.. |struct cpuidle_governor| replace:: :c:type:`struct cpuidle_governor <cpuidle_governor>`
.. |struct cpuidle_device| replace:: :c:type:`struct cpuidle_device <cpuidle_device>`
.. |struct cpuidle_driver| replace:: :c:type:`struct cpuidle_driver <cpuidle_driver>`
.. |struct cpuidle_state| replace:: :c:type:`struct cpuidle_state <cpuidle_state>`

========================
CPU Idle Time Management
========================

::

 Copyright (c) 2019 Intel Corp., Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>


CPU Idle Time Management Subsystem
==================================

Every time one of the logical CPUs in the system (the entities that appear to
fetch and execute instructions: hardware threads, if present, or processor
cores) is idle after an interrupt or equivalent wakeup event, which means that
there are no tasks to run on it except for the special "idle" task associated
with it, there is an opportunity to save energy for the processor that it
belongs to.  That can be done by making the idle logical CPU stop fetching
instructions from memory and putting some of the processor's functional units
depended on by it into an idle state in which they will draw less power.

However, there may be multiple different idle states that can be used in such a
situation in principle, so it may be necessary to find the most suitable one
(from the kernel perspective) and ask the processor to use (or "enter") that
particular idle state.  That is the role of the CPU idle time management
subsystem in the kernel, called ``CPUIdle``.

The design of ``CPUIdle`` is modular and based on the code duplication avoidance
principle, so the generic code that in principle need not depend on the hardware
or platform design details in it is separate from the code that interacts with
the hardware.  It generally is divided into three categories of functional
units: *governors* responsible for selecting idle states to ask the processor
to enter, *drivers* that pass the governors' decisions on to the hardware and
the *core* providing a common framework for them.


CPU Idle Time Governors
=======================

A CPU idle time (``CPUIdle``) governor is a bundle of policy code invoked when
one of the logical CPUs in the system turns out to be idle.  Its role is to
select an idle state to ask the processor to enter in order to save some energy.

``CPUIdle`` governors are generic and each of them can be used on any hardware
platform that the Linux kernel can run on.  For this reason, data structures
operated on by them cannot depend on any hardware architecture or platform
design details as well.

The governor itself is represented by a |struct cpuidle_governor| object
containing four callback pointers, :c:member:`enable`, :c:member:`disable`,
:c:member:`select`, :c:member:`reflect`, a :c:member:`rating` field described
below, and a name (string) used for identifying it.

For the governor to be available at all, that object needs to be registered
with the ``CPUIdle`` core by calling :c:func:`cpuidle_register_governor()` with
a pointer to it passed as the argument.  If successful, that causes the core to
add the governor to the global list of available governors and, if it is the
only one in the list (that is, the list was empty before) or the value of its
:c:member:`rating` field is greater than the value of that field for the
governor currently in use, or the name of the new governor was passed to the
kernel as the value of the ``cpuidle.governor=`` command line parameter, the new
governor will be used from that point on (there can be only one ``CPUIdle``
governor in use at a time).  Also, if ``cpuidle_sysfs_switch`` is passed to the
kernel in the command line, user space can choose the ``CPUIdle`` governor to
use at run time via ``sysfs``.

Once registered, ``CPUIdle`` governors cannot be unregistered, so it is not
practical to put them into loadable kernel modules.

The interface between ``CPUIdle`` governors and the core consists of four
callbacks:

:c:member:`enable`
	::

	  int (*enable) (struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev);

	The role of this callback is to prepare the governor for handling the
	(logical) CPU represented by the |struct cpuidle_device| object	pointed
	to by the ``dev`` argument.  The |struct cpuidle_driver| object pointed
	to by the ``drv`` argument represents the ``CPUIdle`` driver to be used
	with that CPU (among other things, it should contain the list of
	|struct cpuidle_state| objects representing idle states that the
	processor holding the given CPU can be asked to enter).

	It may fail, in which case it is expected to return a negative error
	code, and that causes the kernel to run the architecture-specific
	default code for idle CPUs on the CPU in question instead of ``CPUIdle``
	until the ``->enable()`` governor callback is invoked for that CPU
	again.

