compress/flate: optimize huffman bit encoder

Part 1 of optimizing the deflater. This optimizes the bitwriter by:

* Removing allocations.
* Storing compound values for bit codes instead of 2 separate tables.
* Accumulate 48 bits between writes instead of 24.
* Inline bit flushing.

This also contains code that will be used in later CL's
(writeBlockDynamic, writeBlockHuff).

Tests for Huffman bit writer encoding regressions has been added.

name                       old speed      new speed      delta
EncodeDigitsSpeed1e4-4     19.3MB/s ± 1%  21.6MB/s ± 1%  +11.77%
EncodeDigitsSpeed1e5-4     25.0MB/s ± 6%  30.7MB/s ± 1%  +22.70%
EncodeDigitsSpeed1e6-4     28.2MB/s ± 1%  32.3MB/s ± 1%  +14.64%
EncodeDigitsDefault1e4-4   13.3MB/s ± 0%  14.2MB/s ± 1%   +7.07%
EncodeDigitsDefault1e5-4   6.43MB/s ± 1%  6.64MB/s ± 1%   +3.27%
EncodeDigitsDefault1e6-4   5.81MB/s ± 0%  5.85MB/s ± 1%   +0.69%
EncodeDigitsCompress1e4-4  13.2MB/s ± 0%  14.4MB/s ± 0%   +9.10%
EncodeDigitsCompress1e5-4  6.40MB/s ± 1%  6.61MB/s ± 0%   +3.20%
EncodeDigitsCompress1e6-4  5.80MB/s ± 1%  5.90MB/s ± 1%   +1.64%
EncodeTwainSpeed1e4-4      18.4MB/s ± 1%  20.7MB/s ± 1%  +12.72%
EncodeTwainSpeed1e5-4      27.7MB/s ± 1%  31.0MB/s ± 1%  +11.78%
EncodeTwainSpeed1e6-4      29.1MB/s ± 0%  32.9MB/s ± 2%  +13.25%
EncodeTwainDefault1e4-4    12.4MB/s ± 0%  13.1MB/s ± 1%   +5.88%
EncodeTwainDefault1e5-4    7.52MB/s ± 1%  7.83MB/s ± 0%   +4.19%
EncodeTwainDefault1e6-4    7.08MB/s ± 1%  7.26MB/s ± 0%   +2.54%
EncodeTwainCompress1e4-4   12.0MB/s ± 1%  12.8MB/s ± 1%   +6.70%
EncodeTwainCompress1e5-4   5.96MB/s ± 1%  6.16MB/s ± 0%   +3.27%
EncodeTwainCompress1e6-4   5.37MB/s ± 0%  5.39MB/s ± 1%   +0.47%

>Allocations:

benchmark                              old allocs     new allocs     delta
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4-4        50             0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5-4        110            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6-4        1032           0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4-4      56             0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5-4      120            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6-4      966            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4-4     56             0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5-4     120            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6-4     966            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4-4         58             0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5-4         132            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6-4         1082           0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4-4       52             0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5-4       126            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6-4       886            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4-4      52             0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5-4      120            0              -100.00%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6-4      880            0              -100.00%

benchmark                              old bytes     new bytes     delta
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4-4        4288          2             -99.95%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5-4        8896          15            -99.83%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6-4        84098         153           -99.82%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4-4      4480          3             -99.93%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5-4      9216          76            -99.18%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6-4      73920         768           -98.96%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4-4     4480          3             -99.93%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5-4     9216          76            -99.18%
BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6-4     73920         768           -98.96%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4-4         4544          2             -99.96%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5-4         9600          15            -99.84%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6-4         77633         153           -99.80%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4-4       4352          3             -99.93%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5-4       9408          76            -99.19%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6-4       65984         768           -98.84%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4-4      4352          3             -99.93%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5-4      9216          76            -99.18%
BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6-4      65792         768           -98.83%

Updates #14258

Change-Id: Ibaa97b9619743ad623094727228eb2ada1ec7f1f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/19336Reviewed-by: Nigel Tao <nigeltao@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Joe Tsai <joetsai@digital-static.net>
Run-TryBot: Joe Tsai <joetsai@digital-static.net>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>

misc/nacl/testzip.proto

@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ go	src=..
 				testdata
 					+
 			flate
+				testdata
+					+
 			gzip
 				testdata
 					+

src/compress/flate/huffman_bit_writer.go

@@ -22,6 +22,17 @@ const (
 	// The number of codegen codes.
 	codegenCodeCount = 19
 	badCode          = 255
+
+	// bufferFlushSize indicates the buffer size
+	// after which bytes are flushed to the writer.
+	// Should preferably be a multiple of 6, since
+	// we accumulate 6 bytes between writes to the buffer.
+	bufferFlushSize = 240
+
+	// bufferSize is the actual output byte buffer size.
+	// It must have additional headroom for a flush
+	// which can contain up to 8 bytes.
+	bufferSize = bufferFlushSize + 8
 )
 
 // The number of extra bits needed by length code X - LENGTH_CODES_START.
@@ -70,9 +81,9 @@ type huffmanBitWriter struct {
 	w io.Writer
 	// Data waiting to be written is bytes[0:nbytes]
 	// and then the low nbits of bits.
-	bits            uint32
-	nbits           uint32
-	bytes           [64]byte
+	bits            uint64
+	nbits           uint
+	bytes           [bufferSize]byte
 	nbytes          int
 	literalFreq     []int32
 	offsetFreq      []int32
@@ -92,52 +103,15 @@ func newHuffmanBitWriter(w io.Writer) *huffmanBitWriter {
 		codegen:         make([]uint8, maxNumLit+offsetCodeCount+1),
 		codegenFreq:     make([]int32, codegenCodeCount),
 		literalEncoding: newHuffmanEncoder(maxNumLit),
-		offsetEncoding:  newHuffmanEncoder(offsetCodeCount),
 		codegenEncoding: newHuffmanEncoder(codegenCodeCount),
+		offsetEncoding:  newHuffmanEncoder(offsetCodeCount),
 	}
 }
 
 func (w *huffmanBitWriter) reset(writer io.Writer) {
 	w.w = writer
 	w.bits, w.nbits, w.nbytes, w.err = 0, 0, 0, nil
-	w.bytes = [64]byte{}
-	for i := range w.codegen {
-		w.codegen[i] = 0
-	}
-	for _, s := range [...][]int32{w.literalFreq, w.offsetFreq, w.codegenFreq} {
-		for i := range s {
-			s[i] = 0
-		}
-	}
-	for _, enc := range [...]*huffmanEncoder{
-		w.literalEncoding,
-		w.offsetEncoding,
-		w.codegenEncoding} {
-		for i := range enc.code {
-			enc.code[i] = 0
-		}
-		for i := range enc.codeBits {
-			enc.codeBits[i] = 0
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (w *huffmanBitWriter) flushBits() {
-	if w.err != nil {
-		w.nbits = 0
-		return
-	}
-	bits := w.bits
-	w.bits >>= 16
-	w.nbits -= 16
-	n := w.nbytes
-	w.bytes[n] = byte(bits)
-	w.bytes[n+1] = byte(bits >> 8)
-	if n += 2; n >= len(w.bytes) {
-		_, w.err = w.w.Write(w.bytes[0:])
-		n = 0
-	}
-	w.nbytes = n
+	w.bytes = [bufferSize]byte{}
 }
 
 func (w *huffmanBitWriter) flush() {
@@ -146,26 +120,41 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) flush() {
 		return
 	}
 	n := w.nbytes
-	if w.nbits > 8 {
+	for w.nbits != 0 {
 		w.bytes[n] = byte(w.bits)
 		w.bits >>= 8
-		w.nbits -= 8
-		n++
-	}
-	if w.nbits > 0 {
-		w.bytes[n] = byte(w.bits)
-		w.nbits = 0
+		if w.nbits > 8 { // Avoid underflow
+			w.nbits -= 8
+		} else {
+			w.nbits = 0
+		}
 		n++
 	}
 	w.bits = 0
-	_, w.err = w.w.Write(w.bytes[0:n])
+	_, w.err = w.w.Write(w.bytes[:n])
 	w.nbytes = 0
 }
 
