random32: make prandom_u32() output unpredictable

Non-cryptographic PRNGs may have great statistical properties, but
are usually trivially predictable to someone who knows the algorithm,
given a small sample of their output.  An LFSR like prandom_u32() is
particularly simple, even if the sample is widely scattered bits.

It turns out the network stack uses prandom_u32() for some things like
random port numbers which it would prefer are *not* trivially predictable.
Predictability led to a practical DNS spoofing attack.  Oops.

This patch replaces the LFSR with a homebrew cryptographic PRNG based
on the SipHash round function, which is in turn seeded with 128 bits
of strong random key.  (The authors of SipHash have *not* been consulted
about this abuse of their algorithm.)  Speed is prioritized over security;
attacks are rare, while performance is always wanted.

Replacing all callers of prandom_u32() is the quick fix.
Whether to reinstate a weaker PRNG for uses which can tolerate it
is an open question.

Commit f227e3ec ("random32: update the net random state on interrupt
and activity") was an earlier attempt at a solution.  This patch replaces
it.
Reported-by: Amit Klein <aksecurity@gmail.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: "Jason A. Donenfeld" <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: tytso@mit.edu
Cc: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Cc: Marc Plumb <lkml.mplumb@gmail.com>
Fixes: f227e3ec ("random32: update the net random state on interrupt and activity")
Signed-off-by: George Spelvin <lkml@sdf.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20200808152628.GA27941@SDF.ORG/
[ willy: partial reversal of f227e3ec; moved SIPROUND definitions
  to prandom.h for later use; merged George's prandom_seed() proposal;
  inlined siprand_u32(); replaced the net_rand_state[] array with 4
  members to fix a build issue; cosmetic cleanups to make checkpatch
  happy; fixed RANDOM32_SELFTEST build ]
Signed-off-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>

drivers/char/random.c

@@ -1277,7 +1277,6 @@ void add_interrupt_randomness(int irq, int irq_flags)
 
 	fast_mix(fast_pool);
 	add_interrupt_bench(cycles);
-	this_cpu_add(net_rand_state.s1, fast_pool->pool[cycles & 3]);
 
 	if (unlikely(crng_init == 0)) {
 		if ((fast_pool->count >= 64) &&

include/linux/prandom.h

@@ -16,12 +16,44 @@ void prandom_bytes(void *buf, size_t nbytes);
 void prandom_seed(u32 seed);
 void prandom_reseed_late(void);
 
+#if BITS_PER_LONG == 64
+/*
+ * The core SipHash round function.  Each line can be executed in
+ * parallel given enough CPU resources.
+ */
+#define PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3) ( \
+	v0 += v1, v1 = rol64(v1, 13),  v2 += v3, v3 = rol64(v3, 16), \
+	v1 ^= v0, v0 = rol64(v0, 32),  v3 ^= v2,                     \
+	v0 += v3, v3 = rol64(v3, 21),  v2 += v1, v1 = rol64(v1, 17), \
+	v3 ^= v0,                      v1 ^= v2, v2 = rol64(v2, 32)  \
+)
+
+#define PRND_K0 (0x736f6d6570736575 ^ 0x6c7967656e657261)
+#define PRND_K1 (0x646f72616e646f6d ^ 0x7465646279746573)
+
+#elif BITS_PER_LONG == 32
+/*
+ * On 32-bit machines, we use HSipHash, a reduced-width version of SipHash.
+ * This is weaker, but 32-bit machines are not used for high-traffic
+ * applications, so there is less output for an attacker to analyze.
+ */
+#define PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3) ( \
+	v0 += v1, v1 = rol32(v1,  5),  v2 += v3, v3 = rol32(v3,  8), \
+	v1 ^= v0, v0 = rol32(v0, 16),  v3 ^= v2,                     \
+	v0 += v3, v3 = rol32(v3,  7),  v2 += v1, v1 = rol32(v1, 13), \
+	v3 ^= v0,                      v1 ^= v2, v2 = rol32(v2, 16)  \
+)
+#define PRND_K0 0x6c796765
+#define PRND_K1 0x74656462
+
+#else
+#error Unsupported BITS_PER_LONG
+#endif
+
 struct rnd_state {
 	__u32 s1, s2, s3, s4;
 };
 
