# The Go Programming Language

### Sydney University
March 23, 2010

# Go

## New

## Experimental

## Concurrent

## Garbage Collected

## Systems Language

# Hello, world

    package main

    import "fmt"

    func main() {
    	fmt.Printf("Hello, 世界\n")
    }

# Hello, world 2.0

## Serving http://localhost:8080/world

    package main

    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"http"
    )

    func handler(c *http.Conn, r *http.Request) {
    	fmt.Fprintf(c, "Hello, %s.", r.URL.Path[1:])
    }

    func main() {
    	http.ListenAndServe(":8080",
    			http.HandlerFunc(handler))
    }

# New

## It's about two years old:

- Design started in late 2007
- Implementation starting to work mid-2008
- Released as an open source project in November 2009
- Development continues with an active community

## Why invent a new language? Older languages weren't designed for concurrency, but modern software needs it:

- Large scale, networked computing, such as Google web search
- Multi-core hardware

# New

## Older languages are also frustrating on a day-to-day basis

## Statically-typed languages (C, C++, Java) have issues:

- Edit-Compile-Run cycle takes far too long
- Type hierarchy can hurt as much as it helps

## Dynamic languages (Python, JavaScript) fix some issues but introduce others:

- No compilation means slow code
- Runtime errors that should be caught statically

## Go has the lighter feel of a scripting language but is compiled

# New

## Large C++ programs (e.g. Firefox, OpenOffice, Chromium) have enormous build times:

- XKCD's #1 Programmer Excuse for Legitimately Slacking Off: "My Code's Compiling"

## On a Mac (OS X 10.5.8, gcc 4.0.1):

- C: `#include <stdio.h>` reads 360 lines from 9 files
- C++: `#include <iostream>` reads 25,326 lines from 131 files
- Objective-C: `#include <Carbon/Carbon.h>` reads 124,730 lines from 689 files
- We haven't done any real work yet!

## In Go: `import "fmt"` reads one file: 184 lines summarizing 7 packages

# New

## Compilation demo

# Experimental

## Go is still unproven

## Language is still evolving

## Package library is incomplete

## Concurrent garbage collection is an active research problem

## Reviving forgotten concepts:

- Go's concurrency is strongly influenced by Communicating Sequential Processes (Hoare, 1978)
- Go has types and interfaces, but no inheritance. It is arguably more object-oriented than previously mentioned languages, being closer to the original Smalltalk meaning (1970s)

# Concurrent

## Unix philosophy: write programs that do one thing and do it well

## Connect them with pipes:

- How many lines of test code are there in the Go standard library?
- `find ~/go/src/pkg | grep _test.go$ | xargs wc -l`

## Unlike other languages, Go makes it easy to:

- Launch goroutines
- Connect them with channels

# Concurrent

## Start a new flow of control with the `go` keyword

## Parallel computation is easy:

    func main() {
    	go expensiveComputation(x, y, z)
    	anotherExpensiveComputation(a, b, c)
    }

## Roughly speaking, a goroutine is like a thread, but lighter weight:

- Goroutines have segmented stacks, and typically smaller stacks
- This requires compiler support. Goroutines can't just be a C++ library on top of a thread library

# Concurrent

## Consider web servers ("the C10k problem"):

- "Thread per connection" approach is conceptually neat, but doesn't scale well in practice
- What does scale well (event-driven callbacks, asynchronous APIs) are harder to understand, maintain, and debug
- We think "goroutine per connection" can scale well, and is conceptually neat

    	for {
    		rw := socket.Accept()
    		conn := newConn(rw, handler)
    		go conn.serve()
    	}

# Concurrent

## Let's look again at our simple parallel computation:

    func main() {
    	go expensiveComputation(x, y, z)
    	anotherExpensiveComputation(a, b, c)
    }

## This story is incomplete:

- How do we know when the two computations are done?
- What are their values?

# Concurrent

## Goroutines communicate with other goroutines via channels

    func computeAndSend(ch chan int, x, y, z int) {
    	ch <- expensiveComputation(x, y, z)
    }

    func main() {
    	ch := make(chan int)
    	go computeAndSend(ch, x, y, z)
    	v2 := anotherExpensiveComputation(a, b, c)
    	v1 := <-ch
    	fmt.Println(v1, v2)
    }

# Concurrent

## In traditional concurrent programs, you communicate by sharing memory. In Go, you share memory by communicating:

- Communication (the `<-` operator) is sharing and synchronization

## Threads and locks are concurrency primitives; CSP is a concurrency model:

- Analogy: "Go To Statement Considered Harmful" (Dijsktra, 1968)
- `goto` is a control flow primitive; structured programming (`if` statements, `for` loops, function calls) is a control flow model

## Learning CSP changes the way you think about concurrent programming:

- Every language has its grain. If your Go program uses mutexes, you're probably working against the grain

# Garbage Collected

## Automatic memory management makes writing (and maintaining) programs easier

## Especially in a concurrent world:

- Who "owns" a shared piece of memory, and is responsible for destroying it?

## Large C++ programs usually end up with semi-automatic memory management anyway, via "smart pointers"

## Mixing the two models can be problematic:

- Browsers can leak memory easily; DOM elements are C++ objects, but JavaScript is garbage collected

# Garbage Collected

## Go is also a safer language:

- Pointers but no pointer arithmetic
- No dangling pointers
- Variables are zero-initialized
- Array access is bounds-checked

## No buffer overflow exploits

# Systems Language

## This just means you could write decently large programs in Go:

- Web servers
- Web browsers
- Web crawlers
- Search indexers
- Databases
- Word processors
- Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
- Operating systems
- ...

# Systems Language

## Garbage collection has a reputation for being "slower"

## We're expecting Go to be slightly slower than optimized C, but faster than Java, depending on the task. Nonetheless:

- Fast and buggy is worse than almost-as-fast and correct
- It is easier to optimize a correct program than to correct an optimized program
- Fundamentally, it's simply a trade-off we're willing to make

## Memory layout can drastically affect performance. These two designs are equivalent in Go, but significantly different in Java:

    type Point struct { X, Y int }
    type Rect struct { P0, P1 Point }

    // or ...

    type Rect struct { X0, Y0, X1, Y1 int }

# Systems Language

## Quote from http://loadcode.blogspot.com/2009/12/go-vs-java.html

## "[Git] is known to be very fast. It is written in C. A Java version JGit was made. It was considerably slower. Handling of memory and lack of unsigned types was some of the important reasons.

## Shawn O. Pearce wrote on the git mailinglist:

- "JGit struggles with not having an efficient way to represent a SHA-1. C can just say "unsigned char[20]" and have it inline into the container's memory allocation. A byte[20] in Java will cost an *additional* 16 bytes of memory, and be slower to access because the bytes themselves are in a different area of memory from the container object. We try to work around it by converting from a byte[20] to 5 ints, but that costs us machine instructions"

## Like C, Go does allow unsigned types and defining data structures containing other data structures as continuous blocks of memory."

# Go

## New

## Experimental

## Concurrent

## Garbage Collected

## Systems Language

## And more:

- I haven't talked about the type system, interfaces, slices, closures, selects, ...
- Tutorial, documentation, mailing list, source code all online

# Questions?