bpf: correct loop detection for iterators convergence

It turns out that .branches > 0 in is_state_visited() is not a
sufficient condition to identify if two verifier states form a loop
when iterators convergence is computed. This commit adds logic to
distinguish situations like below:

 (I)            initial       (II)            initial
                  |                             |
                  V                             V
     .---------> hdr                           ..
     |            |                             |
     |            V                             V
     |    .------...                    .------..
     |    |       |                     |       |
     |    V       V                     V       V
     |   ...     ...               .-> hdr     ..
     |    |       |                |    |       |
     |    V       V                |    V       V
     |   succ <- cur               |   succ <- cur
     |    |                        |    |
     |    V                        |    V
     |   ...                       |   ...
     |    |                        |    |
     '----'                        '----'

For both (I) and (II) successor 'succ' of the current state 'cur' was
previously explored and has branches count at 0. However, loop entry
'hdr' corresponding to 'succ' might be a part of current DFS path.
If that is the case 'succ' and 'cur' are members of the same loop
and have to be compared exactly.
Co-developed-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii.nakryiko@gmail.com>
Co-developed-by: Alexei Starovoitov <alexei.starovoitov@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231024000917.12153-6-eddyz87@gmail.comSigned-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

include/linux/bpf_verifier.h

@@ -373,10 +373,25 @@ struct bpf_verifier_state {
 	struct bpf_active_lock active_lock;
 	bool speculative;
 	bool active_rcu_lock;
+	/* If this state was ever pointed-to by other state's loop_entry field
+	 * this flag would be set to true. Used to avoid freeing such states
+	 * while they are still in use.
+	 */
+	bool used_as_loop_entry;
 
 	/* first and last insn idx of this verifier state */
 	u32 first_insn_idx;
 	u32 last_insn_idx;
+	/* If this state is a part of states loop this field points to some
+	 * parent of this state such that:
+	 * - it is also a member of the same states loop;
+	 * - DFS states traversal starting from initial state visits loop_entry
+	 *   state before this state.
+	 * Used to compute topmost loop entry for state loops.
+	 * State loops might appear because of open coded iterators logic.
+	 * See get_loop_entry() for more information.
+	 */
+	struct bpf_verifier_state *loop_entry;
 	/* jmp history recorded from first to last.
 	 * backtracking is using it to go from last to first.
 	 * For most states jmp_history_cnt is [0-3].