep)s' % dict(sep=os.path.sep)), '/'),
-              ]),
+                (re.compile(r'\%(sep)s\%(sep)s' % dict(sep=os.path.sep)), '/'),
+                (re.compile(r'\%(sep)s' % dict(sep=os.path.sep)), '/'),
+                ])),
         ))
 
     def create_storage(self, name='data', blob_dir=None):
@@ -823,7 +829,7 @@ def test_suite():
         "blob_tempdir.txt",
         "blobstorage_packing.txt",
         setUp=setUp,
-        tearDown=zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown,
+        tearDown=util.tearDown,
         optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS,
         checker=ZODB.tests.util.checker,
         ))
@@ -831,7 +837,7 @@ def test_suite():
         "blob_layout.txt",
         optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS|doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE,
         setUp=setUp,
-        tearDown=zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown,
+        tearDown=util.tearDown,
         checker=ZODB.tests.util.checker +
             zope.testing.renormalizing.RENormalizing([
             (re.compile(r'\%(sep)s\%(sep)s' % dict(sep=os.path.sep)), '/'),

src/ZODB/tests/testmvcc.py

@@ -33,9 +33,17 @@ This note includes doctests that explain how MVCC is implemented (and
 test that the implementation is correct).  The tests use a
 MinimalMemoryStorage that implements MVCC support, but not much else.
 
+***IMPORTANT***: The MVCC approach has changed since these tests were
+originally written. The new approach is much simpler because we no
+longer call load to get the current state of an object. We call
+loadBefore instead, having gotten a transaction time at the start of a
+transaction.  As a result, the rhythm of the tests is a little odd,
+because the probe a complex dance that doesn't exist any more.
+
 >>> from ZODB.tests.test_storage import MinimalMemoryStorage
 >>> from ZODB import DB
->>> db = DB(MinimalMemoryStorage())
+>>> st = MinimalMemoryStorage()
+>>> db = DB(st)
 
 We will use two different connections with different transaction managers
 to make sure that the connections act independently, even though they'll
@@ -59,6 +67,10 @@ Now open a second connection.
 
 >>> tm2 = transaction.TransactionManager()
 >>> cn2 = db.open(transaction_manager=tm2)
+>>> from ZODB.utils import p64, u64
+>>> cn2._txn_time == p64(u64(st.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+True
+>>> txn_time2  = cn2._txn_time
 
 Connection high-water mark
 --------------------------
@@ -67,22 +79,20 @@ The ZODB Connection tracks a transaction high-water mark, which
 bounds the latest transaction id that can be read by the current
 transaction and still present a consistent view of the database.
 Transactions with ids up to but not including the high-water mark
-are OK to read.  When a transaction commits, the database sends
-invalidations to all the other connections; the invalidation contains
-the transaction id and the oids of modified objects.  The Connection
-stores the high-water mark in _txn_time, which is set to None until
-an invalidation arrives.
+are OK to read.  At the beginning of a transaction, a connection
+sets the high-water mark to just over the last transaction time the
+storage has seen.
 
 >>> cn = db.open()
 
->>> print(cn._txn_time)
-None
+>>> cn._txn_time == p64(u64(st.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+True
 >>> cn.invalidate(100, dict.fromkeys([1, 2]))
->>> cn._txn_time
-100
+>>> cn._txn_time == p64(u64(st.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+True
 >>> cn.invalidate(200, dict.fromkeys([1, 2]))
->>> cn._txn_time
-100
+>>> cn._txn_time == p64(u64(st.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+True
 
 A connection's high-water mark is set to the transaction id taken from
 the first invalidation processed by the connection.  Transaction ids are
@@ -95,8 +105,8 @@ but that doesn't work unless an object is modified.  sync() will abort
 a transaction and process invalidations.
 
 >>> cn.sync()
->>> print(cn._txn_time)  # the high-water mark got reset to None
-None
+>>> cn._txn_time == p64(u64(st.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+True
 
 Basic functionality
 -------------------
@@ -109,9 +119,9 @@ will modify "a."  The other transaction will then modify "b" and commit.
 >>> tm1.get().commit()
 >>> txn = db.lastTransaction()
 
-The second connection has its high-water mark set now.
+The second connection already has its high-water mark set.
 
->>> cn2._txn_time == txn
+>>> cn2._txn_time == txn_time2
 True
 
 It is safe to read "b," because it was not modified by the concurrent
@@ -153,22 +163,23 @@ ConflictError: database conflict error (oid 0x01, class ZODB.tests.MinPO.MinPO)
 This example will demonstrate that we can commit a transaction if we only
 modify current revisions.
 
->>> print(cn2._txn_time)
-None
+>>> cn2._txn_time == p64(u64(st.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+True
+>>> txn_time2  = cn2._txn_time
 
 >>> r1 = cn1.root()
 >>> r1["a"].value = 3
 >>> tm1.get().commit()
 >>> txn = db.lastTransaction()
->>> cn2._txn_time == txn
+>>> cn2._txn_time == txn_time2
 True
 
 >>> r2["b"].value = r2["a"].value + 1
 >>> r2["b"].value
 3
 >>> tm2.get().commit()
->>> print(cn2._txn_time)
-None
+>>> cn2._txn_time == p64(u64(st.lastTransaction()) + 1)
+True
 
 Object cache
 ------------
@@ -302,22 +313,18 @@ same things now.
 >>> r2["a"].value, r2["b"].value
 (42, 43)
 
+>>> db.close()
 
