- 03 Dec, 2020 17 commits
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Roman Gushchin authored
Extend xskmap memory accounting to include the memory taken by the xsk_map_node structure. Signed-off-by:
Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com> Signed-off-by:
Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201201215900.3569844-18-guro@fb.com
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Roman Gushchin authored
Include internal metadata into the memcg-based memory accounting. Also include the memory allocated on updating an element. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Account memory used by bpf local storage maps: per-socket, per-inode and per-task storages. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Enable the memcg-based memory accounting for the memory used by the bpf ringbuffer. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Include lpm trie and lpm trie node objects into the memcg-based memory accounting. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Include percpu objects and the size of map metadata into the accounting. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Include map metadata and the node size (struct bpf_dtab_netdev) into the accounting. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Account memory used by cgroup storage maps including metadata structures. Account the percpu memory for the percpu flavor of cgroup storage. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Include metadata and percpu data into the memcg-based memory accounting. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Include percpu arrays and auxiliary data into the memcg-based memory accounting. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
This patch enables memcg-based memory accounting for memory allocated by __bpf_map_area_alloc(), which is used by many types of bpf maps for large initial memory allocations. Please note, that __bpf_map_area_alloc() should not be used outside of map creation paths without setting the active memory cgroup to the map's memory cgroup. Following patches in the series will refine the accounting for some of the map types. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Bpf maps can be updated from an interrupt context and in such case there is no process which can be charged. It makes the memory accounting of bpf maps non-trivial. Fortunately, after commit 4127c650 ("mm: kmem: enable kernel memcg accounting from interrupt contexts") and commit b87d8cef ("mm, memcg: rework remote charging API to support nesting") it's finally possible. To make the ownership model simple and consistent, when the map is created, the memory cgroup of the current process is recorded. All subsequent allocations related to the bpf map are charged to the same memory cgroup. It includes allocations made by any processes (even if they do belong to a different cgroup) and from interrupts. This commit introduces 3 new helpers, which will be used by following commits to enable the accounting of bpf maps memory: - bpf_map_kmalloc_node() - bpf_map_kzalloc() - bpf_map_alloc_percpu() They are wrapping popular memory allocation functions. They set the active memory cgroup to the map's memory cgroup and add __GFP_ACCOUNT to the passed gfp flags. Then they call into the corresponding memory allocation function and restore the original active memory cgroup. These helpers are supposed to use everywhere except the map creation path. During the map creation when the map structure is allocated by itself, it cannot be passed to those helpers. In those cases default memory allocation function will be used with the __GFP_ACCOUNT flag. Signed-off-by:
Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net> Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Include memory used by bpf programs into the memcg-based accounting. This includes the memory used by programs itself, auxiliary data, statistics and bpf line info. A memory cgroup containing the process which loads the program is getting charged. Signed-off-by:
Song Liu <songliubraving@fb.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201201215900.3569844-6-guro@fb.com
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Roman Gushchin authored