:c:member:`disable`
	::

	  void (*disable) (struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev);

	Called to make the governor stop handling the (logical) CPU represented
	by the |struct cpuidle_device| object pointed to by the ``dev``
	argument.

	It is expected to reverse any changes made by the ``->enable()``
	callback when it was last invoked for the target CPU, free all memory
	allocated by that callback and so on.

:c:member:`select`
	::

	  int (*select) (struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev,
	                 bool *stop_tick);

	Called to select an idle state for the processor holding the (logical)
	CPU represented by the |struct cpuidle_device| object pointed to by the
	``dev`` argument.

	The list of idle states to take into consideration is represented by the
	:c:member:`states` array of |struct cpuidle_state| objects held by the
	|struct cpuidle_driver| object pointed to by the ``drv`` argument (which
	represents the ``CPUIdle`` driver to be used with the CPU at hand).  The
	value returned by this callback is interpreted as an index into that
	array (unless it is a negative error code).

	The ``stop_tick`` argument is used to indicate whether or not to stop
	the scheduler tick before asking the processor to enter the selected
	idle state.  When the ``bool`` variable pointed to by it (which is set
	to ``true`` before invoking this callback) is cleared to ``false``, the
	processor will be asked to enter the selected idle state without
	stopping the scheduler tick on the given CPU (if the tick has been
	stopped on that CPU already, however, it will not be restarted before
	asking the processor to enter the idle state).

	This callback is mandatory (i.e. the :c:member:`select` callback pointer
	in |struct cpuidle_governor| must not be ``NULL`` for the registration
	of the governor to succeed).

:c:member:`reflect`
	::

	  void (*reflect) (struct cpuidle_device *dev, int index);

	Called to allow the governor to evaluate the accuracy of the idle state
	selection made by the ``->select()`` callback (when it was invoked last
	time) and possibly use the result of that to improve the accuracy of
	idle state selections in the future.

In addition, ``CPUIdle`` governors are required to take power management
quality of service (PM QoS) constraints on the processor wakeup latency into
account when selecting idle states.  In order to obtain the current effective
PM QoS wakeup latency constraint for a given CPU, a ``CPUIdle`` governor is
expected to pass the number of the CPU to
:c:func:`cpuidle_governor_latency_req()`.  Then, the governor's ``->select()``
callback must not return the index of an indle state whose
:c:member:`exit_latency` value is greater than the number returned by that
function.


CPU Idle Time Management Drivers
================================

CPU idle time management (``CPUIdle``) drivers provide an interface between the
other parts of ``CPUIdle`` and the hardware.

First of all, a ``CPUIdle`` driver has to populate the :c:member:`states` array
of |struct cpuidle_state| objects included in the |struct cpuidle_driver| object
representing it.  Going forward this array will represent the list of available
idle states that the processor hardware can be asked to enter shared by all of
the logical CPUs handled by the given driver.

The entries in the :c:member:`states` array are expected to be sorted by the
value of the :c:member:`target_residency` field in |struct cpuidle_state| in
the ascending order (that is, index 0 should correspond to the idle state with
the minimum value of :c:member:`target_residency`).  [Since the
:c:member:`target_residency` value is expected to reflect the "depth" of the
idle state represented by the |struct cpuidle_state| object holding it, this
sorting order should be the same as the ascending sorting order by the idle
state "depth".]

Three fields in |struct cpuidle_state| are used by the existing ``CPUIdle``
governors for computations related to idle state selection:

:c:member:`target_residency`
	Minimum time to spend in this idle state including the time needed to
	enter it (which may be substantial) to save more energy than could
	be saved by staying in a shallower idle state for the same amount of
	time, in microseconds.

:c:member:`exit_latency`
	Maximum time it will take a CPU asking the processor to enter this idle
	state to start executing the first instruction after a wakeup from it,
	in microseconds.

:c:member:`flags`
	Flags representing idle state properties.  Currently, governors only use
	the ``CPUIDLE_FLAG_POLLING`` flag which is set if the given object
	does not represent a real idle state, but an interface to a software
	"loop" that can be used in order to avoid asking the processor to enter
	any idle state at all.  [There are other flags used by the ``CPUIdle``
	core in special situations.]

