Resolve "Retouch environments list and deployments list"

## What does this MR do?
#### Environments List
- Fixes deployment ID
- Removes bold styling from deployment ID
- Changes Las Deployment Column to have '#ID by user'
- Adds build column with link to the build
- Adds external url to where the environment is hosted

#### Environment Details
- Add link to the build column and changes content to show "build (#id) by user"
- Adds external link to the review app

Adds tests

## Screenshots (if relevant)
#### Environments List
![env_list](/uploads/6cfd737bb0d2f2853a610479877de5a3/env_list.png)
#### Environments Details
![env_details](/uploads/70ec59d7d7de5c1ef57132c2ec9c1b8f/env_details.png)

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [x] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- [ ] [Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)
- [ ] API support added
- Tests
  - [x] Added for this feature/bug
  - [ ] All builds are passing
- [ ] Conform by the [merge request performance guides](http://docs.gitlab.com/ce/development/merge_request_performance_guidelines.html)
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [ ] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

## What are the relevant issue numbers?
Closes #22774

See merge request !6691

Make Member#add_user set access_level for requesters

## What does this MR do?

This is a backport of https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/commit/c902d8d48409a4d46f7669fc5fc85b9ba86e71d6 from gitlab-org/gitlab-ee!744.

## Why was this MR needed?

This change is only used in EE right now, but there's no reason why it wouldn't be part of CE.

See merge request !6649

Optimize the `award_user_list` helper spec

According to
https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/23034#note_16586657, each
test for this helper generated 1,833 queries.

Now we only generate stubbed records, and only as many as we need for
each test.

This also corrects a slight logic bug in the helper itself. When the
number of awards was greater than the limit (9 by default), _and_ the
current user was one of them, we actually included 10 names, including
"You", plus the remaining count. Now we return the correct number
regardless.

See merge request !6722

Added missing content and improved layout

## What does this MR do?

Restores lost content that was removed from the University landing page.
Adds many videos, presentations and blog articles that were never in University.
Improves the layout of the content.

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

I'd like feedback on the content organisation, specifically if certain sub sections should be moved e.g. from Beginner to Intermediate. Keep in mind how this change will affect the relative difficulty of the other content.

## Why was this MR needed?

The layout looked unprofessional and was missing crucial content.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

Closes #23051

See merge request !6741

According to
https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/23034#note_16586657, each
test for this helper generated 1,833 queries.

Now we only generate stubbed records, and only as many as we need for
each test.

This also corrects a slight logic bug in the helper itself. When the
number of awards was greater than the limit (9 by default), _and_ the
current user was one of them, we actually included 10 names, including
"You", plus the remaining count. Now we return the correct number
regardless.

Update user whitelist reject message

## What does this MR do?

Makes email whitelist rejection message more generic. Stops printing all `allowed_domains`

## Why was this MR needed?

Fixes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/23090

See merge request !6731

Fix Event#reset_project_activity updates

See merge request !6729

Memoize Github::Shell's secret token

## What does this MR do?

`API::Helpers#secret_token` was reading the secret file on every invocation. This MR reads the file in the `gitlab_shell_secret_token.rb` initializer and saves it as a class variable at `Gitlab::Shell.secret_token`

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

 - I'm not sure if the use of `cattr_accessor` is the best approach, or if should be moved into the `class << self` block?
 - Should `API::Helpers#secret_token` be removed in favor of using `Gitlab::Shell.secret_token`?

## Why was this MR needed?

Performance optimization.

Fixes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/22510

See merge request !6599

Add visible projects API

## What does this MR do?

Add a new `/projects/visible` API endpoint. Originally created by @ben.boeckel in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/merge_requests/5970.

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

Does the API make sense?

## Why was this MR needed?

The `/projects` endpoint only returned projects the user was explicitly a member of.

Closes #19361, #3119.

See merge request !6681

Resolve "NameError: undefined local variable or method `request' for #<Grape::Middleware::Error:0x007fc990..."

## What does this MR do?

Switches from `request` to `env` in an API helper method as the helpers are included in contexts lacking `request`.

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

I couldn't build a reproducer for this.

Closes #22820

See merge request !6615

Cache rendered Markdown fields in the database

## What does this MR do?

Introduces cache fields for Markdown-containing fields in the database, and populates them.