-func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBits(b, nb int32) {
-	w.bits |= uint32(b) << w.nbits
-	if w.nbits += uint32(nb); w.nbits >= 16 {
-		w.flushBits()
+func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBits(b int32, nb uint) {
+	w.bits |= uint64(b) << w.nbits
+	w.nbits += nb
+	if w.nbits >= 48 {
+		bits := w.bits
+		w.bits >>= 48
+		w.nbits -= 48
+		n := w.nbytes
+		w.bytes[n+0] = byte(bits)
+		w.bytes[n+1] = byte(bits >> 8)
+		w.bytes[n+2] = byte(bits >> 16)
+		w.bytes[n+3] = byte(bits >> 24)
+		w.bytes[n+4] = byte(bits >> 32)
+		w.bytes[n+5] = byte(bits >> 40)
+		n += 6
+		if n >= bufferFlushSize {
+			_, w.err = w.w.Write(w.bytes[:n])
+			n = 0
+		}
+		w.nbytes = n
 	}
 }
 
@@ -174,17 +163,18 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBytes(bytes []byte) {
 		return
 	}
 	n := w.nbytes
-	if w.nbits == 8 {
-		w.bytes[n] = byte(w.bits)
-		w.nbits = 0
-		n++
-	}
-	if w.nbits != 0 {
+	if w.nbits&7 != 0 {
 		w.err = InternalError("writeBytes with unfinished bits")
 		return
 	}
+	for w.nbits != 0 {
+		w.bytes[n] = byte(w.bits)
+		w.bits >>= 8
+		w.nbits -= 8
+		n++
+	}
 	if n != 0 {
-		_, w.err = w.w.Write(w.bytes[0:n])
+		_, w.err = w.w.Write(w.bytes[:n])
 		if w.err != nil {
 			return
 		}
@@ -204,7 +194,8 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBytes(bytes []byte) {
 //
 //  numLiterals      The number of literals in literalEncoding
 //  numOffsets       The number of offsets in offsetEncoding
-func (w *huffmanBitWriter) generateCodegen(numLiterals int, numOffsets int) {
+//  litenc, offenc   The literal and offset encoder to use
+func (w *huffmanBitWriter) generateCodegen(numLiterals int, numOffsets int, litEnc, offEnc *huffmanEncoder) {
 	for i := range w.codegenFreq {
 		w.codegenFreq[i] = 0
 	}
@@ -214,8 +205,15 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) generateCodegen(numLiterals int, numOffsets int) {
 	// so far.
 	codegen := w.codegen // cache
 	// Copy the concatenated code sizes to codegen. Put a marker at the end.
-	copy(codegen[0:numLiterals], w.literalEncoding.codeBits)
-	copy(codegen[numLiterals:numLiterals+numOffsets], w.offsetEncoding.codeBits)
+	cgnl := codegen[:numLiterals]
+	for i := range cgnl {
+		cgnl[i] = uint8(litEnc.codes[i].len)
+	}
+
+	cgnl = codegen[numLiterals : numLiterals+numOffsets]
+	for i := range cgnl {
+		cgnl[i] = uint8(offEnc.codes[i].len)
+	}
 	codegen[numLiterals+numOffsets] = badCode
 
 	size := codegen[0]
@@ -284,11 +282,30 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) generateCodegen(numLiterals int, numOffsets int) {
 	codegen[outIndex] = badCode
 }
 
-func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeCode(code *huffmanEncoder, literal uint32) {
+func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeCode(c hcode) {
 	if w.err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-	w.writeBits(int32(code.code[literal]), int32(code.codeBits[literal]))
+	w.bits |= uint64(c.code) << w.nbits
+	w.nbits += uint(c.len)
+	if w.nbits >= 48 {
+		bits := w.bits
+		w.bits >>= 48
+		w.nbits -= 48
+		n := w.nbytes
+		w.bytes[n+0] = byte(bits)
+		w.bytes[n+1] = byte(bits >> 8)
+		w.bytes[n+2] = byte(bits >> 16)
+		w.bytes[n+3] = byte(bits >> 24)
+		w.bytes[n+4] = byte(bits >> 32)
+		w.bytes[n+5] = byte(bits >> 40)
+		n += 6
+		if n >= bufferFlushSize {
+			_, w.err = w.w.Write(w.bytes[:n])
+			n = 0
+		}
+		w.nbytes = n
+	}
 }
 
 // Write the header of a dynamic Huffman block to the output stream.
@@ -310,7 +327,7 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeDynamicHeader(numLiterals int, numOffsets int, n
 	w.writeBits(int32(numCodegens-4), 4)
 
 	for i := 0; i < numCodegens; i++ {
-		value := w.codegenEncoding.codeBits[codegenOrder[i]]
+		value := uint(w.codegenEncoding.codes[codegenOrder[i]].len)
 		w.writeBits(int32(value), 3)
 	}
 
@@ -321,8 +338,7 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeDynamicHeader(numLiterals int, numOffsets int, n
 		if codeWord == badCode {
 			break
 		}
-		// The low byte contains the actual code to generate.
-		w.writeCode(w.codegenEncoding, uint32(codeWord))
+		w.writeCode(w.codegenEncoding.codes[uint32(codeWord)])
 
 		switch codeWord {
 		case 16:
@@ -371,48 +387,9 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBlock(tokens []token, eof bool, input []byte) {
 	if w.err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-	for i := range w.literalFreq {
-		w.literalFreq[i] = 0
-	}
-	for i := range w.offsetFreq {
-		w.offsetFreq[i] = 0
-	}
-
-	n := len(tokens)
-	tokens = tokens[0 : n+1]
-	tokens[n] = endBlockMarker
-
-	for _, t := range tokens {
-		switch t.typ() {
-		case literalType:
-			w.literalFreq[t.literal()]++
-		case matchType:
-			length := t.length()
-			offset := t.offset()
-			w.literalFreq[lengthCodesStart+lengthCode(length)]++
-			w.offsetFreq[offsetCode(offset)]++
-		}
-	}
 
-	// get the number of literals
-	numLiterals := len(w.literalFreq)
-	for w.literalFreq[numLiterals-1] == 0 {
-		numLiterals--
-	}
-	// get the number of offsets
-	numOffsets := len(w.offsetFreq)
-	for numOffsets > 0 && w.offsetFreq[numOffsets-1] == 0 {
-		numOffsets--
-	}
-	if numOffsets == 0 {
-		// We haven't found a single match. If we want to go with the dynamic encoding,
-		// we should count at least one offset to be sure that the offset huffman tree could be encoded.
-		w.offsetFreq[0] = 1
-		numOffsets = 1
-	}
-
-	w.literalEncoding.generate(w.literalFreq, 15)
-	w.offsetEncoding.generate(w.offsetFreq, 15)
+	tokens = append(tokens, endBlockMarker)
+	numLiterals, numOffsets := w.indexTokens(tokens)
 
 	storedBytes := 0
 	if input != nil {
@@ -450,7 +427,7 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBlock(tokens []token, eof bool, input []byte) {
 