PageKmemcg flag is currently defined as a page type (like buddy, offline, table and guard). Semantically it means that the page was accounted as a kernel memory by the page allocator and has to be uncharged on the release. As a side effect of defining the flag as a page type, the accounted page can't be mapped to userspace (look at page_has_type() and comments above). In particular, this blocks the accounting of vmalloc-backed memory used by some bpf maps, because these maps do map the memory to userspace. One option is to fix it by complicating the access to page->mapcount, which provides some free bits for page->page_type. But it's way better to move this flag into page->memcg_data flags. Indeed, the flag makes no sense without enabled memory cgroups and memory cgroup pointer set in particular. This commit replaces PageKmemcg() and __SetPageKmemcg() with PageMemcgKmem() and an open-coded OR operation setting the memcg pointer with the MEMCG_DATA_KMEM bit. __ClearPageKmemcg() can be simple deleted, as the whole memcg_data is zeroed at once. As a bonus, on !CONFIG_MEMCG build the PageMemcgKmem() check will be compiled out. Signed-off-by:
Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by:
Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com> Acked-by:
Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Acked-by:
Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201027001657.3398190-5-guro@fb.com Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201201215900.3569844-5-guro@fb.com
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Roman Gushchin authored
The lowest bit in page->memcg_data is used to distinguish between struct memory_cgroup pointer and a pointer to a objcgs array. All checks and modifications of this bit are open-coded. Let's formalize it using page memcg flags, defined in enum page_memcg_data_flags. Additional flags might be added later. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
To gather all direct accesses to struct page's memcg_data field in one place, let's introduce 3 new helpers to use in the slab accounting code: struct obj_cgroup **page_objcgs(struct page *page); struct obj_cgroup **page_objcgs_check(struct page *page); bool set_page_objcgs(struct page *page, struct obj_cgroup **objcgs); They are similar to the corresponding API for generic pages, except that the setter can return false, indicating that the value has been already set from a different thread. Signed-off-by:
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Roman Gushchin authored
Patch series "mm: allow mapping accounted kernel pages to userspace", v6. Currently a non-slab kernel page which has been charged to a memory cgroup can't be mapped to userspace. The underlying reason is simple: PageKmemcg flag is defined as a page type (like buddy, offline, etc), so it takes a bit from a page->mapped counter. Pages with a type set can't be mapped to userspace. But in general the kmemcg flag has nothing to do with mapping to userspace. It only means that the page has been accounted by the page allocator, so it has to be properly uncharged on release. Some bpf maps are mapping the vmalloc-based memory to userspace, and their memory can't be accounted because of this implementation detail. This patchset removes this limitation by moving the PageKmemcg flag into one of the free bits of the page->mem_cgroup pointer. Also it formalizes accesses to the page->mem_cgroup and page->obj_cgroups using new helpers, adds several checks and removes a couple of obsolete functions. As the result the code became more robust with fewer open-coded bit tricks. This patch (of 4): Currently there are many open-coded reads of the page->mem_cgroup pointer, as well as a couple of read helpers, which are barely used. It creates an obstacle on a way to reuse some bits of the pointer for storing additional bits of information. In fact, we already do this for slab pages, where the last bit indicates that a pointer has an attached vector of objcg pointers instead of a regular memcg pointer. This commits uses 2 existing helpers and introduces a new helper to converts all read sides to calls of these helpers: struct mem_cgroup *page_memcg(struct page *page); struct mem_cgroup *page_memcg_rcu(struct page *page); struct mem_cgroup *page_memcg_check(struct page *page); page_memcg_check() is intended to be used in cases when the page can be a slab page and have a memcg pointer pointing at objcg vector. It does check the lowest bit, and if set, returns NULL. page_memcg() contains a VM_BUG_ON_PAGE() check for the page not being a slab page. To make sure nobody uses a direct access, struct page's mem_cgroup/obj_cgroups is converted to unsigned long memcg_data. Signed-off-by:
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- 02 Dec, 2020 4 commits