## Why was this MR needed?

Rendering Markdown into HTML is performance-intensive. A Redis cache already exists, but this approach is expected to be more performant and reduce unnecessary cache invalidations.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

Closes #18337

See merge request !6095

Add notice about HTTPS cloning for CI

## What does this MR do?
Adds a notice about potential problem with GitLab CI unable to clone sources: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/22484#note_16612187

## Issues
Closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/22484

See merge request !6719

!6678 removed the lease from Event#reset_project_activity, but it wasn't
actually updating the project's last_activity_at timestamp properly.
The WHERE clause would always return no matching projects. The spec
passed occasionally because the created_at timestamp was automatically
set to last_activity_at.

  + Don't expose all whitelisted domains

Call ensure_secret_token! in secret token test's before block since it would be called in an initializer.

Add tooltip to project fork count

## What does this MR do?

Adds a tooltip reading `Forks` when a user hovers over the count of project forks.

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

## Why was this MR needed?

Requested in #23066 

## Screenshots (if relevant)

![image](/uploads/023af8dc4df68549705f6a328cf8031c/image.png)

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [x] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- [ ] [Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)
- [ ] API support added
- Tests
  - [ ] Added for this feature/bug
  - [ ] All builds are passing
- [ ] Conform by the [merge request performance guides](http://docs.gitlab.com/ce/development/merge_request_performance_guidelines.html)
- [ ] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

#23066

See merge request !6718

This commit alters views for the following models to use the markdown cache if
present:

* AbuseReport
* Appearance
* ApplicationSetting
* BroadcastMessage
* Group
* Issue
* Label
* MergeRequest
* Milestone
* Project

At the same time, calls to `escape_once` have been moved into the `single_line`
Banzai pipeline, so they can't be missed out by accident and the work is done
at save, rather than render, time.

Truncato is introduced as a dependency to intelligently shorten the rendered
HTML to 200 characters; the previous approach could have resulted in invalid
HTML being rendered.

This commit adds a number of _html columns and, with the exception of Note,
starts updating them whenever the content of their partner fields changes.

Note has a collision with the note_html attr_accessor; that will be fixed later

A background worker for clearing these cache columns is also introduced - use
`rake cache:clear` to set it off. You can clear the database or Redis caches
separately by running `rake cache:clear:db` or `rake cache:clear:redis`,
respectively.

Memoize ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations in tests

See merge request !6723

Change issue board defaults

#### What does this MR do?
Changes the issue board default list from `Development`, `Testing`, `Production`, `Ready` to `To Do` and `Doing`

#### Screenshots (if relevant)
![Screen_Shot_2016-10-06_at_8.46.48_AM](/uploads/6e73e03f5749f18b95bd7e23c676603d/Screen_Shot_2016-10-06_at_8.46.48_AM.png)
![Screen_Shot_2016-10-06_at_9.07.06_AM](/uploads/cadd3af74e3adb73fe854478ce95120e/Screen_Shot_2016-10-06_at_9.07.06_AM.png)

#### What are the relevant issue numbers?
Closes #23025

See merge request !6716

Fix inconsistent highlighting of already selected activity nav-links

## What does this MR do?

*  Remove edge case where user could deselect an activity nav-link (which seems to be returning all the events)
*  Explicitly add an `All` tab to return all the events

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?
Shouldn't be

## Why was this MR needed?
Resolves existing UI inconsistency

## Screenshots (if relevant)
Before:
![4OzkoQVJYc](/uploads/fd2a7fdbde2159e875482ec7b828fe60/4OzkoQVJYc.gif)

After:
![E0lj8UhEUU](/uploads/7eb5155861eb79d72957de04c9f172c9/E0lj8UhEUU.gif)

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [x] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- Tests
  - [x] All builds are passing
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

*  Closes #21631
*  Closes #21452


See merge request !6091

Use gitlab-workhorse 0.8.4

Fixes Go 1.5 compatibility broken in 0.8.3.

See merge request !6712

Link to Registry docs from project settings

Add an icon with a link to the docs from the project settings.

