cmd/internal/obj/mips: make assembler almost concurrency-safe

CL 39922 made the arm assembler concurrency-safe.
This CL does the same, but for mips.
The approach is similar: introduce ctxt0 to hold
function-local state and thread it through
the assembler as necessary.

One race remains after this CL, similar to CL 40252.

That race is conceptually unrelated to this refactoring,
and will be addressed in a separate CL.

Passes toolstash-check -all.

Updates #15756

Change-Id: I2c54a889aa448a4476c9a75da4dd94ef69657b16
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/40370
Run-TryBot: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>