# Exploring GitLab Pages

This document is a user guide to explore the options and settings
GitLab Pages offers.

To familiarize yourself with GitLab Pages first:

- Read an [introduction to GitLab Pages](index.md#overview).
- Learn [how to get started with Pages](index.md#getting-started).
- Learn how to enable GitLab Pages
across your GitLab instance on the [administrator documentation](../../../administration/pages/index.md).

## Pages requirements

In brief, this is what you need to upload your website in GitLab Pages:

1. Domain of the instance: domain name that is used for GitLab Pages
(ask your administrator).
1. GitLab CI/CD: a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file with a specific job named [`pages`][pages] in the root directory of your repository.
1. A directory called `public` in your site's repo containing the content
to be published.
1. GitLab Runner enabled for the project.

## GitLab Pages on GitLab.com

If you are using [GitLab Pages on GitLab.com](#gitlab-pages-on-gitlabcom) to host your website, then:

- The domain name for GitLab Pages on GitLab.com is `gitlab.io`.
- Custom domains and TLS support are enabled.
- Shared runners are enabled by default, provided for free and can be used to
  build your website. If you want you can still bring your own Runner.

## Example projects

Visit the [GitLab Pages group](https://gitlab.com/groups/pages) for a complete list of example projects. Contributions are very welcome.

## Specific configuration options for Pages

Learn how to set up GitLab CI/CD for specific use cases.

### `.gitlab-ci.yml` for plain HTML websites

Supposed your repository contained the following files:

```
├── index.html
├── css
│   └── main.css
└── js
    └── main.js
```

Then the `.gitlab-ci.yml` example below simply moves all files from the root
directory of the project to the `public/` directory. The `.public` workaround
is so `cp` doesn't also copy `public/` to itself in an infinite loop:

```yaml
pages:
  script:
  - mkdir .public
  - cp -r * .public
  - mv .public public
  artifacts:
    paths:
    - public
  only:
  - master
```

### `.gitlab-ci.yml` for a static site generator

See this document for a [step-by-step guide](getting_started_part_four.md).

### `.gitlab-ci.yml` for a repository where there's also actual code

Remember that GitLab Pages are by default branch/tag agnostic and their
deployment relies solely on what you specify in `.gitlab-ci.yml`. You can limit
the `pages` job with the [`only` parameter](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#onlyexcept-basic),
whenever a new commit is pushed to a branch that will be used specifically for
your pages.

That way, you can have your project's code in the `master` branch and use an
orphan branch (let's name it `pages`) that will host your static generator site.

You can create a new empty branch like this:

```bash
git checkout --orphan pages
```

The first commit made on this new branch will have no parents and it will be
the root of a new history totally disconnected from all the other branches and
commits. Push the source files of your static generator in the `pages` branch.

Below is a copy of `.gitlab-ci.yml` where the most significant line is the last
one, specifying to execute everything in the `pages` branch:

```
image: ruby:2.1

pages:
  script:
  - gem install jekyll
  - jekyll build -d public/
  artifacts:
    paths:
    - public
  only:
  - pages
```

See an example that has different files in the [`master` branch][jekyll-master]
and the source files for Jekyll are in a [`pages` branch][jekyll-pages] which
also includes `.gitlab-ci.yml`.

[jekyll-master]: https://gitlab.com/pages/jekyll-branched/tree/master
[jekyll-pages]: https://gitlab.com/pages/jekyll-branched/tree/pages

### Serving compressed assets

Most modern browsers support downloading files in a compressed format. This
speeds up downloads by reducing the size of files.

Before serving an uncompressed file, Pages will check whether the same file
exists with a `.gz` extension. If it does, and the browser supports receiving
compressed files, it will serve that version instead of the uncompressed one.

To take advantage of this feature, the artifact you upload to the Pages should
have this structure:

```
public/
├─┬ index.html
│ └ index.html.gz
│
├── css/
│   └─┬ main.css
│     └ main.css.gz
│
└── js/
    └─┬ main.js
      └ main.js.gz
```

This can be achieved by including a `script:` command like this in your
`.gitlab-ci.yml` pages job:

```yaml
pages:
  # Other directives
  script:
    # Build the public/ directory first
    - find public -type f -regex '.*\.\(htm\|html\|txt\|text\|js\|css\)$' -exec gzip -f -k {} \;
```

By pre-compressing the files and including both versions in the artifact, Pages
can serve requests for both compressed and uncompressed content without
needing to compress files on-demand.

### Resolving ambiguous URLs

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-pages/issues/95) in GitLab 11.8

GitLab Pages makes assumptions about which files to serve when receiving a
request for a URL that does not include an extension.

Consider a Pages site deployed with the following files:

```
public/
├─┬ index.html
│ ├ data.html
│ └ info.html
│
├── data/
│   └── index.html
├── info/
│   └── details.html
└── other/
    └── index.html
```

Pages supports reaching each of these files through several different URLs. In
particular, it will always look for an `index.html` file if the URL only
specifies the directory. If the URL references a file that doesn't exist, but
adding `.html` to the URL leads to a file that *does* exist, it will be served
instead. Here are some examples of what will happen given the above Pages site:

| URL path             | HTTP response | File served |
| -------------------- | ------------- | ----------- |
| `/`                  | `200 OK`      | `public/index.html` |
| `/index.html`        | `200 OK`      | `public/index.html` |
| `/index`             | `200 OK`      | `public/index.html` |
| `/data`              | `200 OK`      | `public/data/index.html` |
| `/data/`             | `200 OK`      | `public/data/index.html` |
| `/data.html`         | `200 OK`      | `public/data.html` |
| `/info`              | `200 OK`      | `public/info.html` |
| `/info/`             | `200 OK`      | `public/info.html` |
| `/info.html`         | `200 OK`      | `public/info.html` |
| `/info/details`      | `200 OK`      | `public/info/details.html` |
| `/info/details.html` | `200 OK`      | `public/info/details.html` |
| `/other`             | `302 Found`   | `public/other/index.html` |
| `/other/`            | `200 OK`      | `public/other/index.html` |
| `/other/index`       | `200 OK`      | `public/other/index.html` |
| `/other/index.html`  | `200 OK`      | `public/other/index.html` |

NOTE: **Note:**
When `public/data/index.html` exists, it takes priority over the `public/data.html`
file for both the `/data` and `/data/` URL paths.