See merge request !6726

Update profile view

## What does this MR do?
Centers entire profile information section

## Screenshots (if relevant)
Before:
![Screen_Shot_2016-10-03_at_4.23.03_PM](/uploads/bc2017e88cb52ec0e817c4c59e70a186/Screen_Shot_2016-10-03_at_4.23.03_PM.png)

After:
![Screen_Shot_2016-10-03_at_4.21.57_PM](/uploads/86ce1339d21cc39a64c22f27868a2986/Screen_Shot_2016-10-03_at_4.21.57_PM.png)

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [ ] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- [ ] [Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)
- [ ] API support added
- Tests
  - [ ] Added for this feature/bug
  - [ ] All builds are passing
- [ ] Conform by the [merge request performance guides](http://docs.gitlab.com/ce/development/merge_request_performance_guidelines.html)
- [ ] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [ ] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [ ] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

## What are the relevant issue numbers?
Closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/22829

cc @dzaporozhets

See merge request !6662

Move user#show and group#show routing under root url

## What does this MR do?

Changes routing so user#show and group#show routing is under root url 

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

no

## Why was this MR needed?

For nice and consistent routing  for user/group show pages:

| before | after| 
|---|---|
| `/u/dzaporozhets` | `/dzaporozhets`| 
| `/dzaporozhets/gitlab-ce` |`/dzaporozhets/gitlab-ce`| 
| `/u/dzaporozhets/snippets` |`/u/dzaporozhets/snippets`| 
| `/groups/gitlab-org`|  `/gitlab-org`| 
| `/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce`|  `/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce`| 
| `/groups/gitlab-org/issues `|  `/groups/gitlab-org/issues `| 

So show page for user and group shown as `/:name` which is much nicer than before. At same time all nested pages like group issues stays under REST `/groups/:name/issues` so we don't need to introduce extra name restrictions ( ex. case when group has project with name "issues")

## Screenshots (if relevant)

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [x] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- [ ] ~~[Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)~~
- [ ] ~~API support added~~
- Tests
  - [x] Added for this feature/bug
  - [x] All builds are passing
- [x] Conform by the [merge request performance guides](http://docs.gitlab.com/ce/development/merge_request_performance_guidelines.html)
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

Fixes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/3620

See merge request !6686

Improve issue load time performance by avoiding ORDER BY in find_by call

See merge request !6724

Move container_registry user docs to new location

## What does this MR do?

Move container_registry user docs to new location and refactor them a bit.

Part of https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/3349

## Moving docs to a new location?

See the guidelines: http://docs.gitlab.com/ce/development/doc_styleguide.html#changing-document-location

- [ ] Make sure the old link is not removed and has its contents replaced with a link to the new location.
- [ ] Make sure internal links pointing to the document in question are not broken.
- [ ] Search and replace any links referring to old docs in GitLab Rails app, specifically under the `app/views/` directory.
- [ ] If working on CE, submit an MR to EE with the changes as well.

See merge request !6516

Replace bootstrap caret with fontawesome caret

## What does this MR do?

1. Replaces all occurrences of `.caret` with fontawesome's caret (`fa-caret-down` for most cases)
2. Remove `.caret` from CSS
3. Refactored pipeline graph toggle to display the correct fontawesome caret (Had to change some JavaScript for this)  

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

*  Need to check if I missed any pages 😥 or for any side effects

## Why was this MR needed?
Resolves UI inconsistency

## Screenshots (if relevant)
Before (1 example out of many):
![Screen_Shot_2016-09-12_at_3.49.58_PM](/uploads/5eb93bbcc00412a5875e39302f4d8ba0/Screen_Shot_2016-09-12_at_3.49.58_PM.png)

After:
![Screen_Shot_2016-09-12_at_3.49.48_PM](/uploads/9259a9ebfb0bd09b4cfd55674e9b8be4/Screen_Shot_2016-09-12_at_3.49.48_PM.png)

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [x] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- Tests
  - [x] All builds are passing
- [x] Conform by the [merge request performance guides](http://docs.gitlab.com/ce/development/merge_request_performance_guidelines.html)
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

## What are the relevant issue numbers?
Closes #21169

See merge request !6314

The Sortable concern has a default scope that adds ORDER BY to all
queries. EXPLAIN ANALYZE shows that this additional ORDER BY statement
causes the SQL optimizer to use the wrong index, which leads to a load
time of 2.9 s vs 0.073 ms just for the SELECT call. The minimal
change here is to re-implement find_by using where and reorder to
remove the ORDER BY clause in IssuesController#index.

Closes #23075