Merge branch 'tc-testing-plugin-architecture'

Brenda J. Butler says:

====================
tools: tc-testing: Plugin Architecture

To make tdc.py more general, we are introducing a plugin architecture.

This patch set first organizes the command line parameters, then
introduces the plugin architecture and some example plugins.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/README

@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ REQUIREMENTS
 
 *  The kernel must have network namespace support
 
-*   The kernel must have veth support available, as a veth pair is created
+*  The kernel must have veth support available, as a veth pair is created
    prior to running the tests.
 
-*  All tc-related features must be built in or available as modules.
-   To check what is required in current setup run:
+*  All tc-related features being tested must be built in or available as
+   modules.  To check what is required in current setup run:
    ./tdc.py -c
 
    Note:
@@ -44,10 +44,13 @@ using the -p option when running tdc:
 RUNNING TDC
 -----------
 
-To use tdc, root privileges are required. tdc will not run otherwise.
+To use tdc, root privileges are required.  This is because the
+commands being tested must be run as root.  The code that enforces
+execution by root uid has been moved into a plugin (see PLUGIN
+ARCHITECTURE, below).
 
-All tests are executed inside a network namespace to prevent conflicts
-within the host.
+If nsPlugin is linked, all tests are executed inside a network
+namespace to prevent conflicts within the host.
 
 Running tdc without any arguments will run all tests. Refer to the section
 on command line arguments for more information, or run:
@@ -59,6 +62,33 @@ output captured from the failing test will be printed immediately following
 the failed test in the TAP output.
 
 
+OVERVIEW OF TDC EXECUTION
+-------------------------
+
+One run of tests is considered a "test suite" (this will be refined in the
+future).  A test suite has one or more test cases in it.
+
+A test case has four stages:
+
+  - setup
+  - execute
+  - verify
+  - teardown
+
+The setup and teardown stages can run zero or more commands.  The setup
+stage does some setup if the test needs it.  The teardown stage undoes
+the setup and returns the system to a "neutral" state so any other test
+can be run next.  These two stages require any commands run to return
+success, but do not otherwise verify the results.
+
+The execute and verify stages each run one command.  The execute stage
+tests the return code against one or more acceptable values.  The
+verify stage checks the return code for success, and also compares
+the stdout with a regular expression.
+
+Each of the commands in any stage will run in a shell instance.
+
+
 USER-DEFINED CONSTANTS
 ----------------------
 
@@ -70,23 +100,132 @@ executed as part of the test. More will be added as test cases require.
 Example:
 	$TC qdisc add dev $DEV1 ingress
 
+The NAMES values are used to substitute into the commands in the test cases.
+
 
 COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
 ----------------------
 
 Run tdc.py -h to see the full list of available arguments.
 
--p PATH           Specify the tc executable located at PATH to be used on this
-                  test run
--c                Show the available test case categories in this test file
--c CATEGORY       Run only tests that belong to CATEGORY
--f FILE           Read test cases from the JSON file named FILE
--l [CATEGORY]     List all test cases in the JSON file. If CATEGORY is
-                  specified, list test cases matching that category.
--s ID             Show the test case matching ID
--e ID             Execute the test case identified by ID
--i                Generate unique ID numbers for test cases with no existing
-                  ID number
+usage: tdc.py [-h] [-p PATH] [-D DIR [DIR ...]] [-f FILE [FILE ...]]
+              [-c [CATG [CATG ...]]] [-e ID [ID ...]] [-l] [-s] [-i] [-v]
+              [-d DEVICE] [-n NS] [-V]
+
+Linux TC unit tests
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
+  -p PATH, --path PATH  The full path to the tc executable to use
+  -v, --verbose         Show the commands that are being run
+  -d DEVICE, --device DEVICE
+                        Execute the test case in flower category
+
+selection:
+  select which test cases: files plus directories; filtered by categories
+  plus testids
+
+  -D DIR [DIR ...], --directory DIR [DIR ...]
+                        Collect tests from the specified directory(ies)
+                        (default [tc-tests])
+  -f FILE [FILE ...], --file FILE [FILE ...]
+                        Run tests from the specified file(s)
+  -c [CATG [CATG ...]], --category [CATG [CATG ...]]
+                        Run tests only from the specified category/ies, or if
+                        no category/ies is/are specified, list known
+                        categories.
+  -e ID [ID ...], --execute ID [ID ...]
+                        Execute the specified test cases with specified IDs
+
+action:
+  select action to perform on selected test cases
+
+  -l, --list            List all test cases, or those only within the
+                        specified category
+  -s, --show            Display the selected test cases
+  -i, --id              Generate ID numbers for new test cases
+
+netns:
+  options for nsPlugin(run commands in net namespace)
+
+  -n NS, --namespace NS
+                        Run commands in namespace NS
+
+valgrind:
+  options for valgrindPlugin (run command under test under Valgrind)
+
+  -V, --valgrind        Run commands under valgrind
+
+
+PLUGIN ARCHITECTURE
+-------------------
+
+There is now a plugin architecture, and some of the functionality that
+was in the tdc.py script has been moved into the plugins.
+
+The plugins are in the directory plugin-lib.  The are executed from
+directory plugins.  Put symbolic links from plugins to plugin-lib,
+and name them according to the order you want them to run.
+
+Example:
+
+bjb@bee:~/work/tc-testing$ ls -l plugins
+total 4
+lrwxrwxrwx  1 bjb  bjb    27 Oct  4 16:12 10-rootPlugin.py -> ../plugin-lib/rootPlugin.py
+lrwxrwxrwx  1 bjb  bjb    25 Oct 12 17:55 20-nsPlugin.py -> ../plugin-lib/nsPlugin.py
+-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjb  bjb     0 Sep 29 15:56 __init__.py
+
+The plugins are a subclass of TdcPlugin, defined in TdcPlugin.py and
+must be called "SubPlugin" so tdc can find them.  They are
+distinguished from each other in the python program by their module
+name.
+
+This base class supplies "hooks" to run extra functions.  These hooks are as follows:
+
+pre- and post-suite
+pre- and post-case
+pre- and post-execute stage
+adjust-command (runs in all stages and receives the stage name)
+
+The pre-suite hook receives the number of tests and an array of test ids.
+This allows you to dump out the list of skipped tests in the event of a
+failure during setup or teardown stage.
+
+The pre-case hook receives the ordinal number and test id of the current test.
+
+The adjust-command hook receives the stage id (see list below) and the
+full command to be executed.  This allows for last-minute adjustment
+of the command.
+
+The stages are identified by the following strings:
+
+  - pre  (pre-suite)
+  - setup
+  - command
+  - verify
+  - teardown
+  - post (post-suite)
+
+
+To write a plugin, you need to inherit from TdcPlugin in
+TdcPlugin.py.  To use the plugin, you have to put the
+implementation file in plugin-lib, and add a symbolic link to it from
+plugins.  It will be detected at run time and invoked at the
+appropriate times.  There are a few examples in the plugin-lib
+directory:
+
+  - rootPlugin.py:
+      implements the enforcement of running as root
+  - nsPlugin.py:
+      sets up a network namespace and runs all commands in that namespace
+  - valgrindPlugin.py
+      runs each command in the execute stage under valgrind,
+      and checks for leaks.
+      This plugin will output an extra test for each test in the test file,
+      one is the existing output as to whether the test passed or failed,
+      and the other is a test whether the command leaked memory or not.
+      (This one is a preliminary version, it may not work quite right yet,
+      but the overall template is there and it should only need tweaks.)
 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/TODO.txt

