KVM: arm64: Introduce new flag for non-cacheable IO memory
Currently, KVM for ARM64 maps at stage 2 memory that is considered device (i.e. it is not RAM) with DEVICE_nGnRE memory attributes; this setting overrides (as per the ARM architecture [1]) any device MMIO mapping present at stage 1, resulting in a set-up whereby a guest operating system cannot determine device MMIO mapping memory attributes on its own but it is always overridden by the KVM stage 2 default. This set-up does not allow guest operating systems to select device memory attributes independently from KVM stage-2 mappings (refer to [1], "Combining stage 1 and stage 2 memory type attributes"), which turns out to be an issue in that guest operating systems (e.g. Linux) may request to map devices MMIO regions with memory attributes that guarantee better performance (e.g. gathering attribute - that for some devices can generate larger PCIe memory writes TLPs) and specific operations (e.g. unaligned transactions) such as the NormalNC memory type. The default device stage 2 mapping was chosen in KVM for ARM64 since it was considered safer (i.e. it would not allow guests to trigger uncontained failures ultimately crashing the machine) but this turned out to be asynchronous (SError) defeating the purpose. Failures containability is a property of the platform and is independent from the memory type used for MMIO device memory mappings. Actually, DEVICE_nGnRE memory type is even more problematic than Normal-NC memory type in terms of faults containability in that e.g. aborts triggered on DEVICE_nGnRE loads cannot be made, architecturally, synchronous (i.e. that would imply that the processor should issue at most 1 load transaction at a time - it cannot pipeline them - otherwise the synchronous abort semantics would break the no-speculation attribute attached to DEVICE_XXX memory). This means that regardless of the combined stage1+stage2 mappings a platform is safe if and only if device transactions cannot trigger uncontained failures and that in turn relies on platform capabilities and the device type being assigned (i.e. PCIe AER/DPC error containment and RAS architecture[3]); therefore the default KVM device stage 2 memory attributes play no role in making device assignment safer for a given platform (if the platform design adheres to design guidelines outlined in [3]) and therefore can be relaxed. For all these reasons, relax the KVM stage 2 device memory attributes from DEVICE_nGnRE to Normal-NC. The NormalNC was chosen over a different Normal memory type default at stage-2 (e.g. Normal Write-through) to avoid cache allocation/snooping. Relaxing S2 KVM device MMIO mappings to Normal-NC is not expected to trigger any issue on guest device reclaim use cases either (i.e. device MMIO unmap followed by a device reset) at least for PCIe devices, in that in PCIe a device reset is architected and carried out through PCI config space transactions that are naturally ordered with respect to MMIO transactions according to the PCI ordering rules. Having Normal-NC S2 default puts guests in control (thanks to stage1+stage2 combined memory attributes rules [1]) of device MMIO regions memory mappings, according to the rules described in [1] and summarized here ([(S1) - stage1], [(S2) - stage 2]): S1 | S2 | Result NORMAL-WB | NORMAL-NC | NORMAL-NC NORMAL-WT | NORMAL-NC | NORMAL-NC NORMAL-NC | NORMAL-NC | NORMAL-NC DEVICE<attr> | NORMAL-NC | DEVICE<attr> It is worth noting that currently, to map devices MMIO space to user space in a device pass-through use case the VFIO framework applies memory attributes derived from pgprot_noncached() settings applied to VMAs, which result in device-nGnRnE memory attributes for the stage-1 VMM mappings. This means that a userspace mapping for device MMIO space carried out with the current VFIO framework and a guest OS mapping for the same MMIO space may result in a mismatched alias as described in [2]. Defaulting KVM device stage-2 mappings to Normal-NC attributes does not change anything in this respect, in that the mismatched aliases would only affect (refer to [2] for a detailed explanation) ordering between the userspace and GuestOS mappings resulting stream of transactions (i.e. it does not cause loss of property for either stream of transactions on its own), which is harmless given that the userspace and GuestOS access to the device is carried out through independent transactions streams. A Normal-NC flag is not present today. So add a new kvm_pgtable_prot (KVM_PGTABLE_PROT_NORMAL_NC) flag for it, along with its corresponding PTE value 0x5 (0b101) determined from [1]. Lastly, adapt the stage2 PTE property setter function (stage2_set_prot_attr) to handle the NormalNC attribute. The entire discussion leading to this patch series may be followed through the following links. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230907181459.18145-3-ankita@nvidia.com Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231205033015.10044-1-ankita@nvidia.com [1] section D8.5.5 - DDI0487J_a_a-profile_architecture_reference_manual.pdf [2] section B2.8 - DDI0487J_a_a-profile_architecture_reference_manual.pdf [3] sections 1.7.7.3/1.8.5.2/appendix C - DEN0029H_SBSA_7.1.pdf Suggested-by:Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com> Acked-by:
Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Acked-by:
Will Deacon <will@kernel.org> Reviewed-by:
Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org> Signed-off-by:
Ankit Agrawal <ankita@nvidia.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240224150546.368-2-ankita@nvidia.comSigned-off-by:
Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
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