 	// Generate codegen and codegenFrequencies, which indicates how to encode
 	// the literalEncoding and the offsetEncoding.
-	w.generateCodegen(numLiterals, numOffsets)
+	w.generateCodegen(numLiterals, numOffsets, w.literalEncoding, w.offsetEncoding)
 	w.codegenEncoding.generate(w.codegenFreq, 7)
 	numCodegens = len(w.codegenFreq)
 	for numCodegens > 4 && w.codegenFreq[codegenOrder[numCodegens-1]] == 0 {
@@ -475,7 +452,7 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBlock(tokens []token, eof bool, input []byte) {
 	// Stored bytes?
 	if storedSize < size {
 		w.writeStoredHeader(storedBytes, eof)
-		w.writeBytes(input[0:storedBytes])
+		w.writeBytes(input[:storedBytes])
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -485,33 +462,222 @@ func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBlock(tokens []token, eof bool, input []byte) {
 	} else {
 		w.writeDynamicHeader(numLiterals, numOffsets, numCodegens, eof)
 	}
+
+	// Write the tokens.
+	w.writeTokens(tokens, literalEncoding.codes, offsetEncoding.codes)
+
+}
+
+// writeBlockDynamic encodes a block using a dynamic Huffman table.
+// This should be used if the symbols used have a disproportionate
+// histogram distribution.
+func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBlockDynamic(tokens []token, eof bool, input []byte) {
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	tokens = append(tokens, endBlockMarker)
+	numLiterals, numOffsets := w.indexTokens(tokens)
+
+	// Generate codegen and codegenFrequencies, which indicates how to encode
+	// the literalEncoding and the offsetEncoding.
+	w.generateCodegen(numLiterals, numOffsets, w.literalEncoding, w.offsetEncoding)
+	w.codegenEncoding.generate(w.codegenFreq, 7)
+	numCodegens := len(w.codegenFreq)
+	for numCodegens > 4 && w.codegenFreq[codegenOrder[numCodegens-1]] == 0 {
+		numCodegens--
+	}
+
+	// Write Huffman table.
+	w.writeDynamicHeader(numLiterals, numOffsets, numCodegens, eof)
+
+	// Write the tokens.
+	w.writeTokens(tokens, w.literalEncoding.codes, w.offsetEncoding.codes)
+}
+
+// indexTokens indexes a slice of tokens, and updates
+// literalFreq and offsetFreq, and generates literalEncoding
+// and offsetEncoding.
+// The number of literal and offset tokens is returned.
+func (w *huffmanBitWriter) indexTokens(tokens []token) (numLiterals, numOffsets int) {
+	for i := range w.literalFreq {
+		w.literalFreq[i] = 0
+	}
+	for i := range w.offsetFreq {
+		w.offsetFreq[i] = 0
+	}
+
 	for _, t := range tokens {
-		switch t.typ() {
-		case literalType:
-			w.writeCode(literalEncoding, t.literal())
-			break
-		case matchType:
-			// Write the length
-			length := t.length()
-			lengthCode := lengthCode(length)
-			w.writeCode(literalEncoding, lengthCode+lengthCodesStart)
-			extraLengthBits := int32(lengthExtraBits[lengthCode])
-			if extraLengthBits > 0 {
-				extraLength := int32(length - lengthBase[lengthCode])
-				w.writeBits(extraLength, extraLengthBits)
-			}
-			// Write the offset
-			offset := t.offset()
-			offsetCode := offsetCode(offset)
-			w.writeCode(offsetEncoding, offsetCode)
-			extraOffsetBits := int32(offsetExtraBits[offsetCode])
-			if extraOffsetBits > 0 {
-				extraOffset := int32(offset - offsetBase[offsetCode])
-				w.writeBits(extraOffset, extraOffsetBits)
-			}
-			break
-		default:
-			panic("unknown token type: " + string(t))
+		if t < matchType {
+			w.literalFreq[t.literal()]++
+			continue
+		}
+		length := t.length()
+		offset := t.offset()
+		w.literalFreq[lengthCodesStart+lengthCode(length)]++
+		w.offsetFreq[offsetCode(offset)]++
+	}
+
+	// get the number of literals
+	numLiterals = len(w.literalFreq)
+	for w.literalFreq[numLiterals-1] == 0 {
+		numLiterals--
+	}
+	// get the number of offsets
+	numOffsets = len(w.offsetFreq)
+	for numOffsets > 0 && w.offsetFreq[numOffsets-1] == 0 {
+		numOffsets--
+	}
+	if numOffsets == 0 {
+		// We haven't found a single match. If we want to go with the dynamic encoding,
+		// we should count at least one offset to be sure that the offset huffman tree could be encoded.
+		w.offsetFreq[0] = 1
+		numOffsets = 1
+	}
+	w.literalEncoding.generate(w.literalFreq, 15)
+	w.offsetEncoding.generate(w.offsetFreq, 15)
+	return
+}
+
+// writeTokens writes a slice of tokens to the output.
+// codes for literal and offset encoding must be supplied.
+func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeTokens(tokens []token, leCodes, oeCodes []hcode) {
+	for _, t := range tokens {
+		if t < matchType {
+			w.writeCode(leCodes[t.literal()])
+			continue
+		}
+		// Write the length
+		length := t.length()
+		lengthCode := lengthCode(length)
+		w.writeCode(leCodes[lengthCode+lengthCodesStart])
+		extraLengthBits := uint(lengthExtraBits[lengthCode])
+		if extraLengthBits > 0 {
+			extraLength := int32(length - lengthBase[lengthCode])
+			w.writeBits(extraLength, extraLengthBits)
+		}
+		// Write the offset
+		offset := t.offset()
+		offsetCode := offsetCode(offset)
+		w.writeCode(oeCodes[offsetCode])
+		extraOffsetBits := uint(offsetExtraBits[offsetCode])
+		if extraOffsetBits > 0 {
+			extraOffset := int32(offset - offsetBase[offsetCode])
+			w.writeBits(extraOffset, extraOffsetBits)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// huffOffset is a static offset encoder used for huffman only encoding.
+// It can be reused since we will not be encoding offset values.
+var huffOffset *huffmanEncoder
+
+func init() {
+	w := newHuffmanBitWriter(nil)
+	w.offsetFreq[0] = 1
+	huffOffset = newHuffmanEncoder(offsetCodeCount)
+	huffOffset.generate(w.offsetFreq, 15)
+}
+
+// writeBlockHuff encodes a block of bytes as either
+// Huffman encoded literals or uncompressed bytes if the
+// results only gains very little from compression.
+func (w *huffmanBitWriter) writeBlockHuff(eof bool, input []byte) {
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Clear histogram
+	for i := range w.literalFreq {
+		w.literalFreq[i] = 0
+	}
+
+	// Add everything as literals
+	histogram(input, w.literalFreq)
+
+	w.literalFreq[endBlockMarker] = 1
+
+	const numLiterals = endBlockMarker + 1
+	const numOffsets = 1
+
+	w.literalEncoding.generate(w.literalFreq, 15)
+
+	// Figure out smallest code.
+	// Always use dynamic Huffman or Store
+	var numCodegens int
+
+	// Generate codegen and codegenFrequencies, which indicates how to encode
+	// the literalEncoding and the offsetEncoding.
+	w.generateCodegen(numLiterals, numOffsets, w.literalEncoding, huffOffset)
+	w.codegenEncoding.generate(w.codegenFreq, 7)
+	numCodegens = len(w.codegenFreq)
+	for numCodegens > 4 && w.codegenFreq[codegenOrder[numCodegens-1]] == 0 {
+		numCodegens--
+	}
+	headerSize := int64(3+5+5+4+(3*numCodegens)) +
+		w.codegenEncoding.bitLength(w.codegenFreq) +
+		int64(w.codegenFreq[16]*2) +
+		int64(w.codegenFreq[17]*3) +
+		int64(w.codegenFreq[18]*7)
+
+	// Includes EOB marker
+	size := headerSize + w.literalEncoding.bitLength(w.literalFreq)
+
+	// Calculate stored size
+	var storedSize int64 = math.MaxInt64
+	var storedBytes = len(input)
+	if storedBytes <= maxStoreBlockSize {
+		storedSize = int64(storedBytes+5) * 8
+	}
+
+	// Store bytes, if we don't get a reasonable improvement.
+	if storedSize < (size + size>>4) {
+		w.writeStoredHeader(storedBytes, eof)
+		w.writeBytes(input)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Huffman.
+	w.writeDynamicHeader(numLiterals, numOffsets, numCodegens, eof)
+	encoding := w.literalEncoding.codes
+	n := w.nbytes
+	for _, t := range input {
+		// Bitwriting inlined, ~30% speedup
+		c := encoding[t]
+		w.bits |= uint64(c.code) << w.nbits
+		w.nbits += uint(c.len)
+		if w.nbits < 48 {
+			continue
 		}
+		// Store 6 bytes
+		bits := w.bits
+		w.bits >>= 48
+		w.nbits -= 48
+		w.bytes[n+0] = byte(bits)
+		w.bytes[n+1] = byte(bits >> 8)
+		w.bytes[n+2] = byte(bits >> 16)
+		w.bytes[n+3] = byte(bits >> 24)
+		w.bytes[n+4] = byte(bits >> 32)
+		w.bytes[n+5] = byte(bits >> 40)
+		n += 6
+		if n < bufferFlushSize {
+			continue
+		}
+		_, w.err = w.w.Write(w.bytes[:n])
+		if w.err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		n = 0
+	}
+	w.nbytes = n
+	w.writeCode(encoding[endBlockMarker])
+}
+
+// histogram accumulates a histogram of b in h.
+//
+// len(h) must be >= 256, and h's elements must be all zeroes.
+func histogram(b []byte, h []int32) {
+	for _, t := range b {
+		h[t]++
 	}
 }