@@ -5,6 +5,27 @@ tc Testing Suite To-Do list:
 
 - Add support for multiple versions of tc to run successively
 
-- Improve error messages when tdc aborts its run
+- Improve error messages when tdc aborts its run.  Partially done - still
+  need to better handle problems in pre- and post-suite.
 
-- Allow tdc to write its results to file
+- Use python logger module for debug/verbose output
+
+- Allow tdc to write its results to file.
+  Maybe use python logger module for this too.
+
+- A better implementation of the "hooks".  Currently, every plugin
+  will attempt to run a function at every hook point.  Could be
+  changed so that plugin __init__ methods will register functions to
+  be run in the various predefined times.  Then if a plugin does not
+  require action at a specific point, no penalty will be paid for
+  trying to run a function that will do nothing.
+
+- Proper exception handling - make an exception class and use it
+
+- a TestCase class, for easier testcase handling, searching, comparison
+
+- a TestSuite class
+  and a way to configure a test suite,
+  to automate running multiple "test suites" with different requirements
+
+- super simple test case example using ls, touch, etc

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/TdcPlugin.py

+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+class TdcPlugin:
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        print(' -- {}.__init__'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+    def pre_suite(self, testcount, testidlist):
+        '''run commands before test_runner goes into a test loop'''
+        self.testcount = testcount
+        self.testidlist = testidlist
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print(' -- {}.pre_suite'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+    def post_suite(self, index):
+        '''run commands after test_runner completes the test loop
+        index is the last ordinal number of test that was attempted'''
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print(' -- {}.post_suite'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+    def pre_case(self, test_ordinal, testid):
+        '''run commands before test_runner does one test'''
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print(' -- {}.pre_case'.format(self.sub_class))
+        self.args.testid = testid
+        self.args.test_ordinal = test_ordinal
+
+    def post_case(self):
+        '''run commands after test_runner does one test'''
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print(' -- {}.post_case'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+    def pre_execute(self):
+        '''run command before test-runner does the execute step'''
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print(' -- {}.pre_execute'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+    def post_execute(self):
+        '''run command after test-runner does the execute step'''
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print(' -- {}.post_execute'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+    def adjust_command(self, stage, command):
+        '''adjust the command'''
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print(' -- {}.adjust_command {}'.format(self.sub_class, stage))
+
+        # if stage == 'pre':
+        #     pass
+        # elif stage == 'setup':
+        #     pass
+        # elif stage == 'execute':
+        #     pass
+        # elif stage == 'verify':
+        #     pass
+        # elif stage == 'teardown':
+        #     pass
+        # elif stage == 'post':
+        #     pass
+        # else:
+        #     pass
+
+        return command
+
+    def add_args(self, parser):
+        '''Get the plugin args from the command line'''
+        self.argparser = parser
+        return self.argparser
+
+    def check_args(self, args, remaining):
+        '''Check that the args are set correctly'''
+        self.args = args
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print(' -- {}.check_args'.format(self.sub_class))

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/creating-plugins/AddingPlugins.txt

+tdc - Adding plugins for tdc
+
+Author: Brenda J. Butler - bjb@mojatatu.com
+
+ADDING PLUGINS
+--------------
+
+A new plugin should be written in python as a class that inherits from TdcPlugin.
+There are some examples in plugin-lib.
+
+The plugin can be used to add functionality to the test framework,
+such as:
+
+- adding commands to be run before and/or after the test suite
+- adding commands to be run before and/or after the test cases
+- adding commands to be run before and/or after the execute phase of the test cases
+- ability to alter the command to be run in any phase:
+    pre        (the pre-suite stage)
+    prepare
+    execute
+    verify
+    teardown
+    post       (the post-suite stage)
+- ability to add to the command line args, and use them at run time
+
+
+The functions in the class should follow the following interfaces:
+
+    def __init__(self)
+    def pre_suite(self, testcount, testidlist)     # see "PRE_SUITE" below
+    def post_suite(self, ordinal)                  # see "SKIPPING" below
+    def pre_case(self, test_ordinal, testid)       # see "PRE_CASE" below
+    def post_case(self)
+    def pre_execute(self)
+    def post_execute(self)
+    def adjust_command(self, stage, command)       # see "ADJUST" below
+    def add_args(self, parser)                     # see "ADD_ARGS" below
+    def check_args(self, args, remaining)          # see "CHECK_ARGS" below
+
+
+PRE_SUITE
+
+This method takes a testcount (number of tests to be run) and
+testidlist (array of test ids for tests that will be run).  This is
+useful for various things, including when an exception occurs and the
+rest of the tests must be skipped.  The info is stored in the object,
+and the post_suite method can refer to it when dumping the "skipped"
+TAP output.  The tdc.py script will do that for the test suite as
+defined in the test case, but if the plugin is being used to run extra
+tests on each test (eg, check for memory leaks on associated
+co-processes) then that other tap output can be generated in the
+post-suite method using this info passed in to the pre_suite method.
+
+
+SKIPPING
+
+The post_suite method will receive the ordinal number of the last
+test to be attempted.  It can use this info when outputting
+the TAP output for the extra test cases.
+
+
+PRE_CASE
+
+The pre_case method will receive the ordinal number of the test
+and the test id.  Useful for outputing the extra test results.
+
+
+ADJUST
+
+The adjust_command method receives a string representing
+the execution stage and a string which is the actual command to be
+executed.  The plugin can adjust the command, based on the stage of
+execution.
+
+The stages are represented by the following strings:
+
+    'pre'
+    'setup'
+    'command'
+    'verify'
+    'teardown'
+    'post'
+
+The adjust_command method must return the adjusted command so tdc
+can use it.
+
+
+ADD_ARGS
+
+The add_args method receives the argparser object and can add
+arguments to it.  Care should be taken that the new arguments do not
+conflict with any from tdc.py or from other plugins that will be used
+concurrently.
+
+The add_args method should return the argparser object.
+
+
+CHECK_ARGS
+
+The check_args method is so that the plugin can do validation on
+the args, if needed.  If there is a problem, and Exception should
+be raised, with a string that explains the problem.
+
+eg:  raise Exception('plugin xxx, arg -y is wrong, fix it')