### Custom error codes pages

You can provide your own 403 and 404 error pages by creating the `403.html` and
`404.html` files respectively in the root directory of the `public/` directory
that will be included in the artifacts. Usually this is the root directory of
your project, but that may differ depending on your static generator
configuration.

If the case of `404.html`, there are different scenarios. For example:

- If you use project Pages (served under `/projectname/`) and try to access
  `/projectname/non/existing_file`, GitLab Pages will try to serve first
  `/projectname/404.html`, and then `/404.html`.
- If you use user/group Pages (served under `/`) and try to access
  `/non/existing_file` GitLab Pages will try to serve `/404.html`.
- If you use a custom domain and try to access `/non/existing_file`, GitLab
  Pages will try to serve only `/404.html`.

### Redirects in GitLab Pages

Since you cannot use any custom server configuration files, like `.htaccess` or
any `.conf` file, if you want to redirect a page to another
location, you can use the [HTTP meta refresh tag][metarefresh].

Some static site generators provide plugins for that functionality so that you
don't have to create and edit HTML files manually. For example, Jekyll has the
[redirect-from plugin](https://github.com/jekyll/jekyll-redirect-from).

### GitLab Pages Access Control **[CORE ONLY]**

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/33422) in GitLab 11.5.

NOTE: **Note:**
GitLab Pages access control is not activated on GitLab.com. You can check its
progress on the
[infrastructure issue tracker](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/infrastructure/issues/5576).

You can enable Pages access control on your project, so that only
[members of your project](../../permissions.md#project-members-permissions)
(at least Guest) can access your website:

1. Navigate to your project's **Settings > General > Permissions**.
1. Toggle the **Pages** button to enable the access control.

    NOTE: **Note:**
    If you don't see the toggle button, that means that it's not enabled.
    Ask your administrator to [enable it](../../../administration/pages/index.md#access-control).

1. The Pages access control dropdown allows you to set who can view pages hosted
   with GitLab Pages, depending on your project's visibility:

    - If your project is private:
      - **Only project members**: Only project members will be able to browse the website.
      - **Everyone**: Everyone, both logged into and logged out of GitLab, will be able to browse the website, no matter their project membership.
    - If your project is internal:
      - **Only project members**: Only project members will be able to browse the website.
      - **Everyone with access**: Everyone logged into GitLab will be able to browse the website, no matter their project membership.
      - **Everyone**: Everyone, both logged into and logged out of GitLab, will be able to browse the website, no matter their project membership.
    - If your project is public:
      - **Only project members**: Only project members will be able to browse the website.
      - **Everyone with access**: Everyone, both logged into and logged out of GitLab, will be able to browse the website, no matter their project membership.

1. Click **Save changes**.

---

The next time someone tries to access your website and the access control is
enabled, they will be presented with a page to sign into GitLab and verify they
can access the website.

## Unpublishing your Pages

If you ever feel the need to purge your Pages content, you can do so by going
to your project's settings through the gear icon in the top right, and then
navigating to **Pages**. Hit the **Remove pages** button and your Pages website
will be deleted.

![Remove pages](img/remove_pages.png)

## Limitations

When using Pages under the general domain of a GitLab instance (`*.example.io`),
you _cannot_ use HTTPS with sub-subdomains. That means that if your
username/groupname contains a dot, for example `foo.bar`, the domain
`https://foo.bar.example.io` will _not_ work. This is a limitation of the
[HTTP Over TLS protocol][rfc]. HTTP pages will continue to work provided you
don't redirect HTTP to HTTPS.

[rfc]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2818#section-3.1 "HTTP Over TLS RFC"

GitLab Pages [does **not** support group websites for subgroups](../../group/subgroups/index.md#limitations).
You can only create the highest-level group website.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### Can I download my generated pages?

Sure. All you need to do is download the artifacts archive from the job page.

### Can I use GitLab Pages if my project is private?

Yes. GitLab Pages doesn't care whether you set your project's visibility level
to private, internal or public.

### Do I need to create a user/group website before creating a project website?

No, you don't. You can create your project first and it will be accessed under
`http(s)://namespace.example.io/projectname`.

## Known issues

For a list of known issues, visit GitLab's [public issue tracker].

[jekyll]: http://jekyllrb.com/
[pages-daemon]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-pages
[gitlab ci]: https://about.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci
[gitlab runner]: https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/
[pages]: ../../../ci/yaml/README.md#pages
[yaml]: ../../../ci/yaml/README.md
[staticgen]: https://www.staticgen.com/
[pages-jekyll]: https://gitlab.com/pages/jekyll
[metarefresh]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_refresh
[public issue tracker]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues?label_name=pages
[quick start guide]: ../../../ci/quick_start/README.md
[pages-index-guide]: index.md
[pages-quick]: getting_started_part_one.md
[video-pages-fork]: https://youtu.be/TWqh9MtT4Bg