src/compress/flate/huffman_bit_writer_test.go

+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package flate
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+var update = flag.Bool("update", false, "update reference files")
+
+// TestBlockHuff tests huffman encoding against reference files
+// to detect possible regressions.
+// If encoding/bit allocation changes you can regenerate these files
+// by using the -update flag.
+func TestBlockHuff(t *testing.T) {
+	// determine input files
+	match, err := filepath.Glob("testdata/huffman-*.in")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, in := range match {
+		out := in // for files where input and output are identical
+		if strings.HasSuffix(in, ".in") {
+			out = in[:len(in)-len(".in")] + ".golden"
+		}
+		testBlockHuff(t, in, out)
+	}
+}
+
+func testBlockHuff(t *testing.T, in, out string) {
+	all, err := ioutil.ReadFile(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	bw := newHuffmanBitWriter(&buf)
+	bw.writeBlockHuff(false, all)
+	bw.flush()
+	got := buf.Bytes()
+
+	want, err := ioutil.ReadFile(out)
+	if err != nil && !*update {
+		t.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("Testing %q", in)
+	if !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
+		if *update {
+			if in != out {
+				t.Logf("Updating %q", out)
+				if err := ioutil.WriteFile(out, got, 0666); err != nil {
+					t.Error(err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			// in == out: don't accidentally destroy input
+			t.Errorf("WARNING: -update did not rewrite input file %s", in)
+		}
+
+		t.Errorf("%q != %q (see %q)", in, out, in+".got")
+		if err := ioutil.WriteFile(in+".got", got, 0666); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	t.Log("Output ok")
+
+	// Test if the writer produces the same output after reset.
+	buf.Reset()
+	bw.reset(&buf)
+	bw.writeBlockHuff(false, all)
+	bw.flush()
+	got = buf.Bytes()
+	if !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
+		t.Errorf("after reset %q != %q (see %q)", in, out, in+".reset.got")
+		if err := ioutil.WriteFile(in+".reset.got", got, 0666); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	t.Log("Reset ok")
+	testWriterEOF(t, "huff", huffTest{input: in}, true)
+}
+
+type huffTest struct {
+	tokens      []token
+	input       string // File name of input data matching the tokens.
+	want        string // File name of data with the expected output with input available.
+	wantNoInput string // File name of the expected output when no input is available.
+}
+
+const ml = 0x7fc00000 // Maximum length token. Used to reduce the size of writeBlockTests
+
+var writeBlockTests = []huffTest{
+	{
+		input:       "testdata/huffman-null-max.in",
+		want:        "testdata/huffman-null-max.%s.expect",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/huffman-null-max.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0x0, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, 0x0, 0x0},
+	},
+	{
+		input:       "testdata/huffman-pi.in",
+		want:        "testdata/huffman-pi.%s.expect",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/huffman-pi.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0x33, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x34, 0x31, 0x35, 0x39, 0x32, 0x36, 0x35, 0x33, 0x35, 0x38, 0x39, 0x37, 0x39, 0x33, 0x32, 0x33, 0x38, 0x34, 0x36, 0x32, 0x36, 0x34, 0x33, 0x33, 0x38, 0x33, 0x32, 0x37, 0x39, 0x35, 0x30, 0x32, 0x38, 0x38, 0x34, 0x31, 0x39, 0x37, 0x31, 0x36, 0x39, 0x33, 0x39, 0x39, 0x33, 0x37, 0x35, 0x31, 0x30, 0x35, 0x38, 0x32, 0x30, 0x39, 0x37, 0x34, 0x39, 0x34, 0x34, 0x35, 0x39, 0x32, 0x33, 0x30, 0x37, 0x38, 0x31, 0x36, 0x34, 0x30, 0x36, 0x32, 0x38, 0x36, 0x32, 0x30, 0x38, 0x39, 0x39, 0x38, 0x36, 0x32, 0x38, 0x30, 0x33, 0x34, 0x38, 0x32, 0x35, 0x33, 0x34, 0x32, 0x31, 0x31, 0x37, 0x30, 0x36, 0x37, 0x39, 0x38, 0x32, 0x31, 0x34, 0x38, 0x30, 0x38, 0x36, 0x35, 0x31, 0x33, 0x32, 0x38, 0x32, 0x33, 0x30, 0x36, 0x36, 0x34, 0x37, 0x30, 0x39, 0x33, 0x38, 0x34, 0x34, 0x36, 0x30, 0x39, 0x35, 0x35, 0x30, 0x35, 0x38, 0x32, 0x32, 0x33, 0x31, 0x37, 0x32, 0x35, 0x33, 0x35, 0x39, 0x34, 0x30, 0x38, 0x31, 0x32, 0x38, 0x34, 0x38, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x37, 0x34, 0x4040007e, 0x34, 0x31, 0x30, 0x32, 0x37, 0x30, 0x31, 0x39, 0x33, 0x38, 0x35, 0x32, 0x31, 0x31, 0x30, 0x35, 0x35, 0x35, 0x39, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x36, 0x32, 0x32, 0x39, 0x34, 0x38, 0x39, 0x35, 0x34, 0x39, 0x33, 0x30, 0x33, 0x38, 0x31, 0x40400012, 0x32, 0x38, 0x38, 0x31, 0x30, 0x39, 0x37, 0x35, 0x36, 0x36, 0x35, 0x39, 0x33, 0x33, 0x34, 0x34, 0x36, 0x40400047, 0x37, 0x35, 0x36, 0x34, 0x38, 0x32, 0x33, 0x33, 0x37, 0x38, 0x36, 0x37, 0x38, 0x33, 0x31, 0x36, 0x35, 0x32, 0x37, 0x31, 0x32, 0x30, 0x31, 0x39, 0x30, 0x39, 0x31, 0x34, 0x4040001a, 0x35, 0x36, 0x36, 0x39, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x36, 0x404000b2, 0x36, 0x31, 0x30, 0x34, 0x35, 0x34, 0x33, 0x32, 0x36, 0x40400032, 0x31, 0x33, 0x33, 0x39, 0x33, 0x36, 0x30, 0x37, 0x32, 0x36, 0x30, 0x32, 0x34, 0x39, 0x31, 0x34, 0x31, 0x32, 0x37, 0x33, 0x37, 0x32, 0x34, 0x35, 0x38, 0x37, 0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x36, 0x30, 0x36, 0x33, 0x31, 0x35, 0x35, 0x38, 0x38, 0x31, 0x37, 0x34, 0x38, 0x38, 0x31, 0x35, 0x32, 0x30, 0x39, 0x32, 0x30, 0x39, 0x36, 0x32, 0x38, 0x32, 0x39, 0x32, 0x35, 0x34, 0x30, 0x39, 0x31, 0x37, 0x31, 0x35, 0x33, 0x36, 0x34, 0x33, 0x36, 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x32, 0x35, 0x39, 0x30, 0x33, 0x36, 0x30, 0x30, 0x31, 0x31, 0x33, 0x33, 0x30, 0x35, 0x33, 0x30, 0x35, 0x34, 0x38, 0x38, 0x32, 0x30, 0x34, 0x36, 0x36, 0x35, 0x32, 0x31, 0x33, 0x38, 0x34, 0x31, 0x34, 0x36, 0x39, 0x35, 0x31, 0x39, 0x34, 0x31, 0x35, 0x31, 0x31, 0x36, 0x30, 0x39, 0x34, 0x33, 0x33, 0x30, 0x35, 0x37, 0x32, 0x37, 0x30, 0x33, 0x36, 0x35, 0x37, 0x35, 0x39, 0x35, 0x39, 0x31, 0x39, 0x35, 0x33, 0x30, 0x39, 0x32, 0x31, 0x38, 0x36, 0x31, 0x31, 0x37, 0x404000e9, 0x33, 0x32, 0x40400009, 0x39, 0x33, 0x31, 0x30, 0x35, 0x31, 0x31, 0x38, 0x35, 0x34, 0x38, 0x30, 0x37, 0x4040010e, 0x33, 0x37, 0x39, 0x39, 0x36, 0x32, 0x37, 0x34, 0x39, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37, 0x33, 0x35, 0x31, 0x38, 0x38, 0x35, 0x37, 0x35, 0x32, 0x37, 0x32, 0x34, 0x38, 0x39, 0x31, 0x32, 0x32, 0x37, 0x39, 0x33, 0x38, 0x31, 0x38, 0x33, 0x30, 0x31, 0x31, 0x39, 0x34, 0x39, 0x31, 0x32, 0x39, 0x38, 0x33, 0x33, 0x36, 0x37, 0x33, 0x33, 0x36, 0x32, 0x34, 0x34, 0x30, 0x36, 0x35, 0x36, 0x36, 0x34, 0x33, 0x30, 0x38, 0x36, 0x30, 0x32, 0x31, 0x33, 0x39, 0x34, 0x39, 0x34, 0x36, 0x33, 0x39, 0x35, 0x32, 0x32, 0x34, 0x37, 0x33, 0x37, 0x31, 0x39, 0x30, 0x37, 0x30, 0x32, 0x31, 0x37, 0x39, 0x38, 0x40800099, 0x37, 0x30, 0x32, 0x37, 0x37, 0x30, 0x35, 0x33, 0x39, 0x32, 0x31, 0x37, 0x31, 0x37, 0x36, 0x32, 0x39, 0x33, 0x31, 0x37, 0x36, 0x37, 0x35, 0x40800232, 0x37, 0x34, 0x38, 0x31, 0x40400006, 0x36, 0x36, 0x39, 0x34, 0x30, 0x404001e7, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x35, 0x36, 0x38, 0x31, 0x32, 0x37, 0x31, 0x34, 0x35, 0x32, 0x36, 0x33, 0x35, 0x36, 0x30, 0x38, 0x32, 0x37, 0x37, 0x38, 0x35, 0x37, 0x37, 0x31, 0x33, 0x34, 0x32, 0x37, 0x35, 0x37, 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x36, 0x40400129, 0x33, 0x36, 0x33, 0x37, 0x31, 0x37, 0x38, 0x37, 0x32, 0x31, 0x34, 0x36, 0x38, 0x34, 0x34, 0x30, 0x39, 0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x32, 0x34, 0x39, 0x35, 0x33, 0x34, 0x33, 0x30, 0x31, 0x34, 0x36, 0x35, 0x34, 0x39, 0x35, 0x38, 0x35, 0x33, 0x37, 0x31, 0x30, 0x35, 0x30, 0x37, 0x39, 0x404000ca, 0x36, 0x40400153, 0x38, 0x39, 0x32, 0x33, 0x35, 0x34, 0x404001c9, 0x39, 0x35, 0x36, 0x31, 0x31, 0x32, 0x31, 0x32, 0x39, 0x30, 0x32, 0x31, 0x39, 0x36, 0x30, 0x38, 0x36, 0x34, 0x30, 0x33, 0x34, 0x34, 0x31, 0x38, 0x31, 0x35, 0x39, 0x38, 0x31, 0x33, 0x36, 0x32, 0x39, 0x37, 0x37, 0x34, 0x40400074, 0x30, 0x39, 0x39, 0x36, 0x30, 0x35, 0x31, 0x38, 0x37, 0x30, 0x37, 0x32, 0x31, 0x31, 