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/creating-testcases/AddingTestCases.txt

@@ -12,14 +12,18 @@ template.json for the required JSON format for test cases.
 Include the 'id' field, but do not assign a value. Running tdc with the -i
 option will generate a unique ID for that test case.
 
-tdc will recursively search the 'tc' subdirectory for .json files.  Any
-test case files you create in these directories will automatically be included.
-If you wish to store your custom test cases elsewhere, be sure to run tdc
-with the -f argument and the path to your file.
+tdc will recursively search the 'tc-tests' subdirectory (or the
+directories named with the -D option) for .json files.  Any test case
+files you create in these directories will automatically be included.
+If you wish to store your custom test cases elsewhere, be sure to run
+tdc with the -f argument and the path to your file, or the -D argument
+and the path to your directory(ies).
 
-Be aware of required escape characters in the JSON data - particularly when
-defining the match pattern. Refer to the tctests.json file for examples when
-in doubt.
+Be aware of required escape characters in the JSON data - particularly
+when defining the match pattern. Refer to the supplied json test files
+for examples when in doubt.  The match pattern is written in json, and
+will be used by python.  So the match pattern will be a python regular
+expression, but should be written using json syntax.
 
 
 TEST CASE STRUCTURE
@@ -69,7 +73,8 @@ SETUP/TEARDOWN ERRORS
 If an error is detected during the setup/teardown process, execution of the
 tests will immediately stop with an error message and the namespace in which
 the tests are run will be destroyed. This is to prevent inaccurate results
-in the test cases.
+in the test cases.  tdc will output a series of TAP results for the skipped
+tests.
 
 Repeated failures of the setup/teardown may indicate a problem with the test
 case, or possibly even a bug in one of the commands that are not being tested.
@@ -79,3 +84,17 @@ so that it doesn't halt the script for an error that doesn't matter. Turn the
 individual command into a list, with the command being first, followed by all
 acceptable exit codes for the command.
 
+Example:
+
+A pair of setup commands.  The first can have exit code 0, 1 or 255, the
+second must have exit code 0.
+
+        "setup": [
+            [
+                "$TC actions flush action gact",
+                0,
+                1,
+                255
+            ],
+            "$TC actions add action reclassify index 65536"
+        ],

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/plugin-lib/README-PLUGINS

+tdc.py will look for plugins in a directory plugins off the cwd.
+Make a set of numbered symbolic links from there to the actual plugins.
+Eg:
+
+tdc.py
+plugin-lib/
+plugins/
+    __init__.py
+    10-rootPlugin.py -> ../plugin-lib/rootPlugin.py
+    20-valgrindPlugin.py -> ../plugin-lib/valgrindPlugin.py
+    30-nsPlugin.py -> ../plugin-lib/nsPlugin.py
+
+
+tdc.py will find them and use them.
+
+
+rootPlugin
+    Check if the uid is root.  If not, bail out.
+
+valgrindPlugin
+    Run the command under test with valgrind, and produce an extra set of TAP results for the memory tests.
+    This plugin will write files to the cwd, called vgnd-xxx.log.  These will contain
+    the valgrind output for test xxx.  Any file matching the glob 'vgnd-*.log' will be
+    deleted at the end of the run.
+
+nsPlugin
+    Run all the commands in a network namespace.

