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Kirill Smelkov
ZODB
Commits
9ea0214a
Commit
9ea0214a
authored
Sep 17, 2016
by
Jason Madden
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Incorporate feedback.
- Move doctest example into comment. - Merge the (advanced) sections. - Typos.
parent
bce996ca
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doc/guide/writing-persistent-objects.rst
doc/guide/writing-persistent-objects.rst
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doc/guide/writing-persistent-objects.rst
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9ea0214a
...
@@ -517,15 +517,17 @@ Things you can do, but need to carefully consider (advanced)
...
@@ -517,15 +517,17 @@ Things you can do, but need to carefully consider (advanced)
While you can do anything with a persistent subclass that you can with
While you can do anything with a persistent subclass that you can with
a normal subclass, certain things have additional implications for
a normal subclass, certain things have additional implications for
persistent objects. These often show up as performance issues.
persistent objects. These often show up as performance issues, or the
result may become hard to maintain.
Implement ``__eq__`` and ``__hash__``
Implement ``__eq__`` and ``__hash__``
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
When you store an entry into a Python ``dict`` (or the persistent
When you store an entry into a Python ``dict`` (or the persistent
variant ``PersistentMapping``) the key'
s
``
__eq__
``
and
variant ``PersistentMapping``, or a ``set`` or ``frozenset``), the
``
__hash__
``
methods
are
used
to
determine
where
to
store
the
value
.
key'
s
``
__eq__
``
and
``
__hash__
``
methods
are
used
to
determine
where
Later
they
are
used
to
look
it
up
via
``
in
``
or
``
__getitem__
``.
to
store
the
value
.
Later
they
are
used
to
look
it
up
via
``
in
``
or
``
__getitem__
``.
When
that
``
dict
``
is
later
loaded
from
the
database
,
the
internal
When
that
``
dict
``
is
later
loaded
from
the
database
,
the
internal
storage
is
rebuild
from
scratch
.
This
means
that
every
key
has
its
storage
is
rebuild
from
scratch
.
This
means
that
every
key
has
its
...
@@ -536,12 +538,12 @@ By default, every object, including persistent objects, inherits an
...
@@ -536,12 +538,12 @@ By default, every object, including persistent objects, inherits an
implementation
of
``
__eq__
``
and
``
__hash__
``
from
:
class
:`
object
`.
implementation
of
``
__eq__
``
and
``
__hash__
``
from
:
class
:`
object
`.
These
default
implementations
are
based
on
the
object
's *identity*,
These
default
implementations
are
based
on
the
object
's *identity*,
that is, its unique identifier within the current Python process.
that is, its unique identifier within the current Python process.
Calling, them, therefore is very fast, even on
ghosts, and doesn'
t
Calling, them, therefore is very fast, even on
:ref:`ghosts
cause
a
ghost
to
load
its
state
.
<ghost-label>`, and doesn'
t
cause
a
ghost
to
load
its
state
.
If
you
override
``
__eq__
``
and
``
__hash__
``
in
a
custom
persistent
If
you
override
``
__eq__
``
and
``
__hash__
``
in
a
custom
persistent
subclass
,
however
,
when
you
use
that
instances
of
that
class
as
a
key
subclass
,
however
,
when
you
use
instances
of
that
class
as
a
key
in
a
``
dict
``,
then
the
instance
will
have
to
be
a
unghosted
before
it
in
a
``
dict
``,
then
the
instance
will
have
to
be
unghosted
before
it
can
be
put
in
the
dictionary
.
If
you
're building a large dictionary
can
be
put
in
the
dictionary
.
If
you
're building a large dictionary
with many such keys that are ghosts, you may find that loading all the
with many such keys that are ghosts, you may find that loading all the
object states takes a considerable amount of time. If you were to
object states takes a considerable amount of time. If you were to
...
@@ -583,8 +585,12 @@ inherits identity-based ``__eq__`` and ``__hash__``::
...
@@ -583,8 +585,12 @@ inherits identity-based ``__eq__`` and ``__hash__``::
def add_author(self, author):
def add_author(self, author):
self.authors += (author, )
self.authors += (author, )
Lets see an example of how these classes behave when stored in a
.. -> src
dictionary. First, lets store some dictionaries::
>>> exec(src)
Lets see an example of how these classes behave when stored in a
dictionary. First, lets store some dictionaries::
>>> import ZODB
>>> import ZODB
...
@@ -594,8 +600,8 @@ dictionary. First, lets store some dictionaries::
...