0x33, 0x34, 0x39, 0x40800000, 0x38, 0x33, 0x37, 0x32, 0x39, 0x37, 0x38, 0x30, 0x34, 0x39, 0x39, 0x404002da, 0x39, 0x37, 0x33, 0x31, 0x37, 0x33, 0x32, 0x38, 0x4040018a, 0x36, 0x33, 0x31, 0x38, 0x35, 0x40400301, 0x404002e8, 0x34, 0x35, 0x35, 0x33, 0x34, 0x36, 0x39, 0x30, 0x38, 0x33, 0x30, 0x32, 0x36, 0x34, 0x32, 0x35, 0x32, 0x32, 0x33, 0x30, 0x404002e3, 0x40400267, 0x38, 0x35, 0x30, 0x33, 0x35, 0x32, 0x36, 0x31, 0x39, 0x33, 0x31, 0x31, 0x40400212, 0x31, 0x30, 0x31, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x33, 0x31, 0x33, 0x37, 0x38, 0x33, 0x38, 0x37, 0x35, 0x32, 0x38, 0x38, 0x36, 0x35, 0x38, 0x37, 0x35, 0x33, 0x33, 0x32, 0x30, 0x38, 0x33, 0x38, 0x31, 0x34, 0x32, 0x30, 0x36, 0x40400140, 0x4040012b, 0x31, 0x34, 0x37, 0x33, 0x30, 0x33, 0x35, 0x39, 0x4080032e, 0x39, 0x30, 0x34, 0x32, 0x38, 0x37, 0x35, 0x35, 0x34, 0x36, 0x38, 0x37, 0x33, 0x31, 0x31, 0x35, 0x39, 0x35, 0x40400355, 0x33, 0x38, 0x38, 0x32, 0x33, 0x35, 0x33, 0x37, 0x38, 0x37, 0x35, 0x4080037f, 0x39, 0x4040013a, 0x31, 0x40400148, 0x38, 0x30, 0x35, 0x33, 0x4040018a, 0x32, 0x32, 0x36, 0x38, 0x30, 0x36, 0x36, 0x31, 0x33, 0x30, 0x30, 0x31, 0x39, 0x32, 0x37, 0x38, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x39, 0x35, 0x39, 0x40400237, 0x36, 0x40800124, 0x38, 0x39, 0x33, 0x38, 0x30, 0x39, 0x35, 0x32, 0x35, 0x37, 0x32, 0x30, 0x31, 0x30, 0x36, 0x35, 0x34, 0x38, 0x35, 0x38, 0x36, 0x33, 0x32, 0x37, 0x4040009a, 0x39, 0x33, 0x36, 0x31, 0x35, 0x33, 0x40400220, 0x4080015c, 0x32, 0x33, 0x30, 0x33, 0x30, 0x31, 0x39, 0x35, 0x32, 0x30, 0x33, 0x35, 0x33, 0x30, 0x31, 0x38, 0x35, 0x32, 0x40400171, 0x40400075, 0x33, 0x36, 0x32, 0x32, 0x35, 0x39, 0x39, 0x34, 0x31, 0x33, 0x40400254, 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+	},
+	{
+		input:       "testdata/huffman-rand-1k.in",
+		want:        "testdata/huffman-rand-1k.%s.expect",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/huffman-rand-1k.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0xf8, 0x8b, 0x96, 0x76, 0x48, 0xd, 0x85, 0x94, 0x25, 0x80, 0xaf, 0xc2, 0xfe, 0x8d, 0xe8, 0x20, 0xeb, 0x17, 0x86, 0xc9, 0xb7, 0xc5, 0xde, 0x6, 0xea, 0x7d, 0x18, 0x8b, 0xe7, 0x3e, 0x7, 0xda, 0xdf, 0xff, 0x6c, 0x73, 0xde, 0xcc, 0xe7, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0x4, 0x19, 0x49, 0x7f, 0x47, 0x1f, 0x48, 0x15, 0xb0, 0xe8, 0x9e, 0xf2, 0x31, 0x59, 0xde, 0x34, 0xb4, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xe0, 0x9, 0x11, 0x30, 0xc2, 0x88, 0x5b, 0x7c, 0x5d, 0x14, 0x13, 0x6f, 0x23, 0xa9, 0xd, 0xbc, 0x2d, 0x23, 0xbe, 0xd9, 0xed, 0x75, 0x4, 0x6c, 0x99, 0xdf, 0xfd, 0x70, 0x66, 0xe6, 0xee, 0xd9, 0xb1, 0x9e, 0x6e, 0x83, 0x59, 0xd5, 0xd4, 0x80, 0x59, 0x98, 0x77, 0x89, 0x43, 0x38, 0xc9, 0xaf, 0x30, 0x32, 0x9a, 0x20, 0x1b, 0x46, 0x3d, 0x67, 0x6e, 0xd7, 0x72, 0x9e, 0x4e, 0x21, 0x4f, 0xc6, 0xe0, 0xd4, 0x7b, 0x4, 0x8d, 0xa5, 0x3, 0xf6, 0x5, 0x9b, 0x6b, 0xdc, 0x2a, 0x93, 0x77, 0x28, 0xfd, 0xb4, 0x62, 0xda, 0x20, 0xe7, 0x1f, 0xab, 0x6b, 0x51, 0x43, 0x39, 0x2f, 0xa0, 0x92, 0x1, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x3e, 0xf4, 0x35, 0xfd, 0x43, 0x2e, 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+	},
+	{
+		input:       "testdata/huffman-rand-limit.in",
+		want:        "testdata/huffman-rand-limit.%s.expect",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/huffman-rand-limit.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0x61, 0x51c00000, 0xa, 0xf8, 0x8b, 0x96, 0x76, 0x48, 0xa, 0x85, 0x94, 0x25, 0x80, 0xaf, 0xc2, 0xfe, 0x8d, 0xe8, 0x20, 0xeb, 0x17, 0x86, 0xc9, 0xb7, 0xc5, 0xde, 0x6, 0xea, 0x7d, 0x18, 0x8b, 0xe7, 0x3e, 0x7, 0xda, 0xdf, 0xff, 0x6c, 0x73, 0xde, 0xcc, 0xe7, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0x4, 0x19, 0x49, 0x7f, 0x47, 0x1f, 0x48, 0x15, 0xb0, 0xe8, 0x9e, 0xf2, 0x31, 0x59, 0xde, 0x34, 0xb4, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xe0, 0x9, 0x11, 0x30, 0xc2, 0x88, 0x5b, 0x7c, 0x5d, 0x14, 0x13, 0x6f, 0x23, 0xa9, 0xa, 0xbc, 0x2d, 0x23, 0xbe, 0xd9, 0xed, 0x75, 0x4, 0x6c, 0x99, 0xdf, 0xfd, 0x70, 0x66, 0xe6, 0xee, 0xd9, 0xb1, 0x9e, 0x6e, 0x83, 0x59, 0xd5, 0xd4, 0x80, 0x59, 0x98, 0x77, 0x89, 0x43, 0x38, 0xc9, 0xaf, 0x30, 0x32, 0x9a, 0x20, 0x1b, 0x46, 0x3d, 0x67, 0x6e, 0xd7, 0x72, 0x9e, 0x4e, 0x21, 0x4f, 0xc6, 0xe0, 0xd4, 0x7b, 0x4, 0x8d, 0xa5, 0x3, 0xf6, 0x5, 0x9b, 0x6b, 0xdc, 0x2a, 0x93, 0x77, 0x28, 0xfd, 0xb4, 0x62, 0xda, 0x20, 0xe7, 0x1f, 0xab, 0x6b, 0x51, 0x43, 0x39, 0x2f, 0xa0, 0x92, 0x1, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x3e, 0xf4, 0x35, 0xfd, 0x43, 0x2e, 0xf7, 0xa4, 0x75, 0xda, 0xea, 0x9b, 0xa},
+	},
+	{
+		input:       "testdata/huffman-shifts.in",
+		want:        "testdata/huffman-shifts.%s.expect",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/huffman-shifts.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0x31, 0x30, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x52400001, 0xd, 0xa, 0x32, 0x33, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7fc00001, 0x7f400001},
+	},
+	{
+		input:       "testdata/huffman-text-shift.in",
+		want:        "testdata/huffman-text-shift.%s.expect",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/huffman-text-shift.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0x2f, 0x2f, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x79, 0x72, 0x69, 0x67, 0x68, 0x74, 0x32, 0x30, 0x30, 0x39, 0x54, 0x68, 0x47, 0x6f, 0x41, 0x75, 0x74, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x2e, 0x41, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x40800016, 0x72, 0x72, 0x76, 0x64, 0x2e, 0xd, 0xa, 0x2f, 0x2f, 0x55, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x74, 0x68, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x72, 0x63, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x76, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x62, 0x79, 0x42, 0x53, 0x44, 0x2d, 0x74, 0x79, 0x6c, 0x40400020, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x68, 0x74, 0x63, 0x6e, 0x62, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x68, 0x4c, 0x49, 0x43, 0x45, 0x4e, 0x53, 0x45, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x2e, 0xd, 0xa, 0xd, 0xa, 0x70, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x67, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x4040000a, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x74, 0x22, 0x6f, 0x22, 0x4040000c, 0x66, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x28, 0x29, 0x7b, 0xd, 0xa, 0x9, 0x76, 0x72, 0x62, 0x3d, 0x6d, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x5b, 0x5d, 0x62, 0x79, 0x74, 0x2c, 0x36, 0x35, 0x35, 0x33, 0x35, 0x29, 0xd, 0xa, 0x9, 0x66, 0x2c, 0x5f, 0x3a, 0x3d, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x43, 0x72, 0x74, 0x28, 0x22, 0x68, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6d, 0x6e, 0x2d, 0x6e, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x2d, 0x6d, 0x78, 0x2e, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x22, 0x40800021, 0x2e, 0x57, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x28, 0x62, 0x29, 0xd, 0xa, 0x7d, 0xd, 0xa, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47, 0x48, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x58, 0x78, 0x79, 0x7a, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0xc2, 0xa4, 0x25, 0x26, 0x2f, 0x3f, 0x22},
+	},
+	{
+		input:       "testdata/huffman-text.in",