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/plugin-lib/nsPlugin.py

+import os
+import signal
+from string import Template
+import subprocess
+import time
+from TdcPlugin import TdcPlugin
+
+from tdc_config import *
+
+class SubPlugin(TdcPlugin):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.sub_class = 'ns/SubPlugin'
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def pre_suite(self, testcount, testidlist):
+        '''run commands before test_runner goes into a test loop'''
+        super().pre_suite(testcount, testidlist)
+
+        if self.args.namespace:
+            self._ns_create()
+
+    def post_suite(self, index):
+        '''run commands after test_runner goes into a test loop'''
+        super().post_suite(index)
+        if self.args.verbose:
+            print('{}.post_suite'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+        if self.args.namespace:
+            self._ns_destroy()
+
+    def add_args(self, parser):
+        super().add_args(parser)
+        self.argparser_group = self.argparser.add_argument_group(
+            'netns',
+            'options for nsPlugin(run commands in net namespace)')
+        self.argparser_group.add_argument(
+            '-n', '--namespace', action='store_true',
+            help='Run commands in namespace')
+        return self.argparser
+
+    def adjust_command(self, stage, command):
+        super().adjust_command(stage, command)
+        cmdform = 'list'
+        cmdlist = list()
+
+        if not self.args.namespace:
+            return command
+
+        if self.args.verbose:
+            print('{}.adjust_command'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+        if not isinstance(command, list):
+            cmdform = 'str'
+            cmdlist = command.split()
+        else:
+            cmdlist = command
+        if stage == 'setup' or stage == 'execute' or stage == 'verify' or stage == 'teardown':
+            if self.args.verbose:
+                print('adjust_command:  stage is {}; inserting netns stuff in command [{}] list [{}]'.format(stage, command, cmdlist))
+            cmdlist.insert(0, self.args.NAMES['NS'])
+            cmdlist.insert(0, 'exec')
+            cmdlist.insert(0, 'netns')
+            cmdlist.insert(0, 'ip')
+        else:
+            pass
+
+        if cmdform == 'str':
+            command = ' '.join(cmdlist)
+        else:
+            command = cmdlist
+
+        if self.args.verbose:
+            print('adjust_command:  return command [{}]'.format(command))
+        return command
+
+    def _ns_create(self):
+        '''
+        Create the network namespace in which the tests will be run and set up
+        the required network devices for it.
+        '''
+        if self.args.namespace:
+            cmd = 'ip netns add {}'.format(self.args.NAMES['NS'])
+            self._exec_cmd('pre', cmd)
+            cmd = 'ip link add $DEV0 type veth peer name $DEV1'
+            self._exec_cmd('pre', cmd)
+            cmd = 'ip link set $DEV1 netns {}'.format(self.args.NAMES['NS'])
+            self._exec_cmd('pre', cmd)
+            cmd = 'ip link set $DEV0 up'
+            self._exec_cmd('pre', cmd)
+            cmd = 'ip -n {} link set $DEV1 up'.format(self.args.NAMES['NS'])
+            self._exec_cmd('pre', cmd)
+            if self.args.device:
+                cmd = 'ip link set $DEV2 netns {}'.format(self.args.NAMES['NS'])
+                self._exec_cmd('pre', cmd)
+                cmd = 'ip -n {} link set $DEV2 up'.format(self.args.NAMES['NS'])
+                self._exec_cmd('pre', cmd)
+
+    def _ns_destroy(self):
+        '''
+        Destroy the network namespace for testing (and any associated network
+        devices as well)
+        '''
+        if self.args.namespace:
+            cmd = 'ip netns delete {}'.format(self.args.NAMES['NS'])
+            self._exec_cmd('post', cmd)
+
+    def _exec_cmd(self, stage, command):
+        '''
+        Perform any required modifications on an executable command, then run
+        it in a subprocess and return the results.
+        '''
+        if '$' in command:
+            command = self._replace_keywords(command)
+
+        self.adjust_command(stage, command)
+        if self.args.verbose:
+            print('_exec_cmd:  command "{}"'.format(command))
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(command,
+            shell=True,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            env=ENVIR)
+        (rawout, serr) = proc.communicate()
+
+        if proc.returncode != 0 and len(serr) > 0:
+            foutput = serr.decode("utf-8")
+        else:
+            foutput = rawout.decode("utf-8")
+
+        proc.stdout.close()
+        proc.stderr.close()
+        return proc, foutput
+
+    def _replace_keywords(self, cmd):
+        """
+        For a given executable command, substitute any known
+        variables contained within NAMES with the correct values
+        """
+        tcmd = Template(cmd)
+        subcmd = tcmd.safe_substitute(self.args.NAMES)
+        return subcmd

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/plugin-lib/rootPlugin.py

+import os
+import sys
+from TdcPlugin import TdcPlugin
+
+from tdc_config import *
+
+
+class SubPlugin(TdcPlugin):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.sub_class = 'root/SubPlugin'
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def pre_suite(self, testcount, testidlist):
+        # run commands before test_runner goes into a test loop
+        super().pre_suite(testcount, testidlist)
+
+        if os.geteuid():
+            print('This script must be run with root privileges', file=sys.stderr)
+            exit(1)

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/plugin-lib/valgrindPlugin.py