 Late invalidation
 -----------------
 
-The combination of ZEO and MVCC adds more complexity.  Since
-invalidations are delivered asynchronously by ZEO, it is possible for
-an invalidation to arrive just after a request to load the invalidated
-object is sent.  The connection can't use the just-loaded data,
-because the invalidation arrived first.  The complexity for MVCC is
-that it must check for invalidated objects after it has loaded them,
-just in case.
+The combination of ZEO and MVCC used to add more complexity. That's
+why ZODB no-longer calls load. :)
 
 Rather than add all the complexity of ZEO to these tests, the
 MinimalMemoryStorage has a hook.  We'll write a subclass that will
-deliver an invalidation when it loads an object.  The hook allows us
-to test the Connection code.
+deliver an invalidation when it loads (or loadBefore's) an object.
+The hook allows us to test the Connection code.
 
 >>> class TestStorage(MinimalMemoryStorage):
 ...    def __init__(self):
@@ -351,6 +358,12 @@ non-current revision to load.
 >>> oid = r1["b"]._p_oid
 >>> ts.hooked[oid] = 1
 
+This test is kinda screwy because it depends on an old approach that
+has changed.  We'll hack the _txn_time to get the original expected
+result, even though what's going on now is much simpler.
+
+>>> cn1._txn_time = ts.lastTransaction()
+
 Once the oid is hooked, an invalidation will be delivered the next
 time it is activated.  The code below activates the object, then
 confirms that the hook worked and that the old state was retrieved.
@@ -367,6 +380,8 @@ True
 >>> r1["b"].value
 0
 
+>>> db.close()
+
 No earlier revision available
 -----------------------------
 
@@ -395,14 +410,13 @@ section above, this is no older state to retrieve.
 False
 >>> r1["b"]._p_state
 -1
+>>> cn1._txn_time = ts.lastTransaction()
 >>> r1["b"]._p_activate()
 Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
-ReadConflictError: database read conflict error (oid 0x02, class ZODB.tests.MinPO.MinPO)
->>> oid in cn1._invalidated
-True
->>> ts.count
-1
+ReadConflictError: database read conflict error
+
+>>> db.close()
 """
 import doctest
 import re

src/ZODB/tests/util.py

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ checker = renormalizing.RENormalizing([
     ])
 
 def setUp(test, name='test'):
+    clear_transaction_syncs()
     transaction.abort()
     d = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=name)
     zope.testing.setupstack.register(test, zope.testing.setupstack.rmtree, d)
@@ -71,7 +72,9 @@ def setUp(test, name='test'):
     os.chdir(d)
     zope.testing.setupstack.register(test, transaction.abort)
 
-tearDown = zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown
+def tearDown(test):
+    zope.testing.setupstack.tearDown(test)
+    clear_transaction_syncs()
 
 class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -186,3 +189,18 @@ def mess_with_time(test=None, globs=None, now=1278864701.5):
         time.time = staticmethod(faux_time) # jython
     else:
         time.time = faux_time
+
+def clear_transaction_syncs():
+    """Clear data managers registered with the global transaction manager
+
+    Many tests don't clean up synchronizer's registered with the
+    global transaction managers, which can wreak havoc with following
+    tests, now that connections interact with their storages at
+    transaction boundaries.  We need to make sure that we clear any
+    registered data managers.
+
+    For now, we'll use the transaction manager's
+    underware. Eventually, an transaction managers need to grow an API
+    for this.
+    """
+    transaction.manager._synchs.data.clear()

src/ZODB/utils.py

@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 #
 ##############################################################################
+from __future__ import print_function
 import os
 import struct
 import sys
 import time
+import threading
 import warnings
 from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
 from struct import pack, unpack
@@ -308,3 +310,65 @@ class locked(object):
     def __call__(self, func):
         return Locked(func, preconditions=self.preconditions)
 
+
+if os.environ.get('DEBUG_LOCKING'):
+    class Lock:
+
+        lock_class = threading.Lock
+
+        def __init__(self):
+            self._lock = self.lock_class()
+
+        def pr(self, name, a=None, kw=None):
+            f = sys._getframe(2)
+            if f.f_code.co_filename.endswith('ZODB/utils.py'):
+                f = sys._getframe(3)
+            f = '%s:%s' % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno)
+            print(id(self), self._lock, threading.get_ident(), f, name,
+                  a if a else '', kw if kw else '')
+
+        def acquire(self, *a, **kw):
+            self.pr('acquire', a, kw)
+            return self._lock.acquire(*a, **kw)
+
+        def release(self):
+            self.pr('release')
+            return self._lock.release()
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            self.pr('acquire')
+            return self._lock.acquire()
+
+        def __exit__(self, *ignored):
+            self.pr('release')
+            return self._lock.release()
+
+    class RLock(Lock):
+
+        lock_class = threading.RLock
+
+    class Condition(Lock):
+
+        lock_class = threading.Condition
+
+        def wait(self, *a, **kw):
+            self.pr('wait', a, kw)
+            return self._lock.wait(*a, **kw)
+
+        def wait_for(self, *a, **kw):
+            self.pr('wait_for', a, kw)
+            return self._lock.wait_for(*a, **kw)
+
+        def notify(self, *a, **kw):
+            self.pr('notify', a, kw)
+            return self._lock.notify(*a, **kw)
+
+        def notify_all(self):
+            self.pr('notify_all')
+            return self._lock.notify_all()
+
+        notifyAll = notify_all
+
+else:
+
+    from threading import Condition, Lock, RLock