-DECLARE_PER_CPU(struct rnd_state, net_rand_state);
-
 u32 prandom_u32_state(struct rnd_state *state);
 void prandom_bytes_state(struct rnd_state *state, void *buf, size_t nbytes);
 void prandom_seed_full_state(struct rnd_state __percpu *pcpu_state);

kernel/time/timer.c

@@ -1717,13 +1717,6 @@ void update_process_times(int user_tick)
 	scheduler_tick();
 	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_POSIX_TIMERS))
 		run_posix_cpu_timers();
-
-	/* The current CPU might make use of net randoms without receiving IRQs
-	 * to renew them often enough. Let's update the net_rand_state from a
-	 * non-constant value that's not affine to the number of calls to make
-	 * sure it's updated when there's some activity (we don't care in idle).
-	 */
-	this_cpu_add(net_rand_state.s1, rol32(jiffies, 24) + user_tick);
 }
 
 /**

lib/random32.c

@@ -41,16 +41,6 @@
 #include <asm/unaligned.h>
 #include <trace/events/random.h>
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_RANDOM32_SELFTEST
-static void __init prandom_state_selftest(void);
-#else
-static inline void prandom_state_selftest(void)
-{
-}
-#endif
-
-DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct rnd_state, net_rand_state)  __latent_entropy;
-
 /**
  *	prandom_u32_state - seeded pseudo-random number generator.
  *	@state: pointer to state structure holding seeded state.
@@ -70,26 +60,6 @@ u32 prandom_u32_state(struct rnd_state *state)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_u32_state);
 
-/**
- *	prandom_u32 - pseudo random number generator
- *
- *	A 32 bit pseudo-random number is generated using a fast
- *	algorithm suitable for simulation. This algorithm is NOT
- *	considered safe for cryptographic use.
- */
-u32 prandom_u32(void)
-{
-	struct rnd_state *state = &get_cpu_var(net_rand_state);
-	u32 res;
-
-	res = prandom_u32_state(state);
-	trace_prandom_u32(res);
-	put_cpu_var(net_rand_state);
-
-	return res;
-}
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_u32);
-
 /**
  *	prandom_bytes_state - get the requested number of pseudo-random bytes
  *
@@ -121,20 +91,6 @@ void prandom_bytes_state(struct rnd_state *state, void *buf, size_t bytes)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_bytes_state);
 
-/**
- *	prandom_bytes - get the requested number of pseudo-random bytes
- *	@buf: where to copy the pseudo-random bytes to
- *	@bytes: the requested number of bytes
- */
-void prandom_bytes(void *buf, size_t bytes)
-{
-	struct rnd_state *state = &get_cpu_var(net_rand_state);
-
-	prandom_bytes_state(state, buf, bytes);
-	put_cpu_var(net_rand_state);
-}
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_bytes);
-
 static void prandom_warmup(struct rnd_state *state)
 {
 	/* Calling RNG ten times to satisfy recurrence condition */
@@ -150,96 +106,6 @@ static void prandom_warmup(struct rnd_state *state)
 	prandom_u32_state(state);
 }
 