+		want:        "testdata/huffman-text.%s.expect",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/huffman-text.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0x2f, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x79, 0x72, 0x69, 0x67, 0x68, 0x74, 0x20, 0x32, 0x30, 0x30, 0x39, 0x20, 0x54, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x47, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x41, 0x75, 0x74, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x20, 0x41, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x20, 0x4080001e, 0x73, 0x20, 0x72, 0x65, 0x73, 0x65, 0x72, 0x76, 0x65, 0x64, 0x2e, 0xd, 0xa, 0x2f, 0x2f, 0x20, 0x55, 0x73, 0x65, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x73, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x72, 0x63, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x20, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x62, 0x79, 0x20, 0x61, 0x20, 0x42, 0x53, 0x44, 0x2d, 0x73, 0x74, 0x79, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x40800036, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x61, 0x74, 0x20, 0x63, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x62, 0x65, 0x20, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x4c, 0x49, 0x43, 0x45, 0x4e, 0x53, 0x45, 0x20, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0xd, 0xa, 0xd, 0xa, 0x70, 0x61, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x4040000f, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x74, 0x20, 0x22, 0x6f, 0x73, 0x22, 0x4040000e, 0x66, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x4080001b, 0x28, 0x29, 0x20, 0x7b, 0xd, 0xa, 0x9, 0x76, 0x61, 0x72, 0x20, 0x62, 0x20, 0x3d, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x28, 0x5b, 0x5d, 0x62, 0x79, 0x74, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x36, 0x35, 0x35, 0x33, 0x35, 0x29, 0xd, 0xa, 0x9, 0x66, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x5f, 0x20, 0x3a, 0x3d, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x43, 0x72, 0x65, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x28, 0x22, 0x68, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x2d, 0x6e, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x2d, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x78, 0x2e, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x22, 0x4080002a, 0x2e, 0x57, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x65, 0x28, 0x62, 0x29, 0xd, 0xa, 0x7d, 0xd, 0xa},
+	},
+	{
+		input:       "testdata/huffman-zero.in",
+		want:        "testdata/huffman-zero.%s.expect",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/huffman-zero.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0x30, ml, 0x4b800000},
+	},
+	{
+		input:       "",
+		want:        "",
+		wantNoInput: "testdata/null-long-match.%s.expect-noinput",
+		tokens:      []token{0x0, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, ml, 0x41400000},
+	},
+}
+
+// TestWriteBlock tests if the writeBlock encoding has changed.
+// To update the reference files use the "-update" flag on the test.
+func TestWriteBlock(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range writeBlockTests {
+		testBlock(t, test, "wb")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWriteBlockDynamic tests if the writeBlockDynamic encoding has changed.
+// To update the reference files use the "-update" flag on the test.
+func TestWriteBlockDynamic(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range writeBlockTests {
+		testBlock(t, test, "dyn")
+	}
+}
+
+// testBlock tests a block against its references,
+// or regenerate the references, if "-update" flag is set.
+func testBlock(t *testing.T, test huffTest, ttype string) {
+	if test.want != "" {
+		test.want = fmt.Sprintf(test.want, ttype)
+	}
+	test.wantNoInput = fmt.Sprintf(test.wantNoInput, ttype)
+	if *update {
+		if test.input != "" {
+			t.Logf("Updating %q", test.want)
+			input, err := ioutil.ReadFile(test.input)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			f, err := os.Create(test.want)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+				return
+			}
+			defer f.Close()
+			bw := newHuffmanBitWriter(f)
+			writeToType(t, ttype, bw, test.tokens, input)
+		}
+
+		t.Logf("Updating %q", test.wantNoInput)
+		f, err := os.Create(test.wantNoInput)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			return
+		}
+		defer f.Close()
+		bw := newHuffmanBitWriter(f)
+		writeToType(t, ttype, bw, test.tokens, nil)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if test.input != "" {
+		t.Logf("Testing %q", test.want)
+		input, err := ioutil.ReadFile(test.input)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			return
+		}
+		want, err := ioutil.ReadFile(test.want)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			return
+		}
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		bw := newHuffmanBitWriter(&buf)
+		writeToType(t, ttype, bw, test.tokens, input)
+
+		got := buf.Bytes()
+		if !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
+			t.Errorf("writeBlock did not yield expected result for file %q with input. See %q", test.want, test.want+".got")
+			if err := ioutil.WriteFile(test.want+".got", got, 0666); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}
+		t.Log("Output ok")
+
+		// Test if the writer produces the same output after reset.
+		buf.Reset()
+		bw.reset(&buf)
+		writeToType(t, ttype, bw, test.tokens, input)
+		bw.flush()
+		got = buf.Bytes()
+		if !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
+			t.Errorf("reset: writeBlock did not yield expected result for file %q with input. See %q", test.want, test.want+".reset.got")
+			if err := ioutil.WriteFile(test.want+".reset.got", got, 0666); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		t.Log("Reset ok")
+		testWriterEOF(t, "wb", test, true)
+	}
+	t.Logf("Testing %q", test.wantNoInput)
+	wantNI, err := ioutil.ReadFile(test.wantNoInput)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	bw := newHuffmanBitWriter(&buf)
+	writeToType(t, ttype, bw, test.tokens, nil)
+
+	got := buf.Bytes()
+	if !bytes.Equal(got, wantNI) {
+		t.Errorf("writeBlock did not yield expected result for file %q with input. See %q", test.wantNoInput, test.wantNoInput+".got")
+		if err := ioutil.WriteFile(test.want+".got", got, 0666); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	} else if got[0]&1 == 1 {
+		t.Error("got unexpected EOF")
+		return
+	}
+
+	t.Log("Output ok")
+
+	// Test if the writer produces the same output after reset.
+	buf.Reset()
+	bw.reset(&buf)
+	writeToType(t, ttype, bw, test.tokens, nil)
+	bw.flush()
+	got = buf.Bytes()
+	if !bytes.Equal(got, wantNI) {
+		t.Errorf("reset: writeBlock did not yield expected result for file %q without input. See %q", test.want, test.want+".reset.got")
+		if err := ioutil.WriteFile(test.want+".reset.got", got, 0666); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	t.Log("Reset ok")
+	testWriterEOF(t, "wb", test, false)
+}
+
+func writeToType(t *testing.T, ttype string, bw *huffmanBitWriter, tok []token, input []byte) {
+	switch ttype {
+	case "wb":
+		bw.writeBlock(tok, false, input)
+	case "dyn":
+		bw.writeBlockDynamic(tok, false, input)
+	default:
+		panic("unknown test type")
+	}
+
+	if bw.err != nil {
+		t.Error(bw.err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	bw.flush()
+	if bw.err != nil {
+		t.Error(bw.err)
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// testWriterEOF tests if the written block contains an EOF marker.
+func testWriterEOF(t *testing.T, ttype string, test huffTest, useInput bool) {
+	if useInput && test.input == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	var input []byte
+	if useInput {
+		var err error
+		input, err = ioutil.ReadFile(test.input)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	bw := newHuffmanBitWriter(&buf)
+	switch ttype {
+	case "wb":
+		bw.writeBlock(test.tokens, true, input)
+	case "dyn":
+		bw.writeBlockDynamic(test.tokens, true, input)
+	case "huff":
+		bw.writeBlockHuff(true, input)
+	default:
+		panic("unknown test type")
+	}
+	if bw.err != nil {
+		t.Error(bw.err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	bw.flush()
+	if bw.err != nil {
+		t.Error(bw.err)
+		return
+	}
+	b := buf.Bytes()
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		t.Error("no output received")
+		return
+	}
+	if b[0]&1 != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("block not marked with EOF for input %q", test.input)
+		return
+	}
+	t.Log("EOF ok")
+}

