mm, page_alloc: scale the number of pages that are batch allocated

When a task is allocating a large number of order-0 pages, it may acquire
the zone->lock multiple times allocating pages in batches.  This may
unnecessarily contend on the zone lock when allocating very large number
of pages.  This patch adapts the size of the batch based on the recent
pattern to scale the batch size for subsequent allocations.

On a 2-socket Intel server with 224 logical CPU, we run 8 kbuild instances
in parallel (each with `make -j 28`) in 8 cgroup.  This simulates the
kbuild server that is used by 0-Day kbuild service.  With the patch, the
cycles% of the spinlock contention (mostly for zone lock) decreases from
12.6% to 11.0% (with PCP size == 367).

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20231016053002.756205-6-ying.huang@intel.comSigned-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Suggested-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Pavel Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Sudeep Holla <sudeep.holla@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

include/linux/mmzone.h

@@ -695,9 +695,10 @@ struct per_cpu_pages {
 	int high;		/* high watermark, emptying needed */
 	int batch;		/* chunk size for buddy add/remove */
 	u8 flags;		/* protected by pcp->lock */
+	u8 alloc_factor;	/* batch scaling factor during allocate */
 	u8 free_factor;		/* batch scaling factor during free */
 #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
-	short expire;		/* When 0, remote pagesets are drained */
+	u8 expire;		/* When 0, remote pagesets are drained */
 #endif
 
 	/* Lists of pages, one per migrate type stored on the pcp-lists */

mm/page_alloc.c

@@ -2373,6 +2373,12 @@ static void free_unref_page_commit(struct zone *zone, struct per_cpu_pages *pcp,
 	int pindex;
 	bool free_high = false;
 
+	/*
+	 * On freeing, reduce the number of pages that are batch allocated.
+	 * See nr_pcp_alloc() where alloc_factor is increased for subsequent
+	 * allocations.
+	 */
+	pcp->alloc_factor >>= 1;
 	__count_vm_events(PGFREE, 1 << order);
 	pindex = order_to_pindex(migratetype, order);
 	list_add(&page->pcp_list, &pcp->lists[pindex]);
@@ -2679,6 +2685,42 @@ struct page *rmqueue_buddy(struct zone *preferred_zone, struct zone *zone,
 	return page;
 }
 
+static int nr_pcp_alloc(struct per_cpu_pages *pcp, int order)
+{
+	int high, batch, max_nr_alloc;
+
+	high = READ_ONCE(pcp->high);
+	batch = READ_ONCE(pcp->batch);
+
+	/* Check for PCP disabled or boot pageset */
+	if (unlikely(high < batch))
+		return 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Double the number of pages allocated each time there is subsequent
+	 * allocation of order-0 pages without any freeing.
+	 */
+	if (!order) {
+		max_nr_alloc = max(high - pcp->count - batch, batch);
+		batch <<= pcp->alloc_factor;
+		if (batch <= max_nr_alloc &&
+		    pcp->alloc_factor < CONFIG_PCP_BATCH_SCALE_MAX)
+			pcp->alloc_factor++;
+		batch = min(batch, max_nr_alloc);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Scale batch relative to order if batch implies free pages
+	 * can be stored on the PCP. Batch can be 1 for small zones or
+	 * for boot pagesets which should never store free pages as
+	 * the pages may belong to arbitrary zones.
+	 */
+	if (batch > 1)
+		batch = max(batch >> order, 2);
+
+	return batch;
+}
+
 /* Remove page from the per-cpu list, caller must protect the list */
 static inline
 struct page *__rmqueue_pcplist(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order,
@@ -2691,18 +2733,9 @@ struct page *__rmqueue_pcplist(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order,
 
 	do {
 		if (list_empty(list)) {
-			int batch = READ_ONCE(pcp->batch);
+			int batch = nr_pcp_alloc(pcp, order);
 			int alloced;
 
-			/*
-			 * Scale batch relative to order if batch implies
-			 * free pages can be stored on the PCP. Batch can
-			 * be 1 for small zones or for boot pagesets which
-			 * should never store free pages as the pages may
-			 * belong to arbitrary zones.
-			 */
-			if (batch > 1)
-				batch = max(batch >> order, 2);
 			alloced = rmqueue_bulk(zone, order,
 					batch, list,
 					migratetype, alloc_flags);