-static u32 __extract_hwseed(void)
-{
-	unsigned int val = 0;
-
-	(void)(arch_get_random_seed_int(&val) ||
-	       arch_get_random_int(&val));
-
-	return val;
-}
-
-static void prandom_seed_early(struct rnd_state *state, u32 seed,
-			       bool mix_with_hwseed)
-{
-#define LCG(x)	 ((x) * 69069U)	/* super-duper LCG */
-#define HWSEED() (mix_with_hwseed ? __extract_hwseed() : 0)
-	state->s1 = __seed(HWSEED() ^ LCG(seed),        2U);
-	state->s2 = __seed(HWSEED() ^ LCG(state->s1),   8U);
-	state->s3 = __seed(HWSEED() ^ LCG(state->s2),  16U);
-	state->s4 = __seed(HWSEED() ^ LCG(state->s3), 128U);
-}
-
-/**
- *	prandom_seed - add entropy to pseudo random number generator
- *	@entropy: entropy value
- *
- *	Add some additional entropy to the prandom pool.
- */
-void prandom_seed(u32 entropy)
-{
-	int i;
-	/*
-	 * No locking on the CPUs, but then somewhat random results are, well,
-	 * expected.
-	 */
-	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
-		struct rnd_state *state = &per_cpu(net_rand_state, i);
-
-		state->s1 = __seed(state->s1 ^ entropy, 2U);
-		prandom_warmup(state);
-	}
-}
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_seed);
-
-/*
- *	Generate some initially weak seeding values to allow
- *	to start the prandom_u32() engine.
- */
-static int __init prandom_init(void)
-{
-	int i;
-
-	prandom_state_selftest();
-
-	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
-		struct rnd_state *state = &per_cpu(net_rand_state, i);
-		u32 weak_seed = (i + jiffies) ^ random_get_entropy();
-
-		prandom_seed_early(state, weak_seed, true);
-		prandom_warmup(state);
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-}
-core_initcall(prandom_init);
-
-static void __prandom_timer(struct timer_list *unused);
-
-static DEFINE_TIMER(seed_timer, __prandom_timer);
-
-static void __prandom_timer(struct timer_list *unused)
-{
-	u32 entropy;
-	unsigned long expires;
-
-	get_random_bytes(&entropy, sizeof(entropy));
-	prandom_seed(entropy);
-
-	/* reseed every ~60 seconds, in [40 .. 80) interval with slack */
-	expires = 40 + prandom_u32_max(40);
-	seed_timer.expires = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(expires * MSEC_PER_SEC);
-
-	add_timer(&seed_timer);
-}
-
-static void __init __prandom_start_seed_timer(void)
-{
-	seed_timer.expires = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(40 * MSEC_PER_SEC);
-	add_timer(&seed_timer);
-}
-
 void prandom_seed_full_state(struct rnd_state __percpu *pcpu_state)
 {
 	int i;
@@ -259,51 +125,6 @@ void prandom_seed_full_state(struct rnd_state __percpu *pcpu_state)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_seed_full_state);
 
-/*
- *	Generate better values after random number generator
- *	is fully initialized.
- */
-static void __prandom_reseed(bool late)
-{
-	unsigned long flags;
-	static bool latch = false;
-	static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(lock);
-
-	/* Asking for random bytes might result in bytes getting
-	 * moved into the nonblocking pool and thus marking it
-	 * as initialized. In this case we would double back into
-	 * this function and attempt to do a late reseed.
-	 * Ignore the pointless attempt to reseed again if we're
-	 * already waiting for bytes when the nonblocking pool
-	 * got initialized.
-	 */
-
-	/* only allow initial seeding (late == false) once */
-	if (!spin_trylock_irqsave(&lock, flags))
-		return;
-
-	if (latch && !late)
-		goto out;
-
-	latch = true;
-	prandom_seed_full_state(&net_rand_state);
-out:
-	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&lock, flags);
-}
-
-void prandom_reseed_late(void)
-{
-	__prandom_reseed(true);
-}
-
-static int __init prandom_reseed(void)
-{
-	__prandom_reseed(false);
-	__prandom_start_seed_timer();
-	return 0;
-}
-late_initcall(prandom_reseed);
-
 #ifdef CONFIG_RANDOM32_SELFTEST
 static struct prandom_test1 {
 	u32 seed;
@@ -423,7 +244,28 @@ static struct prandom_test2 {
 	{  407983964U, 921U,  728767059U },
 };
 