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Alexei Starovoitov authored
Stanislav Fomichev says: ==================== This might be useful for the listener sockets to pre-populate some options. Since those helpers require locked sockets, I'm changing bind hooks to lock/unlock the sockets. This should not cause any performance overhead because at this point there shouldn't be any socket lock contention and the locking/unlocking should be cheap. Also, as part of the series, I convert test_sock_addr bpf assembly into C (and preserve the narrow load tests) to make it easier to extend with th bpf_setsockopt later on. v2: * remove version from bpf programs (Andrii Nakryiko) ==================== Signed-off-by: -
Stanislav Fomichev authored
To make sure it doesn't trigger sock_owned_by_me splat. Signed-off-by:
Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@google.com> Signed-off-by:
Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201202172516.3483656-4-sdf@google.com
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Stanislav Fomichev authored
I have to now lock/unlock socket for the bind hook execution. That shouldn't cause any overhead because the socket is unbound and shouldn't receive any traffic. Signed-off-by:
Andrey Ignatov <rdna@fb.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201202172516.3483656-3-sdf@google.com
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Stanislav Fomichev authored
I'm planning to extend it in the next patches. It's much easier to work with C than BPF assembly. Signed-off-by:
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- 01 Dec, 2020 1 commit
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Daniel Borkmann authored
Stephen reported the following build error for !CONFIG_NET_RX_BUSY_POLL built kernels: In file included from fs/select.c:32: include/net/busy_poll.h: In function 'sk_mark_napi_id_once': include/net/busy_poll.h:150:36: error: 'const struct sk_buff' has no member named 'napi_id' 150 | __sk_mark_napi_id_once_xdp(sk, skb->napi_id); | ^~ Fix it by wrapping a CONFIG_NET_RX_BUSY_POLL around the helpers. Fixes: b02e5a0e ("xsk: Propagate napi_id to XDP socket Rx path") Reported-by:Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Signed-off-by:
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- 30 Nov, 2020 12 commits
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Daniel Borkmann authored
Björn Töpel says: ==================== This series introduces three new features: 1. A new "heavy traffic" busy-polling variant that works in concert with the existing napi_defer_hard_irqs and gro_flush_timeout knobs. 2. A new socket option that let a user change the busy-polling NAPI budget. 3. Allow busy-polling to be performed on XDP sockets. The existing busy-polling mode, enabled by the SO_BUSY_POLL socket option or system-wide using the /proc/sys/net/core/busy_read knob, is an opportunistic. That means that if the NAPI context is not scheduled, it will poll it. If, after busy-polling, the budget is exceeded the busy-polling logic will schedule the NAPI onto the regular softirq handling. One implication of the behavior above is that a busy/heavy loaded NAPI context will never enter/allow for busy-polling. Some applications prefer that most NAPI processing would be done by busy-polling. This series adds a new socket option, SO_PREFER_BUSY_POLL, that works in concert with the napi_defer_hard_irqs and gro_flush_timeout knobs. The napi_defer_hard_irqs and gro_flush_timeout knobs were introduced in commit 6f8b12d6 ("net: napi: add hard irqs deferral feature"), and allows for a user to defer interrupts to be enabled and instead schedule the NAPI context from a watchdog timer. When a user enables the SO_PREFER_BUSY_POLL, again with the other knobs enabled, and the NAPI context is being processed by a softirq, the softirq NAPI processing will exit early to allow the busy-polling to be performed. If the application stops performing busy-polling via a system call, the watchdog timer defined by gro_flush_timeout will timeout, and regular softirq handling will resume. In summary; Heavy traffic applications that prefer busy-polling over softirq processing should use this option. Patch 6 touches a lot of drivers, so the Cc: list is grossly long. Example usage: $ echo 2 | sudo tee /sys/class/net/ens785f1/napi_defer_hard_irqs $ echo 200000 | sudo tee /sys/class/net/ens785f1/gro_flush_timeout Note that the timeout should be larger than the userspace processing window, otherwise the watchdog will timeout and fall back to regular softirq