+'''
+run the command under test, under valgrind and collect memory leak info
+as a separate test.
+'''
+
+
+import os
+import re
+import signal
+from string import Template
+import subprocess
+import time
+from TdcPlugin import TdcPlugin
+
+from tdc_config import *
+
+def vp_extract_num_from_string(num_as_string_maybe_with_commas):
+    return int(num_as_string_maybe_with_commas.replace(',',''))
+
+class SubPlugin(TdcPlugin):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.sub_class = 'valgrind/SubPlugin'
+        self.tap = ''
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def pre_suite(self, testcount, testidlist):
+        '''run commands before test_runner goes into a test loop'''
+        super().pre_suite(testcount, testidlist)
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print('{}.pre_suite'.format(self.sub_class))
+        if self.args.valgrind:
+            self._add_to_tap('1..{}\n'.format(self.testcount))
+
+    def post_suite(self, index):
+        '''run commands after test_runner goes into a test loop'''
+        super().post_suite(index)
+        self._add_to_tap('\n|---\n')
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print('{}.post_suite'.format(self.sub_class))
+        print('{}'.format(self.tap))
+        if self.args.verbose < 4:
+            subprocess.check_output('rm -f vgnd-*.log', shell=True)
+
+    def add_args(self, parser):
+        super().add_args(parser)
+        self.argparser_group = self.argparser.add_argument_group(
+            'valgrind',
+            'options for valgrindPlugin (run command under test under Valgrind)')
+
+        self.argparser_group.add_argument(
+            '-V', '--valgrind', action='store_true',
+            help='Run commands under valgrind')
+
+        return self.argparser
+
+    def adjust_command(self, stage, command):
+        super().adjust_command(stage, command)
+        cmdform = 'list'
+        cmdlist = list()
+
+        if not self.args.valgrind:
+            return command
+
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print('{}.adjust_command'.format(self.sub_class))
+
+        if not isinstance(command, list):
+            cmdform = 'str'
+            cmdlist = command.split()
+        else:
+            cmdlist = command
+
+        if stage == 'execute':
+            if self.args.verbose > 1:
+                print('adjust_command:  stage is {}; inserting valgrind stuff in command [{}] list [{}]'.
+                      format(stage, command, cmdlist))
+            cmdlist.insert(0, '--track-origins=yes')
+            cmdlist.insert(0, '--show-leak-kinds=definite,indirect')
+            cmdlist.insert(0, '--leak-check=full')
+            cmdlist.insert(0, '--log-file=vgnd-{}.log'.format(self.args.testid))
+            cmdlist.insert(0, '-v')  # ask for summary of non-leak errors
+            cmdlist.insert(0, ENVIR['VALGRIND_BIN'])
+        else:
+            pass
+
+        if cmdform == 'str':
+            command = ' '.join(cmdlist)
+        else:
+            command = cmdlist
+
+        if self.args.verbose > 1:
+            print('adjust_command:  return command [{}]'.format(command))
+        return command
+
+    def post_execute(self):
+        if not self.args.valgrind:
+            return
+
+        self.definitely_lost_re = re.compile(
+            r'definitely lost:\s+([,0-9]+)\s+bytes in\s+([,0-9]+)\sblocks', re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
+        self.indirectly_lost_re = re.compile(
+            r'indirectly lost:\s+([,0-9]+)\s+bytes in\s+([,0-9]+)\s+blocks', re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
+        self.possibly_lost_re = re.compile(
+            r'possibly lost:\s+([,0-9]+)bytes in\s+([,0-9]+)\s+blocks', re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
+        self.non_leak_error_re = re.compile(
+            r'ERROR SUMMARY:\s+([,0-9]+) errors from\s+([,0-9]+)\s+contexts', re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
+
+        def_num = 0
+        ind_num = 0
+        pos_num = 0
+        nle_num = 0
+
+        # what about concurrent test runs?  Maybe force them to be in different directories?
+        with open('vgnd-{}.log'.format(self.args.testid)) as vfd:
+            content = vfd.read()
+            def_mo = self.definitely_lost_re.search(content)
+            ind_mo = self.indirectly_lost_re.search(content)
+            pos_mo = self.possibly_lost_re.search(content)
+            nle_mo = self.non_leak_error_re.search(content)
+
+            if def_mo:
+                def_num = int(def_mo.group(2))
+            if ind_mo:
+                ind_num = int(ind_mo.group(2))
+            if pos_mo:
+                pos_num = int(pos_mo.group(2))
+            if nle_mo:
+                nle_num = int(nle_mo.group(1))
+
+        mem_results = ''
+        if (def_num > 0) or (ind_num > 0) or (pos_num > 0) or (nle_num > 0):
+            mem_results += 'not '
+
+        mem_results += 'ok {} - {}-mem # {}\n'.format(
+            self.args.test_ordinal, self.args.testid, 'memory leak check')
+        self._add_to_tap(mem_results)
+        if mem_results.startswith('not '):
+            print('{}'.format(content))
+            self._add_to_tap(content)
+
+    def _add_to_tap(self, more_tap_output):
+        self.tap += more_tap_output

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/tdc.py

@@ -11,16 +11,88 @@ import re
 import os
 import sys
 import argparse
+import importlib
 import json
 import subprocess
+import time
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from string import Template
 
 from tdc_config import *
 from tdc_helper import *
 
-
-USE_NS = True
+import TdcPlugin
+
+class PluginMgr:
+    def __init__(self, argparser):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.plugins = {}
+        self.plugin_instances = []
+        self.args = []
+        self.argparser = argparser
+
+        # TODO, put plugins in order
+        plugindir = os.getenv('TDC_PLUGIN_DIR', './plugins')
+        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(plugindir):
+            for fn in filenames:
+                if (fn.endswith('.py') and
+                    not fn == '__init__.py' and
+                    not fn.startswith('#') and
+                    not fn.startswith('.#')):
+                    mn = fn[0:-3]
+                    foo = importlib.import_module('plugins.' + mn)
+                    self.plugins[mn] = foo
+                    self.plugin_instances.append(foo.SubPlugin())
+
+    def call_pre_suite(self, testcount, testidlist):
+        for pgn_inst in self.plugin_instances:
+            pgn_inst.pre_suite(testcount, testidlist)
+
+    def call_post_suite(self, index):
+        for pgn_inst in reversed(self.plugin_instances):
+            pgn_inst.post_suite(index)
+
+    def call_pre_case(self, test_ordinal, testid):
+        for pgn_inst in self.plugin_instances:
+            try:
+                pgn_inst.pre_case(test_ordinal, testid)
+            except Exception as ee:
+                print('exception {} in call to pre_case for {} plugin'.
+                      format(ee, pgn_inst.__class__))
+                print('test_ordinal is {}'.format(test_ordinal))
+                print('testid is {}'.format(testid))
+                raise
+
+    def call_post_case(self):
+        for pgn_inst in reversed(self.plugin_instances):
+            pgn_inst.post_case()
+
+    def call_pre_execute(self):
+        for pgn_inst in self.plugin_instances:
+            pgn_inst.pre_execute()
+
+    def call_post_execute(self):
+        for pgn_inst in reversed(self.plugin_instances):
+            pgn_inst.post_execute()
+
+    def call_add_args(self, parser):
+        for pgn_inst in self.plugin_instances:
+            parser = pgn_inst.add_args(parser)
+        return parser
+
+    def call_check_args(self, args, remaining):
+        for pgn_inst in self.plugin_instances:
+            pgn_inst.check_args(args, remaining)
+
+    def call_adjust_command(self, stage, command):
+        for pgn_inst in self.plugin_instances:
+            command = pgn_inst.adjust_command(stage, command)
+        return command
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_argparser(args):
+        self.argparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+            description='Linux TC unit tests')
 
 
 def replace_keywords(cmd):
@@ -33,21 +105,24 @@ def replace_keywords(cmd):
     return subcmd
 
 
-def exec_cmd(command, nsonly=True):
+def exec_cmd(args, pm, stage, command):
     """
     Perform any required modifications on an executable command, then run
     it in a subprocess and return the results.
     """
-    if (USE_NS and nsonly):
-        command = 'ip netns exec $NS ' + command
-
+    if len(command.strip()) == 0:
+        return None, None
     if '$' in command:
         command = replace_keywords(command)
 