-static void __init prandom_state_selftest(void)
+static u32 __extract_hwseed(void)
+{
+	unsigned int val = 0;
+
+	(void)(arch_get_random_seed_int(&val) ||
+	       arch_get_random_int(&val));
+
+	return val;
+}
+
+static void prandom_seed_early(struct rnd_state *state, u32 seed,
+			       bool mix_with_hwseed)
+{
+#define LCG(x)	 ((x) * 69069U)	/* super-duper LCG */
+#define HWSEED() (mix_with_hwseed ? __extract_hwseed() : 0)
+	state->s1 = __seed(HWSEED() ^ LCG(seed),        2U);
+	state->s2 = __seed(HWSEED() ^ LCG(state->s1),   8U);
+	state->s3 = __seed(HWSEED() ^ LCG(state->s2),  16U);
+	state->s4 = __seed(HWSEED() ^ LCG(state->s3), 128U);
+}
+
+static int __init prandom_state_selftest(void)
 {
 	int i, j, errors = 0, runs = 0;
 	bool error = false;
@@ -463,5 +305,267 @@ static void __init prandom_state_selftest(void)
 		pr_warn("prandom: %d/%d self tests failed\n", errors, runs);
 	else
 		pr_info("prandom: %d self tests passed\n", runs);
+	return 0;
 }
+core_initcall(prandom_state_selftest);
 #endif
+
+/*
+ * The prandom_u32() implementation is now completely separate from the
+ * prandom_state() functions, which are retained (for now) for compatibility.
+ *
+ * Because of (ab)use in the networking code for choosing random TCP/UDP port
+ * numbers, which open DoS possibilities if guessable, we want something
+ * stronger than a standard PRNG.  But the performance requirements of
+ * the network code do not allow robust crypto for this application.
+ *
+ * So this is a homebrew Junior Spaceman implementation, based on the
+ * lowest-latency trustworthy crypto primitive available, SipHash.
+ * (The authors of SipHash have not been consulted about this abuse of
+ * their work.)
+ *
+ * Standard SipHash-2-4 uses 2n+4 rounds to hash n words of input to
+ * one word of output.  This abbreviated version uses 2 rounds per word
+ * of output.
+ */
+
+struct siprand_state {
+	unsigned long v0;
+	unsigned long v1;
+	unsigned long v2;
+	unsigned long v3;
+};
+
+static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct siprand_state, net_rand_state) __latent_entropy;
+
+/*
+ * This is the core CPRNG function.  As "pseudorandom", this is not used
+ * for truly valuable things, just intended to be a PITA to guess.
+ * For maximum speed, we do just two SipHash rounds per word.  This is
+ * the same rate as 4 rounds per 64 bits that SipHash normally uses,
+ * so hopefully it's reasonably secure.
+ *
+ * There are two changes from the official SipHash finalization:
+ * - We omit some constants XORed with v2 in the SipHash spec as irrelevant;
+ *   they are there only to make the output rounds distinct from the input
+ *   rounds, and this application has no input rounds.
+ * - Rather than returning v0^v1^v2^v3, return v1+v3.
+ *   If you look at the SipHash round, the last operation on v3 is
+ *   "v3 ^= v0", so "v0 ^ v3" just undoes that, a waste of time.
+ *   Likewise "v1 ^= v2".  (The rotate of v2 makes a difference, but
+ *   it still cancels out half of the bits in v2 for no benefit.)
+ *   Second, since the last combining operation was xor, continue the
+ *   pattern of alternating xor/add for a tiny bit of extra non-linearity.
+ */
+static inline u32 siprand_u32(struct siprand_state *s)
+{
+	unsigned long v0 = s->v0, v1 = s->v1, v2 = s->v2, v3 = s->v3;
+
+	PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+	PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+	s->v0 = v0;  s->v1 = v1;  s->v2 = v2;  s->v3 = v3;
+	return v1 + v3;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ *	prandom_u32 - pseudo random number generator
+ *
+ *	A 32 bit pseudo-random number is generated using a fast
+ *	algorithm suitable for simulation. This algorithm is NOT
+ *	considered safe for cryptographic use.
+ */
+u32 prandom_u32(void)
+{
+	struct siprand_state *state = get_cpu_ptr(&net_rand_state);
+	u32 res = siprand_u32(state);
+
+	trace_prandom_u32(res);
+	put_cpu_ptr(&net_rand_state);
+	return res;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_u32);
+
+/**
+ *	prandom_bytes - get the requested number of pseudo-random bytes
+ *	@buf: where to copy the pseudo-random bytes to
+ *	@bytes: the requested number of bytes
+ */
+void prandom_bytes(void *buf, size_t bytes)
+{
+	struct siprand_state *state = get_cpu_ptr(&net_rand_state);
+	u8 *ptr = buf;
+
+	while (bytes >= sizeof(u32)) {
+		put_unaligned(siprand_u32(state), (u32 *)ptr);
+		ptr += sizeof(u32);
+		bytes -= sizeof(u32);
+	}
+
+	if (bytes > 0) {
+		u32 rem = siprand_u32(state);
+
+		do {
+			*ptr++ = (u8)rem;
+			rem >>= BITS_PER_BYTE;
+		} while (--bytes > 0);
+	}
+	put_cpu_ptr(&net_rand_state);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_bytes);