@@ -594,8 +600,8 @@ dictionary. First, lets store some dictionaries::
>>> conn1.root.with_ident = {Book(str(i)) for i in range(5000)}
>>> conn1.root.with_ident = {Book(str(i)) for i in range(5000)}
>>> transaction.commit()
>>> transaction.commit()
Now, in a new connection (so we don'
t
have
any
objects
cached
),
lets
Now, in a new connection (so we don'
t
have
any
objects
cached
),
lets
load
the
dictionaries
::
load
the
dictionaries
::
>>>
conn2
=
db
.
open
()
>>>
conn2
=
db
.
open
()
>>>
all
((
book
.
_p_status
==
'ghost'
for
book
in
conn2
.
root
.
with_ident
))
>>>
all
((
book
.
_p_status
==
'ghost'
for
book
in
conn2
.
root
.
with_ident
))
...
@@ -604,10 +610,13 @@ load the dictionaries::
...
@@ -604,10 +610,13 @@ load the dictionaries::
False
False
We
can
see
that
all
the
objects
that
did
have
a
custom
``
__eq__
``
We
can
see
that
all
the
objects
that
did
have
a
custom
``
__eq__
``
and
``
__hash__
``
were
loaded
into
memory
,
while
those
that
did
weren
't.
and
``
__hash__
``
were
loaded
into
memory
,
while
those
that
did
weren
't.
There are some alternatives:
There are two possible solutions:
- Avoiding the use of persistent objects as keys in dictionaries or
entries in sets sidesteps the issue.
- If your application can tolerate identity based comparisons, simply
- If your application can tolerate identity based comparisons, simply
don'
t
implement
the
two
methods
.
This
means
that
objects
will
be
don'
t
implement
the
two
methods
.
This
means
that
objects
will
be
...
@@ -620,21 +629,21 @@ There are two possible solutions:
...
@@ -620,21 +629,21 @@ There are two possible solutions:
instances
of
those
classes
as
keys
.
instances
of
those
classes
as
keys
.
-
Make
your
classes
`
orderable
-
Make
your
classes
`
orderable
<
https
://
pythonhosted
.
org
/
BTrees
/#
total
-
ordering
-
and
-
persistence
>`
_
and
<
https
://
pythonhosted
.
org
/
BTrees
/#
total
-
ordering
-
and
-
persistence
>`
_
use
them
as
keys
in
a
BTree
instead
of
a
dictionary
.
Even
though
and
use
them
as
keys
in
a
BTree
or
entries
in
a
TreeSet
instead
of
a
your
custom
comparison
methods
will
have
to
unghost
the
objects
,
the
dictionary
or
set
.
Even
though
your
custom
comparison
methods
will
nature
of
a
BTree
means
that
only
a
small
number
of
objects
will
have
to
unghost
the
objects
,
the
nature
of
a
BTree
means
that
only
a
have
to
be
loaded
in
most
cases
.
small
number
of
objects
will
have
to
be
loaded
in
most
cases
.
Other
things
you
can
do
,
but
shouldn
't (advanced)
-
Any
persistent
object
can
be
wrapped
in
a
``
zope
.
keyreferenece
``
to
=================================================
make
it
orderable
and
hashable
based
on
persistent
identity
.
This
can
be
an
alternative
for
some
dictionaries
if
you
can
't alter the
class definition but can accept identity comparisons in some
dictionaries or sets. You must remember to wrap all keys, though.
The first rule here is don'
t
be
clever
!!! It's very tempting to be
clever
,
but
it
's almost never worth it.
Overriding
``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
Implement
``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
-----------------------------------------------
-
-----------------------------------------------
When an object is saved in a database, its ``__getstate__`` method is
When an object is saved in a database, its ``__getstate__`` method is
called without arguments to get the object'
s
state
.
The
default
called without arguments to get the object'
s
state
.
The
default
...
@@ -652,8 +661,8 @@ tasks like providing more efficient state representations or for
...
@@ -652,8 +661,8 @@ tasks like providing more efficient state representations or for
the result was to make object implementations brittle and/or complex
the result was to make object implementations brittle and/or complex
and the benefit usually wasn'
t
worth
it
.
and the benefit usually wasn'
t
worth
it
.
Overriding
``
__getattr__
``,
``
__getattribute__
``,
or
``
__setattribute__
``
Implement
``
__getattr__
``,
``
__getattribute__
``,
or
``
__setattribute__
``
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
------------------------------------------------------------------------
This
is
something
extremely
clever
people
might
attempt
,
but
it
's
This
is
something
extremely
clever
people
might
attempt
,
but
it
's
probably never worth the bother. It'
s
possible
,
but
it
requires
such
probably never worth the bother. It'
s
possible
,
but
it
requires
such
...
...
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