+    command = pm.call_adjust_command(stage, command)
+    if args.verbose > 0:
+        print('command "{}"'.format(command))
     proc = subprocess.Popen(command,
         shell=True,
         stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-        stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        env=ENVIR)
     (rawout, serr) = proc.communicate()
 
     if proc.returncode != 0 and len(serr) > 0:
@@ -60,36 +135,85 @@ def exec_cmd(command, nsonly=True):
     return proc, foutput
 
 
-def prepare_env(cmdlist):
+def prepare_env(args, pm, stage, prefix, cmdlist):
     """
-    Execute the setup/teardown commands for a test case. Optionally
-    terminate test execution if the command fails.
+    Execute the setup/teardown commands for a test case.
+    Optionally terminate test execution if the command fails.
     """
+    if args.verbose > 0:
+        print('{}'.format(prefix))
     for cmdinfo in cmdlist:
-        if (type(cmdinfo) == list):
+        if isinstance(cmdinfo, list):
             exit_codes = cmdinfo[1:]
             cmd = cmdinfo[0]
         else:
             exit_codes = [0]
             cmd = cmdinfo
 
-        if (len(cmd) == 0):
+        if not cmd:
             continue
 
-        (proc, foutput) = exec_cmd(cmd)
+        (proc, foutput) = exec_cmd(args, pm, stage, cmd)
+
+        if proc and (proc.returncode not in exit_codes):
+            print('', file=sys.stderr)
+            print("{} *** Could not execute: \"{}\"".format(prefix, cmd),
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            print("\n{} *** Error message: \"{}\"".format(prefix, foutput),
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            print("\n{} *** Aborting test run.".format(prefix), file=sys.stderr)
+            print("\n\n{} *** stdout ***".format(proc.stdout), file=sys.stderr)
+            print("\n\n{} *** stderr ***".format(proc.stderr), file=sys.stderr)
+            raise Exception('"{}" did not complete successfully'.format(prefix))
+
+def run_one_test(pm, args, index, tidx):
+    result = True
+    tresult = ""
+    tap = ""
+    if args.verbose > 0:
+        print("\t====================\n=====> ", end="")
+    print("Test " + tidx["id"] + ": " + tidx["name"])
+
+    pm.call_pre_case(index, tidx['id'])
+    prepare_env(args, pm, 'setup', "-----> prepare stage", tidx["setup"])
+
+    if (args.verbose > 0):
+        print('-----> execute stage')
+    pm.call_pre_execute()
+    (p, procout) = exec_cmd(args, pm, 'execute', tidx["cmdUnderTest"])
+    exit_code = p.returncode
+    pm.call_post_execute()
+
+    if (exit_code != int(tidx["expExitCode"])):
+        result = False
+        print("exit:", exit_code, int(tidx["expExitCode"]))
+        print(procout)
+    else:
+        if args.verbose > 0:
+            print('-----> verify stage')
+        match_pattern = re.compile(
+            str(tidx["matchPattern"]), re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
+        (p, procout) = exec_cmd(args, pm, 'verify', tidx["verifyCmd"])
+        match_index = re.findall(match_pattern, procout)
+        if len(match_index) != int(tidx["matchCount"]):
+            result = False
+
+    if not result:
+        tresult += 'not '
+    tresult += 'ok {} - {} # {}\n'.format(str(index), tidx['id'], tidx['name'])
+    tap += tresult
+
+    if result == False:
+        tap += procout
 
-        if proc.returncode not in exit_codes:
-            print
-            print("Could not execute:")
-            print(cmd)
-            print("\nError message:")
-            print(foutput)
-            print("\nAborting test run.")
-            ns_destroy()
-            exit(1)
+    prepare_env(args, pm, 'teardown', '-----> teardown stage', tidx['teardown'])
+    pm.call_post_case()
 
+    index += 1
+
+    return tap
 
-def test_runner(filtered_tests, args):
+def test_runner(pm, args, filtered_tests):
     """
     Driver function for the unit tests.
 
@@ -102,74 +226,39 @@ def test_runner(filtered_tests, args):
     tcount = len(testlist)
     index = 1
     tap = str(index) + ".." + str(tcount) + "\n"
+    badtest = None
 
+    pm.call_pre_suite(tcount, [tidx['id'] for tidx in testlist])
+
+    if args.verbose > 1:
+        print('Run tests here')
     for tidx in testlist:
-        result = True
-        tresult = ""
         if "flower" in tidx["category"] and args.device == None:
             continue
-        print("Test " + tidx["id"] + ": " + tidx["name"])
-        prepare_env(tidx["setup"])
-        (p, procout) = exec_cmd(tidx["cmdUnderTest"])
-        exit_code = p.returncode
-
-        if (exit_code != int(tidx["expExitCode"])):
-            result = False
-            print("exit:", exit_code, int(tidx["expExitCode"]))
-            print(procout)
-        else:
-            match_pattern = re.compile(str(tidx["matchPattern"]), re.DOTALL)
-            (p, procout) = exec_cmd(tidx["verifyCmd"])
-            match_index = re.findall(match_pattern, procout)
-            if len(match_index) != int(tidx["matchCount"]):
-                result = False
-
-        if result == True:
-            tresult += "ok "
-        else:
-            tresult += "not ok "
-        tap += tresult + str(index) + " " + tidx["id"] + " " + tidx["name"] + "\n"
-
-        if result == False:
-            tap += procout
-
-        prepare_env(tidx["teardown"])
+        try:
+            badtest = tidx  # in case it goes bad
+            tap += run_one_test(pm, args, index, tidx)
+        except Exception as ee:
+            print('Exception {} (caught in test_runner, running test {} {} {})'.
+                  format(ee, index, tidx['id'], tidx['name']))
+            break
         index += 1
 
-    return tap
-
+    # if we failed in setup or teardown,
+    # fill in the remaining tests with not ok
+    count = index
+    tap += 'about to flush the tap output if tests need to be skipped\n'
+    if tcount + 1 != index:
+        for tidx in testlist[index - 1:]:
+            msg = 'skipped - previous setup or teardown failed'
+            tap += 'ok {} - {} # {} {} {}\n'.format(
+                count, tidx['id'], msg, index, badtest.get('id', '--Unknown--'))
+            count += 1
 