+
+/**
+ *	prandom_seed - add entropy to pseudo random number generator
+ *	@entropy: entropy value
+ *
+ *	Add some additional seed material to the prandom pool.
+ *	The "entropy" is actually our IP address (the only caller is
+ *	the network code), not for unpredictability, but to ensure that
+ *	different machines are initialized differently.
+ */
+void prandom_seed(u32 entropy)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	add_device_randomness(&entropy, sizeof(entropy));
+
+	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
+		struct siprand_state *state = per_cpu_ptr(&net_rand_state, i);
+		unsigned long v0 = state->v0, v1 = state->v1;
+		unsigned long v2 = state->v2, v3 = state->v3;
+
+		do {
+			v3 ^= entropy;
+			PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+			PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+			v0 ^= entropy;
+		} while (unlikely(!v0 || !v1 || !v2 || !v3));
+
+		WRITE_ONCE(state->v0, v0);
+		WRITE_ONCE(state->v1, v1);
+		WRITE_ONCE(state->v2, v2);
+		WRITE_ONCE(state->v3, v3);
+	}
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(prandom_seed);
+
+/*
+ *	Generate some initially weak seeding values to allow
+ *	the prandom_u32() engine to be started.
+ */
+static int __init prandom_init_early(void)
+{
+	int i;
+	unsigned long v0, v1, v2, v3;
+
+	if (!arch_get_random_long(&v0))
+		v0 = jiffies;
+	if (!arch_get_random_long(&v1))
+		v1 = random_get_entropy();
+	v2 = v0 ^ PRND_K0;
+	v3 = v1 ^ PRND_K1;
+
+	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
+		struct siprand_state *state;
+
+		v3 ^= i;
+		PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+		PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+		v0 ^= i;
+
+		state = per_cpu_ptr(&net_rand_state, i);
+		state->v0 = v0;  state->v1 = v1;
+		state->v2 = v2;  state->v3 = v3;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+core_initcall(prandom_init_early);
+
+
+/* Stronger reseeding when available, and periodically thereafter. */
+static void prandom_reseed(struct timer_list *unused);
+
+static DEFINE_TIMER(seed_timer, prandom_reseed);
+
+static void prandom_reseed(struct timer_list *unused)
+{
+	unsigned long expires;
+	int i;
+
+	/*
+	 * Reinitialize each CPU's PRNG with 128 bits of key.
+	 * No locking on the CPUs, but then somewhat random results are,
+	 * well, expected.
+	 */
+	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
+		struct siprand_state *state;
+		unsigned long v0 = get_random_long(), v2 = v0 ^ PRND_K0;
+		unsigned long v1 = get_random_long(), v3 = v1 ^ PRND_K1;
+#if BITS_PER_LONG == 32
+		int j;
+
+		/*
+		 * On 32-bit machines, hash in two extra words to
+		 * approximate 128-bit key length.  Not that the hash
+		 * has that much security, but this prevents a trivial
+		 * 64-bit brute force.
+		 */
+		for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+			unsigned long m = get_random_long();
+
+			v3 ^= m;
+			PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+			PRND_SIPROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+			v0 ^= m;
+		}
+#endif
+		/*
+		 * Probably impossible in practice, but there is a
+		 * theoretical risk that a race between this reseeding
+		 * and the target CPU writing its state back could
+		 * create the all-zero SipHash fixed point.
+		 *
+		 * To ensure that never happens, ensure the state
+		 * we write contains no zero words.
+		 */
+		state = per_cpu_ptr(&net_rand_state, i);
+		WRITE_ONCE(state->v0, v0 ? v0 : -1ul);
+		WRITE_ONCE(state->v1, v1 ? v1 : -1ul);
+		WRITE_ONCE(state->v2, v2 ? v2 : -1ul);
+		WRITE_ONCE(state->v3, v3 ? v3 : -1ul);
+	}
+
+	/* reseed every ~60 seconds, in [40 .. 80) interval with slack */
+	expires = round_jiffies(jiffies + 40 * HZ + prandom_u32_max(40 * HZ));
+	mod_timer(&seed_timer, expires);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The random ready callback can be called from almost any interrupt.
+ * To avoid worrying about whether it's safe to delay that interrupt
+ * long enough to seed all CPUs, just schedule an immediate timer event.
+ */
+static void prandom_timer_start(struct random_ready_callback *unused)
+{
+	mod_timer(&seed_timer, jiffies);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Start periodic full reseeding as soon as strong
+ * random numbers are available.
+ */
+static int __init prandom_init_late(void)
+{
+	static struct random_ready_callback random_ready = {
+		.func = prandom_timer_start
+	};
+	int ret = add_random_ready_callback(&random_ready);
+
+	if (ret == -EALREADY) {
+		prandom_timer_start(&random_ready);
+		ret = 0;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+late_initcall(prandom_init_late);