src/compress/flate/huffman_code.go

@@ -9,9 +9,17 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 )
 
+// hcode is a huffman code with a bit code and bit length.
+type hcode struct {
+	code, len uint16
+}
+
 type huffmanEncoder struct {
-	codeBits []uint8
-	code     []uint16
+	codes     []hcode
+	freqcache []literalNode
+	bitCount  [17]int32
+	lns       byLiteral // stored to avoid repeated allocation in generate
+	lfs       byFreq    // stored to avoid repeated allocation in generate
 }
 
 type literalNode struct {
@@ -39,21 +47,26 @@ type levelInfo struct {
 	needed int32
 }
 
+// set sets the code and length of an hcode.
+func (h *hcode) set(code uint16, length uint16) {
+	h.len = length
+	h.code = code
+}
+
 func maxNode() literalNode { return literalNode{math.MaxUint16, math.MaxInt32} }
 
 func newHuffmanEncoder(size int) *huffmanEncoder {
-	return &huffmanEncoder{make([]uint8, size), make([]uint16, size)}
+	return &huffmanEncoder{codes: make([]hcode, size)}
 }
 
 // Generates a HuffmanCode corresponding to the fixed literal table
 func generateFixedLiteralEncoding() *huffmanEncoder {
 	h := newHuffmanEncoder(maxNumLit)
-	codeBits := h.codeBits
-	code := h.code
+	codes := h.codes
 	var ch uint16
 	for ch = 0; ch < maxNumLit; ch++ {
 		var bits uint16
-		var size uint8
+		var size uint16
 		switch {
 		case ch < 144:
 			// size 8, 000110000  .. 10111111
@@ -75,19 +88,16 @@ func generateFixedLiteralEncoding() *huffmanEncoder {
 			bits = ch + 192 - 280
 			size = 8
 		}
-		codeBits[ch] = size
-		code[ch] = reverseBits(bits, size)
+		codes[ch] = hcode{code: reverseBits(bits, byte(size)), len: size}
 	}
 	return h
 }
 
 func generateFixedOffsetEncoding() *huffmanEncoder {
 	h := newHuffmanEncoder(30)
-	codeBits := h.codeBits
-	code := h.code
+	codes := h.codes
 	for ch := uint16(0); ch < 30; ch++ {
-		codeBits[ch] = 5
-		code[ch] = reverseBits(ch, 5)
+		codes[ch] = hcode{code: reverseBits(ch, 5), len: 5}
 	}
 	return h
 }
@@ -99,7 +109,7 @@ func (h *huffmanEncoder) bitLength(freq []int32) int64 {
 	var total int64
 	for i, f := range freq {
 		if f != 0 {
-			total += int64(f) * int64(h.codeBits[i])
+			total += int64(f) * int64(h.codes[i].len)
 		}
 	}
 	return total
@@ -220,7 +230,7 @@ func (h *huffmanEncoder) bitCounts(list []literalNode, maxBits int32) []int32 {
 		panic("leafCounts[maxBits][maxBits] != n")
 	}
 
-	bitCount := make([]int32, maxBits+1)
+	bitCount := h.bitCount[:maxBits+1]
 	bits := 1
 	counts := &leafCounts[maxBits]
 	for level := maxBits; level > 0; level-- {
@@ -246,10 +256,10 @@ func (h *huffmanEncoder) assignEncodingAndSize(bitCount []int32, list []literalN
 		// code, code + 1, ....  The code values are
 		// assigned in literal order (not frequency order).
 		chunk := list[len(list)-int(bits):]
-		sortByLiteral(chunk)
+
+		h.lns.sort(chunk)
 		for _, node := range chunk {
-			h.codeBits[node.literal] = uint8(n)
-			h.code[node.literal] = reverseBits(code, uint8(n))
+			h.codes[node.literal] = hcode{code: reverseBits(code, uint8(n)), len: uint16(n)}
 			code++
 		}
 		list = list[0 : len(list)-int(bits)]
@@ -261,7 +271,13 @@ func (h *huffmanEncoder) assignEncodingAndSize(bitCount []int32, list []literalN
 // freq  An array of frequencies, in which frequency[i] gives the frequency of literal i.
 // maxBits  The maximum number of bits to use for any literal.
 func (h *huffmanEncoder) generate(freq []int32, maxBits int32) {
-	list := make([]literalNode, len(freq)+1)
+	if h.freqcache == nil {
+		// Allocate a reusable buffer with the longest possible frequency table.
+		// Possible lengths are codegenCodeCount, offsetCodeCount and maxNumLit.
+		// The largest of these is maxNumLit, so we allocate for that case.
+		h.freqcache = make([]literalNode, maxNumLit+1)
+	}
+	list := h.freqcache[:len(freq)+1]
 	// Number of non-zero literals
 	count := 0
 	// Set list to be the set of all non-zero literals and their frequencies
@@ -270,23 +286,23 @@ func (h *huffmanEncoder) generate(freq []int32, maxBits int32) {
 			list[count] = literalNode{uint16(i), f}
 			count++
 		} else {
-			h.codeBits[i] = 0
+			list[count] = literalNode{}
+			h.codes[i].len = 0
 		}
 	}
-	// If freq[] is shorter than codeBits[], fill rest of codeBits[] with zeros
-	h.codeBits = h.codeBits[0:len(freq)]
-	list = list[0:count]
+	list[len(freq)] = literalNode{}
+
+	list = list[:count]
 	if count <= 2 {
 		// Handle the small cases here, because they are awkward for the general case code. With
 		// two or fewer literals, everything has bit length 1.
 		for i, node := range list {
 			// "list" is in order of increasing literal value.
-			h.codeBits[node.literal] = 1
-			h.code[node.literal] = uint16(i)
+			h.codes[node.literal].set(uint16(i), 1)
 		}
 		return
 	}
-	sortByFreq(list)
+	h.lfs.sort(list)
 