The :c:member:`enter` callback pointer in |struct cpuidle_state|, which must not
be ``NULL``, points to the routine to execute in order to ask the processor to
enter this particular idle state:

::

  void (*enter) (struct cpuidle_device *dev, struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
                 int index);

The first two arguments of it point to the |struct cpuidle_device| object
representing the logical CPU running this callback and the
|struct cpuidle_driver| object representing the driver itself, respectively,
and the last one is an index of the |struct cpuidle_state| entry in the driver's
:c:member:`states` array representing the idle state to ask the processor to
enter.

The analogous ``->enter_s2idle()`` callback in |struct cpuidle_state| is used
only for implementing the suspend-to-idle system-wide power management feature.
The difference between in and ``->enter()`` is that it must not re-enable
interrupts at any point (even temporarily) or attempt to change the states of
clock event devices, which the ``->enter()`` callback may do sometimes.

Once the :c:member:`states` array has been populated, the number of valid
entries in it has to be stored in the :c:member:`state_count` field of the
|struct cpuidle_driver| object representing the driver.  Moreover, if any
entries in the :c:member:`states` array represent "coupled" idle states (that
is, idle states that can only be asked for if multiple related logical CPUs are
idle), the :c:member:`safe_state_index` field in |struct cpuidle_driver| needs
to be the index of an idle state that is not "coupled" (that is, one that can be
asked for if only one logical CPU is idle).

In addition to that, if the given ``CPUIdle`` driver is only going to handle a
subset of logical CPUs in the system, the :c:member:`cpumask` field in its
|struct cpuidle_driver| object must point to the set (mask) of CPUs that will be
handled by it.

A ``CPUIdle`` driver can only be used after it has been registered.  If there
are no "coupled" idle state entries in the driver's :c:member:`states` array,
that can be accomplished by passing the driver's |struct cpuidle_driver| object
to :c:func:`cpuidle_register_driver()`.  Otherwise, :c:func:`cpuidle_register()`
should be used for this purpose.

However, it also is necessary to register |struct cpuidle_device| objects for
all of the logical CPUs to be handled by the given ``CPUIdle`` driver with the
help of :c:func:`cpuidle_register_device()` after the driver has been registered
and :c:func:`cpuidle_register_driver()`, unlike :c:func:`cpuidle_register()`,
does not do that automatically.  For this reason, the drivers that use
:c:func:`cpuidle_register_driver()` to register themselves must also take care
of registering the |struct cpuidle_device| objects as needed, so it is generally
recommended to use :c:func:`cpuidle_register()` for ``CPUIdle`` driver
registration in all cases.

The registration of a |struct cpuidle_device| object causes the ``CPUIdle``
``sysfs`` interface to be created and the governor's ``->enable()`` callback to
be invoked for the logical CPU represented by it, so it must take place after
registering the driver that will handle the CPU in question.

``CPUIdle`` drivers and |struct cpuidle_device| objects can be unregistered
when they are not necessary any more which allows some resources associated with
them to be released.  Due to dependencies between them, all of the
|struct cpuidle_device| objects representing CPUs handled by the given
``CPUIdle`` driver must be unregistered, with the help of
:c:func:`cpuidle_unregister_device()`, before calling
:c:func:`cpuidle_unregister_driver()` to unregister the driver.  Alternatively,
:c:func:`cpuidle_unregister()` can be called to unregister a ``CPUIdle`` driver
along with all of the |struct cpuidle_device| objects representing CPUs handled
by it.

``CPUIdle`` drivers can respond to runtime system configuration changes that
lead to modifications of the list of available processor idle states (which can
happen, for example, when the system's power source is switched from AC to
battery or the other way around).  Upon a notification of such a change,
a ``CPUIdle`` driver is expected to call :c:func:`cpuidle_pause_and_lock()` to
turn ``CPUIdle`` off temporarily and then :c:func:`cpuidle_disable_device()` for
all of the |struct cpuidle_device| objects representing CPUs affected by that
change.  Next, it can update its :c:member:`states` array in accordance with
the new configuration of the system, call :c:func:`cpuidle_enable_device()` for
all of the relevant |struct cpuidle_device| objects and invoke
:c:func:`cpuidle_resume_and_unlock()` to allow ``CPUIdle`` to be used again.