-def ns_create():
-    """
-    Create the network namespace in which the tests will be run and set up
-    the required network devices for it.
-    """
-    if (USE_NS):
-        cmd = 'ip netns add $NS'
-        exec_cmd(cmd, False)
-        cmd = 'ip link add $DEV0 type veth peer name $DEV1'
-        exec_cmd(cmd, False)
-        cmd = 'ip link set $DEV1 netns $NS'
-        exec_cmd(cmd, False)
-        cmd = 'ip link set $DEV0 up'
-        exec_cmd(cmd, False)
-        cmd = 'ip -n $NS link set $DEV1 up'
-        exec_cmd(cmd, False)
-        cmd = 'ip link set $DEV2 netns $NS'
-        exec_cmd(cmd, False)
-        cmd = 'ip -n $NS link set $DEV2 up'
-        exec_cmd(cmd, False)
-
-
-def ns_destroy():
-    """
-    Destroy the network namespace for testing (and any associated network
-    devices as well)
-    """
-    if (USE_NS):
-        cmd = 'ip netns delete $NS'
-        exec_cmd(cmd, False)
+    tap += 'done flushing skipped test tap output\n'
+    pm.call_post_suite(index)
 
+    return tap
 
 def has_blank_ids(idlist):
     """
@@ -209,29 +298,50 @@ def set_args(parser):
     """
     Set the command line arguments for tdc.
     """
-    parser.add_argument('-p', '--path', type=str,
-                        help='The full path to the tc executable to use')
-    parser.add_argument('-c', '--category', type=str, nargs='?', const='+c',
-                        help='Run tests only from the specified category, or if no category is specified, list known categories.')
-    parser.add_argument('-f', '--file', type=str,
-                        help='Run tests from the specified file')
-    parser.add_argument('-l', '--list', type=str, nargs='?', const="++", metavar='CATEGORY',
-                        help='List all test cases, or those only within the specified category')
-    parser.add_argument('-s', '--show', type=str, nargs=1, metavar='ID', dest='showID',
-                        help='Display the test case with specified id')
-    parser.add_argument('-e', '--execute', type=str, nargs=1, metavar='ID',
-                        help='Execute the single test case with specified ID')
-    parser.add_argument('-i', '--id', action='store_true', dest='gen_id',
-                        help='Generate ID numbers for new test cases')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-p', '--path', type=str,
+        help='The full path to the tc executable to use')
+    sg = parser.add_argument_group(
+        'selection', 'select which test cases: ' +
+        'files plus directories; filtered by categories plus testids')
+    ag = parser.add_argument_group(
+        'action', 'select action to perform on selected test cases')
+
+    sg.add_argument(
+        '-D', '--directory', nargs='+', metavar='DIR',
+        help='Collect tests from the specified directory(ies) ' +
+        '(default [tc-tests])')
+    sg.add_argument(
+        '-f', '--file', nargs='+', metavar='FILE',
+        help='Run tests from the specified file(s)')
+    sg.add_argument(
+        '-c', '--category', nargs='*', metavar='CATG', default=['+c'],
+        help='Run tests only from the specified category/ies, ' +
+        'or if no category/ies is/are specified, list known categories.')
+    sg.add_argument(
+        '-e', '--execute', nargs='+', metavar='ID',
+        help='Execute the specified test cases with specified IDs')
+    ag.add_argument(
+        '-l', '--list', action='store_true',
+        help='List all test cases, or those only within the specified category')
+    ag.add_argument(
+        '-s', '--show', action='store_true', dest='showID',
+        help='Display the selected test cases')
+    ag.add_argument(
+        '-i', '--id', action='store_true', dest='gen_id',
+        help='Generate ID numbers for new test cases')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0,
+        help='Show the commands that are being run')
     parser.add_argument('-d', '--device',
                         help='Execute the test case in flower category')
     return parser
 
 
-def check_default_settings(args):
+def check_default_settings(args, remaining, pm):
     """
-    Process any arguments overriding the default settings, and ensure the
-    settings are correct.
+    Process any arguments overriding the default settings,
+    and ensure the settings are correct.
     """
     # Allow for overriding specific settings
     global NAMES
@@ -244,6 +354,8 @@ def check_default_settings(args):
         print("The specified tc path " + NAMES['TC'] + " does not exist.")
         exit(1)
 
+    pm.call_check_args(args, remaining)
+
 
 def get_id_list(alltests):
     """
@@ -300,40 +412,107 @@ def generate_case_ids(alltests):
         json.dump(testlist, outfile, indent=4)
         outfile.close()
 
+def filter_tests_by_id(args, testlist):
+    '''
+    Remove tests from testlist that are not in the named id list.
+    If id list is empty, return empty list.
+    '''
+    newlist = list()
+    if testlist and args.execute:
+        target_ids = args.execute
+
+        if isinstance(target_ids, list) and (len(target_ids) > 0):
+            newlist = list(filter(lambda x: x['id'] in target_ids, testlist))
+    return newlist
+
+def filter_tests_by_category(args, testlist):
+    '''
+    Remove tests from testlist that are not in a named category.
+    '''
+    answer = list()
+    if args.category and testlist:
+        test_ids = list()
+        for catg in set(args.category):
+            if catg == '+c':
+                continue
+            print('considering category {}'.format(catg))
+            for tc in testlist:
+                if catg in tc['category'] and tc['id'] not in test_ids:
+                    answer.append(tc)
+                    test_ids.append(tc['id'])
+
+    return answer
 