processing. Enable the SO_BUSY_POLL/SO_PREFER_BUSY_POLL options on your socket. Performance simple UDP ping-pong: A packet generator blasts UDP packets from a packet generator to a certain {src,dst}IP/port, so a dedicated ksoftirq will be busy handling the packets at a certain core. A simple UDP test program that simply does recvfrom/sendto is running at the host end. Throughput in pps and RTT latency is measured at the packet generator. /proc/sys/net/core/busy_read is set (20). Min Max Avg (usec) 1. Blocking 2-cores: 490Kpps 1218.192 1335.427 1271.083 2. Blocking, 1-core: 155Kpps 1327.195 17294.855 4761.367 3. Non-blocking, 2-cores: 475Kpps 1221.197 1330.465 1270.740 4. Non-blocking, 1-core: 3Kpps 29006.482 37260.465 33128.367 5. Non-blocking, prefer busy-poll, 1-core: 420Kpps 1202.535 5494.052 4885.443 Scenario 2 and 5 shows when the new option should be used. Throughput go from 155 to 420Kpps, average latency are similar, but the tail latencies are much better for the latter. Performance XDP sockets: Again, a packet generator blasts UDP packets from a packet generator to a certain {src,dst}IP/port. Today, running XDP sockets sample on the same core as the softirq handling, performance tanks mainly because we do not yield to user-space when the XDP socket Rx queue is full. # taskset -c 5 ./xdpsock -i ens785f1 -q 5 -n 1 -r Rx: 64Kpps # # preferred busy-polling, budget 8 # taskset -c 5 ./xdpsock -i ens785f1 -q 5 -n 1 -r -B -b 8 Rx 9.9Mpps # # preferred busy-polling, budget 64 # taskset -c 5 ./xdpsock -i ens785f1 -q 5 -n 1 -r -B -b 64 Rx: 19.3Mpps # # preferred busy-polling, budget 256 # taskset -c 5 ./xdpsock -i ens785f1 -q 5 -n 1 -r -B -b 256 Rx: 21.4Mpps # # preferred busy-polling, budget 512 # taskset -c 5 ./xdpsock -i ens785f1 -q 5 -n 1 -r -B -b 512 Rx: 21.7Mpps Compared to the two-core case: # taskset -c 4 ./xdpsock -i ens785f1 -q 20 -n 1 -r Rx: 20.7Mpps We're getting better single-core performance than two, for this naïve drop scenario. Performance netperf UDP_RR: Note that netperf UDP_RR is not a heavy traffic tests, and preferred busy-polling is not typically something we want to use here. $ echo 20 | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/core/busy_read $ netperf -H 192.168.1.1 -l 30 -t UDP_RR -v 2 -- \ -o min_latency,mean_latency,max_latency,stddev_latency,transaction_rate busy-polling blocking sockets: 12,13.33,224,0.63,74731.177 I hacked netperf to use non-blocking sockets and re-ran: busy-polling non-blocking sockets: 12,13.46,218,0.72,73991.172 prefer busy-polling non-blocking sockets: 12,13.62,221,0.59,73138.448 Using the preferred busy-polling mode does not impact performance. The above tests was done for the 'ice' driver. Thanks to Jakub for suggesting this busy-polling addition [1], and Eric for all input/review! Changes: rfc-v1 [2] -> rfc-v2: * Changed name from bias to prefer. * Base the work on Eric's/Luigi's defer irq/gro timeout work. * Proper GRO flushing. * Build issues for some XDP drivers. rfc-v2 [3] -> v1: * Fixed broken qlogic build. * Do not trigger an IPI (XDP socket wakeup) when busy-polling is enabled. v1 [4] -> v2: * Added napi_id to socionext driver, and added Ilias Acked-by:. (Ilias) * Added a samples patch to improve busy-polling for xdpsock/l2fwd. * Correctly mark atomic operations with {WRITE,READ}_ONCE, to make KCSAN and the code readers happy. (Eric) * Check NAPI budget not to exceed U16_MAX. (Eric) * Added kdoc. v2 [5] -> v3: * Collected Acked-by. * Check NAPI disable prior prefer busy-polling. (Jakub) * Added napi_id registration for virtio-net. (Michael) * Added napi_id registration for veth. v3 [6] -> v4: * Collected Acked-by/Reviewed-by. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20200925120652.10b8d7c5@kicinski-fedora-pc1c0hjn.dhcp.thefacebook.com/ [2] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201028133437.212503-1-bjorn.topel@gmail.com/ [3] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201105102812.152836-1-bjorn.topel@gmail.com/ [4] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201112114041.131998-1-bjorn.topel@gmail.com/ [5] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201116110416.10719-1-bjorn.topel@gmail.com/ [6] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201119083024.119566-1-bjorn.topel@gmail.com/ ==================== Signed-off-by:
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Björn Töpel authored
Support for the SO_BUSY_POLL_BUDGET setsockopt, via the batching option ('b'). Signed-off-by:Björn Töpel <bjorn.topel@intel.com> Signed-off-by:
Magnus Karlsson <magnus.karlsson@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201130185205.196029-11-bjorn.topel@gmail.com
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Björn Töpel authored
Add a new option to xdpsock, 'B', for busy-polling. This option will also set the batching size, 'b' option, to the busy-poll budget. Signed-off-by:
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Björn Töpel authored
Start using recvfrom() the l2fwd scenario, instead of poll() which is more expensive and need additional knobs for busy-polling. Signed-off-by:
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Björn Töpel authored
Start using recvfrom() the rxdrop scenario. Signed-off-by:
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Björn Töpel authored
Add napi_id to the xdp_rxq_info structure, and make sure the XDP socket pick up the napi_id in the Rx path. The napi_id is used to find the corresponding NAPI structure for socket busy polling. Signed-off-by:
Ilias Apalodimas <ilias.apalodimas@linaro.org> Acked-by:
Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com> Acked-by:
Tariq Toukan <tariqt@nvidia.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201130185205.196029-7-bjorn.topel@gmail.com
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Björn Töpel authored
Wire-up XDP socket busy-poll support for recvmsg() and sendmsg(). If the XDP socket prefers busy-polling, make sure that no wakeup/IPI is performed. Signed-off-by:
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Björn Töpel authored
Add a check for need wake up in sendmsg(), so that if a user calls sendmsg() when no wakeup is needed, do not trigger a wakeup. To simplify the need wakeup check in the syscall, unconditionally enable the need wakeup flag for Tx. This has a side-effect for poll(); If poll() is called for a socket without enabled need wakeup, a Tx wakeup is unconditionally performed. The wakeup matrix for AF_XDP now looks like: need wakeup | poll() | sendmsg() | recvmsg() ------------+--------------+-------------+------------ disabled | wake Tx | wake Tx | nop enabled | check flag; | check flag; | check flag; | wake Tx/Rx | wake Tx | wake Rx Signed-off-by: -
Björn Töpel authored
Add support for non-blocking recvmsg() to XDP sockets. Previously, only sendmsg() was supported by XDP socket. Now, for symmetry and the upcoming busy-polling support, recvmsg() is added. Signed-off-by:
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Björn Töpel authored
This option lets a user set a per socket NAPI budget for busy-polling. If the options is not set, it will use the default of 8. Signed-off-by:
Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201130185205.196029-3-bjorn.topel@gmail.com
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Björn Töpel authored
The existing busy-polling mode, enabled by the SO_BUSY_POLL socket option or system-wide using the /proc/sys/net/core/busy_read knob, is an opportunistic. That means that if the NAPI context is not scheduled, it will poll it. If, after busy-polling, the budget is exceeded the busy-polling logic will schedule the NAPI onto the regular softirq handling. One implication of the behavior above is that a busy/heavy loaded NAPI context will never enter/allow for busy-polling. Some applications prefer that most NAPI processing would be done by busy-polling. This series adds a new socket option, SO_PREFER_BUSY_POLL, that works in concert with the napi_defer_hard_irqs and gro_flush_timeout knobs. The napi_defer_hard_irqs and gro_flush_timeout knobs were introduced in commit 6f8b12d6 ("net: napi: add hard irqs deferral feature"), and allows for a user to defer interrupts to be enabled and instead schedule the NAPI context from a watchdog timer. When a user enables the SO_PREFER_BUSY_POLL, again with the other knobs enabled, and the NAPI context is being processed by a softirq, the softirq NAPI processing will exit early to allow the busy-polling to be performed. If the application stops performing busy-polling via a system call, the watchdog timer defined by gro_flush_timeout will timeout, and regular softirq handling will resume. In summary; Heavy traffic applications that prefer busy-polling over softirq processing should use this option. Example usage: $ echo 2 | sudo tee /sys/class/net/ens785f1/napi_defer_hard_irqs $ echo 200000 | sudo tee /sys/class/net/ens785f1/gro_flush_timeout Note that the timeout should be larger than the userspace processing window, otherwise the watchdog will timeout and fall back to regular softirq processing. Enable the SO_BUSY_POLL/SO_PREFER_BUSY_POLL options on your socket. Signed-off-by:
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KP Singh authored
Flavored variants of test_progs (e.g. test_progs-no_alu32) change their working directory to the corresponding subdirectory (e.g. no_alu32). Since the setup script required by test_ima (ima_setup.sh) is not mentioned in the dependencies, it does not get copied to these subdirectories and causes flavored variants of test_ima to fail. Adding the script to TRUNNER_EXTRA_FILES ensures that the file is also copied to the subdirectories for the flavored variants of test_progs. Fixes: 34b82d3a ("bpf: Add a selftest for bpf_ima_inode_hash") Reported-by:
Yonghong Song <yhs@fb.com> Suggested-by:
KP Singh <kpsingh@google.com> Signed-off-by:
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- 27 Nov, 2020 6 commits
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Zhu Yanjun authored
The functions xsk_map_put() and xsk_map_inc() are simple wrappers and as such, replace these functions with the functions bpf_map_inc() and bpf_map_put() and remove some error testing code. Signed-off-by:
Zhu Yanjun <zyjzyj2000@gmail.com> Signed-off-by:
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Magnus Karlsson authored
Replace size_t with __u32 in the xsk interfaces that contain this. There is no reason to have size_t since the internal variable that is manipulated is a __u32. The following APIs are affected: __u32 xsk_ring_prod__reserve(struct xsk_ring_prod *prod, __u32 nb, __u32 *idx) void xsk_ring_prod__submit(struct xsk_ring_prod *prod, __u32 nb) __u32 xsk_ring_cons__peek(struct xsk_ring_cons *cons, __u32 nb, __u32 *idx) void xsk_ring_cons__cancel(struct xsk_ring_cons *cons, __u32 nb) void xsk_ring_cons__release(struct xsk_ring_cons *cons, __u32 nb) The "nb" variable and the return values have been changed from size_t to __u32. Signed-off-by:
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Andrii Nakryiko authored
"Daniel T. says: ==================== Numerous refactoring that rewrites BPF programs written with bpf_load to use the libbpf loader was finally completed, resulting in BPF programs using bpf_load within the kernel being completely no longer present. This patchset refactors remaining bpf programs with libbpf and completely removes bpf_load, an outdated bpf loader that is difficult to keep up with the latest kernel BPF and causes confusion. Changes in v2: - drop 'move tracing helpers to trace_helper' patch - add link pinning to prevent cleaning up on process exit - add static at global variable and remove unused variable - change to destroy link even after link__pin() - fix return error code on exit - merge commit with changing Makefile Changes in v3: - cleanup bpf_link, bpf_object and cgroup fd both on success and error ==================== Signed-off-by: -
Daniel T. Lee authored
Numerous refactoring that rewrites BPF programs written with bpf_load to use the libbpf loader was finally completed, resulting in BPF programs using bpf_load within the kernel being completely no longer present. This commit removes bpf_load, an outdated bpf loader that is difficult to keep up with the latest kernel BPF and causes confusion. Also, this commit removes the unused trace_helper and bpf_load from samples/bpf target objects from Makefile. Signed-off-by:
Daniel T. Lee <danieltimlee@gmail.com> Signed-off-by:
Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com> Acked-by:
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Daniel T. Lee authored
Currently, lwt_len_hist's map lwt_len_hist_map is uses pinning, and the map isn't cleared on test end. This leds to reuse of that map for each test, which prevents the results of the test from being accurate. This commit fixes the problem by removing of pinned map from bpffs. Also, this commit add the executable permission to shell script files. Fixes: f74599f7 ("bpf: Add tests and samples for LWT-BPF") Signed-off-by:
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Daniel T. Lee authored
This commit refactors the existing program with libbpf bpf loader. Since the kprobe, tracepoint and raw_tracepoint bpf program can be attached with single bpf_program__attach() interface, so the corresponding function of libbpf is used here. Rather than specifying the number of cpus inside the code, this commit uses the number of available cpus with _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN. Signed-off-by:
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