 	// Get the number of literals for each bit count
 	bitCount := h.bitCounts(list, maxBits)
@@ -294,30 +310,35 @@ func (h *huffmanEncoder) generate(freq []int32, maxBits int32) {
 	h.assignEncodingAndSize(bitCount, list)
 }
 
-type literalNodeSorter struct {
-	a    []literalNode
-	less func(i, j int) bool
+type byLiteral []literalNode
+
+func (s *byLiteral) sort(a []literalNode) {
+	*s = byLiteral(a)
+	sort.Sort(s)
 }
 
-func (s literalNodeSorter) Len() int { return len(s.a) }
+func (s byLiteral) Len() int { return len(s) }
 
-func (s literalNodeSorter) Less(i, j int) bool {
-	return s.less(i, j)
+func (s byLiteral) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return s[i].literal < s[j].literal
 }
 
-func (s literalNodeSorter) Swap(i, j int) { s.a[i], s.a[j] = s.a[j], s.a[i] }
+func (s byLiteral) Swap(i, j int) { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
 
-func sortByFreq(a []literalNode) {
-	s := &literalNodeSorter{a, func(i, j int) bool {
-		if a[i].freq == a[j].freq {
-			return a[i].literal < a[j].literal
-		}
-		return a[i].freq < a[j].freq
-	}}
+type byFreq []literalNode
+
+func (s *byFreq) sort(a []literalNode) {
+	*s = byFreq(a)
 	sort.Sort(s)
 }
 
-func sortByLiteral(a []literalNode) {
-	s := &literalNodeSorter{a, func(i, j int) bool { return a[i].literal < a[j].literal }}
-	sort.Sort(s)
+func (s byFreq) Len() int { return len(s) }
+
+func (s byFreq) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	if s[i].freq == s[j].freq {
+		return s[i].literal < s[j].literal
+	}
+	return s[i].freq < s[j].freq
 }
+
+func (s byFreq) Swap(i, j int) { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-pi.in

+3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067982148086513282306647093844609550582231725359408128481117450284102701938521105559644622948954930381964428810975665933446128475648233786783165271201909145648566923460348610454326648213393607260249141273724587006606315588174881520920962829254091715364367892590360011330530548820466521384146951941511609433057270365759591953092186117381932611793105118548074462379962749567351885752724891227938183011949129833673362440656643086021394946395224737190702179860943702770539217176293176752384674818467669405132000568127145263560827785771342757789609173637178721468440901224953430146549585371050792279689258923542019956112129021960864034418159813629774771309960518707211349999998372978049951059731732816096318595024459455346908302642522308253344685035261931188171010003137838752886587533208381420617177669147303598253490428755468731159562863882353787593751957781857780532171226806613001927876611195909216420198938095257201065485863278865936153381827968230301952035301852968995773622599413891249721775283479131515574857242454150695950829533116861727855889075098381754637464939319255060400927701671139009848824012858361603563707660104710181942955596198946767837449448255379774726847104047534646208046684259069491293313677028989152104752162056966024058038150193511253382430035587640247496473263914199272604269922796782354781636009341721641219924586315030286182974555706749838505494588586926995690927210797509302955321165344987202755960236480665499119881834797753566369807426542527862551818417574672890977772793800081647060016145249192173217214772350141441973568548161361157352552133475741849468438523323907394143334547762416862518983569485562099219222184272550254256887671790494601653466804988627232791786085784383827967976681454100953883786360950680064225125205117392984896084128488626945604241965285022210661186306744278622039194945047123713786960956364371917287467764657573962413890865832645995813390478027590099465764078951269468398352595709825822620522489407726719478268482601476990902640136394437455305068203496252451749399651431429809190659250937221696461515709858387410597885959772975498930161753928468138268683868942774155991855925245953959431049972524680845987273644695848653836736222626099124608051243884390451244136549762780797715691435997700129616089441694868555848406353422072225828488648158456028506016842739452267467678895252138522549954666727823986456596116354886230577456498035593634568174324112515076069479451096596094025228879710893145669136867228748940560101503308617928680920874760917824938589009714909675985261365549781893129784821682998948722658804857564014270477555132379641451523746234364542858444795265867821051141354735739523113427166102135969536231442952484937187110145765403590279934403742007310578539062198387447808478489683321445713868751943506430218453191048481005370614680674919278191197939952061419663428754440643745123718192179998391015919561814675142691239748940907186494231961567945208095146550225231603881930142093762137855956638937787083039069792077346722182562599661501421503068038447734549202605414665925201497442850732518666002132434088190710486331734649651453905796268561005508106658796998163574736384052571459102897064140110971206280439039759515677157700420337869936007230558763176359421873125147120532928191826186125867321579198414848829164470609575270695722091756711672291098169091528017350671274858322287183520935396572512108357915136988209144421006751033467110314126711136990865851639831501970165151168517143765761835155650884909989859982387345528331635507647918535893226185489632132933089857064204675259070915481416549859461637180
\ No newline at end of file

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-rand-limit.in

+aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
+vH
+% ɷ}>lsmIGH1Y4[	0ˆ[|]o#
+-#ulpfٱnYԀYwC8ɯ02 F=gnrN!O{k*w(b kQC9/
lu>5C.u

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-shifts.in

+101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
+232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323232323
\ No newline at end of file

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-text-shift.in

+//Copyright2009ThGoAuthor.Allrightrrvd.
+//UofthiourccodigovrndbyBSD-tyl
+//licnthtcnbfoundinthLICENSEfil.
+
+pckgmin
+
+import"o"
+
+funcmin(){
+	vrb=mk([]byt,65535)
+	f,_:=o.Crt("huffmn-null-mx.in")
+	f.Writ(b)
+}
+ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXxyz!"#¤%&/?"
\ No newline at end of file

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-text.dyn.expect

+_K0`K0Aasě)^HIɟb߻_>4
a=-^
1`_	1		ő:Y-F66!A`aC;ANyr4ߜU!GKС#r:B[G3.L׶bFRuM]^⇳(#ZivBBH2S]u/ֽWTGnr
\ No newline at end of file

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-text.dyn.expect-noinput

+_K0`K0Aasě)^HIɟb߻_>4
a=-^
1`_	1		ő:Y-F66!A`aC;ANyr4ߜU!GKС#r:B[G3.L׶bFRuM]^⇳(#ZivBBH2S]u/ֽWTGnr
\ No newline at end of file

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-text.golden

+AK0xßZLPa!xADI&#IEp]LƿFp	188h$5S-	F66!)v.0Y&	SN|d2:
+t|둍xz9骺Ɏ3
+&&=ôUD=Fu]qUL+>FQYLZofTߵEŴ{Yʶbe
\ No newline at end of file

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-text.in

+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package main
+
+import "os"
+
+func main() {
+	var b = make([]byte, 65535)
+	f, _ := os.Create("huffman-null-max.in")
+	f.Write(b)
+}

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-text.wb.expect

+_K0`K0Aasě)^HIɟb߻_>4
a=-^
1`_	1		ő:Y-F66!A`aC;ANyr4ߜU!GKС#r:B[G3.L׶bFRuM]^⇳(#ZivBBH2S]u/ֽWTGnr
\ No newline at end of file

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-text.wb.expect-noinput

+_K0`K0Aasě)^HIɟb߻_>4
a=-^
1`_	1		ő:Y-F66!A`aC;ANyr4ߜU!GKС#r:B[G3.L׶bFRuM]^⇳(#ZivBBH2S]u/ֽWTGnr
\ No newline at end of file

src/compress/flate/testdata/huffman-zero.in

+00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
\ No newline at end of file