 def get_test_cases(args):
     """
     If a test case file is specified, retrieve tests from that file.
     Otherwise, glob for all json files in subdirectories and load from
     each one.
+    Also, if requested, filter by category, and add tests matching
+    certain ids.
     """
     import fnmatch
-    if args.file != None:
-        if not os.path.isfile(args.file):
-            print("The specified test case file " + args.file + " does not exist.")
-            exit(1)
-        flist = [args.file]
-    else:
-        flist = []
-        for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk('tc-tests'):
+
+    flist = []
+    testdirs = ['tc-tests']
+
+    if args.file:
+        # at least one file was specified - remove the default directory
+        testdirs = []
+
+        for ff in args.file:
+            if not os.path.isfile(ff):
+                print("IGNORING file " + ff + "\n\tBECAUSE does not exist.")
+            else:
+                flist.append(os.path.abspath(ff))
+
+    if args.directory:
+        testdirs = args.directory
+
+    for testdir in testdirs:
+        for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(testdir):
             for filename in fnmatch.filter(filenames, '*.json'):
-                flist.append(os.path.join(root, filename))
-    alltests = list()
+                candidate = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, filename))
+                if candidate not in testdirs:
+                    flist.append(candidate)
+
+    alltestcases = list()
     for casefile in flist:
-        alltests = alltests + (load_from_file(casefile))
-    return alltests
+        alltestcases = alltestcases + (load_from_file(casefile))
+
+    allcatlist = get_test_categories(alltestcases)
+    allidlist = get_id_list(alltestcases)
+
+    testcases_by_cats = get_categorized_testlist(alltestcases, allcatlist)
+    idtestcases = filter_tests_by_id(args, alltestcases)
+    cattestcases = filter_tests_by_category(args, alltestcases)
+
+    cat_ids = [x['id'] for x in cattestcases]
+    if args.execute:
+        if args.category:
+            alltestcases = cattestcases + [x for x in idtestcases if x['id'] not in cat_ids]
+        else:
+            alltestcases = idtestcases
+    else:
+        if cat_ids:
+            alltestcases = cattestcases
+        else:
+            # just accept the existing value of alltestcases,
+            # which has been filtered by file/directory
+            pass
+
+    return allcatlist, allidlist, testcases_by_cats, alltestcases
 
 
-def set_operation_mode(args):
+def set_operation_mode(pm, args):
     """
     Load the test case data and process remaining arguments to determine
     what the script should do for this run, and call the appropriate
     function.
     """
-    alltests = get_test_cases(args)
+    ucat, idlist, testcases, alltests = get_test_cases(args)
 
     if args.gen_id:
-        idlist = get_id_list(alltests)
         if (has_blank_ids(idlist)):
             alltests = generate_case_ids(alltests)
         else:
@@ -347,70 +526,26 @@ def set_operation_mode(args):
         print("Please correct them before continuing.")
         exit(1)
 
-    ucat = get_test_categories(alltests)
-
     if args.showID:
-        show_test_case_by_id(alltests, args.showID[0])
+        for atest in alltests:
+            print_test_case(atest)
         exit(0)
 
-    if args.execute:
-        target_id = args.execute[0]
-    else:
-        target_id = ""
-
-    if args.category:
-        if (args.category == '+c'):
-            print("Available categories:")
-            print_sll(ucat)
-            exit(0)
-        else:
-            target_category = args.category
-    else:
-        target_category = ""
-
-
-    testcases = get_categorized_testlist(alltests, ucat)
+    if isinstance(args.category, list) and (len(args.category) == 0):
+        print("Available categories:")
+        print_sll(ucat)
+        exit(0)
 
     if args.list:
-        if (args.list == "++"):
+        if args.list:
             list_test_cases(alltests)
             exit(0)
-        elif(len(args.list) > 0):
-            if (args.list not in ucat):
-                print("Unknown category " + args.list)
-                print("Available categories:")
-                print_sll(ucat)
-                exit(1)
-            list_test_cases(testcases[args.list])
-            exit(0)
-
-    if (os.geteuid() != 0):
-        print("This script must be run with root privileges.\n")
-        exit(1)
-
-    ns_create()
-
-    if (len(target_category) == 0):
-        if (len(target_id) > 0):
-            alltests = list(filter(lambda x: target_id in x['id'], alltests))
-            if (len(alltests) == 0):
-                print("Cannot find a test case with ID matching " + target_id)
-                exit(1)
-        catresults = test_runner(alltests, args)
-        print("All test results: " + "\n\n" + catresults)
-    elif (len(target_category) > 0):
-        if (target_category == "flower") and args.device == None:
-            print("Please specify a NIC device (-d) to run category flower")
-            exit(1)
-        if (target_category not in ucat):
-            print("Specified category is not present in this file.")
-            exit(1)
-        else:
-            catresults = test_runner(testcases[target_category], args)
-            print("Category " + target_category + "\n\n" + catresults)
-
-    ns_destroy()
 
+    if len(alltests):
+        catresults = test_runner(pm, args, alltests)
+    else:
+        catresults = 'No tests found\n'
+    print('All test results: \n\n{}'.format(catresults))
 
 def main():
     """
@@ -419,10 +554,15 @@ def main():
     """
     parser = args_parse()
     parser = set_args(parser)
+    pm = PluginMgr(parser)
+    parser = pm.call_add_args(parser)
     (args, remaining) = parser.parse_known_args()
-    check_default_settings(args)
+    args.NAMES = NAMES
+    check_default_settings(args, remaining, pm)
+    if args.verbose > 2:
+        print('args is {}'.format(args))
 
-    set_operation_mode(args)
+    set_operation_mode(pm, args)
 
     exit(0)
 

tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/tdc_helper.py

@@ -57,20 +57,11 @@ def print_sll(items):
 
 def print_test_case(tcase):
     """ Pretty-printing of a given test case. """
+    print('\n==============\nTest {}\t{}\n'.format(tcase['id'], tcase['name']))
     for k in tcase.keys():
         if (isinstance(tcase[k], list)):
             print(k + ":")
             print_list(tcase[k])
         else:
-            print(k + ": " + tcase[k])
-
-
-def show_test_case_by_id(testlist, caseID):
-    """ Find the specified test case to pretty-print. """
-    if not any(d.get('id', None) == caseID for d in testlist):
-        print("That ID does not exist.")
-        exit(1)
-    else:
-        print_test_case(next((d for d in testlist if d['id'] == caseID)))
-
-
+            if not ((k == 'id') or (k == 'name')):
+                print(k + ": " + str(tcase[k]))