Documentation: filesystems: convert vfat.txt to RST

Converts vfat.txt to the reStructuredText format, improving presentation
without changing the underlying content.
Signed-off-by: Daniel W. S. Almeida <dwlsalmeida@gmail.com>
-----------------------------------------------------------
Changes in v3:
Removed unnecessary markup.
Removed section "BUG REPORTS" as recommended by the maintainer.

Changes in v2:
Refactored long lines as pointed out by Jonathan
Copied the maintainer
Updated the reference in the MAINTAINERS file for vfat

I did not move this into admin-guide, waiting on what the
maintainer has to say about this and also about old sections
in the text, if any.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191223010030.434902-1-dwlsalmeida@gmail.comSigned-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>

Documentation/filesystems/index.rst

@@ -48,3 +48,4 @@ Documentation for filesystem implementations.
 
    autofs
    virtiofs
+   vfat

Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt → Documentation/filesystems/vfat.rst

+====
+VFAT
+====
+
 USING VFAT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-To use the vfat filesystem, use the filesystem type 'vfat'.  i.e.
+==========
+
+To use the vfat filesystem, use the filesystem type 'vfat'.  i.e.::
+
   mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt
 
-No special partition formatter is required.  mkdosfs will work fine
-if you want to format from within Linux.
+
+No special partition formatter is required,
+'mkdosfs' will work fine if you want to format from within Linux.
 
 VFAT MOUNT OPTIONS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-uid=###       -- Set the owner of all files on this filesystem.
-		 The default is the uid of current process.
-
-gid=###       -- Set the group of all files on this filesystem.
-		 The default is the gid of current process.
-
-umask=###     -- The permission mask (for files and directories, see umask(1)).
-                 The default is the umask of current process.
-
-dmask=###     -- The permission mask for the directory.
-                 The default is the umask of current process.
-
-fmask=###     -- The permission mask for files.
-                 The default is the umask of current process.
-
-allow_utime=### -- This option controls the permission check of mtime/atime.
-
-                  20 - If current process is in group of file's group ID,
-                       you can change timestamp.
-                   2 - Other users can change timestamp.
-
-                 The default is set from `dmask' option. (If the directory is
-                 writable, utime(2) is also allowed. I.e. ~dmask & 022)
-
-                 Normally utime(2) checks current process is owner of
-                 the file, or it has CAP_FOWNER capability.  But FAT
-                 filesystem doesn't have uid/gid on disk, so normal
-                 check is too unflexible. With this option you can
-                 relax it.
-
-codepage=###  -- Sets the codepage number for converting to shortname
-		 characters on FAT filesystem.
-		 By default, FAT_DEFAULT_CODEPAGE setting is used.
-
-iocharset=<name> -- Character set to use for converting between the
-		 encoding is used for user visible filename and 16 bit
-		 Unicode characters. Long filenames are stored on disk
-		 in Unicode format, but Unix for the most part doesn't
-		 know how to deal with Unicode.
-		 By default, FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET setting is used.
-
-		 There is also an option of doing UTF-8 translations
-		 with the utf8 option.
-
-		 NOTE: "iocharset=utf8" is not recommended. If unsure,
-		 you should consider the following option instead.
-
-utf8=<bool>   -- UTF-8 is the filesystem safe version of Unicode that
-		 is used by the console. It can be enabled or disabled
-		 for the filesystem with this option.
-		 If 'uni_xlate' gets set, UTF-8 gets disabled.
-		 By default, FAT_DEFAULT_UTF8 setting is used.
-
-uni_xlate=<bool> -- Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special
-		 escaped sequences.  This would let you backup and
-		 restore filenames that are created with any Unicode
-		 characters.  Until Linux supports Unicode for real,
-		 this gives you an alternative.  Without this option,
-		 a '?' is used when no translation is possible.  The
-		 escape character is ':' because it is otherwise
-		 illegal on the vfat filesystem.  The escape sequence
-		 that gets used is ':' and the four digits of hexadecimal
-		 unicode.
-
-nonumtail=<bool> -- When creating 8.3 aliases, normally the alias will
-                 end in '~1' or tilde followed by some number.  If this
-                 option is set, then if the filename is 
-                 "longfilename.txt" and "longfile.txt" does not
-                 currently exist in the directory, 'longfile.txt' will
-                 be the short alias instead of 'longfi~1.txt'. 
-                  
-usefree       -- Use the "free clusters" value stored on FSINFO. It'll
-                 be used to determine number of free clusters without
-                 scanning disk. But it's not used by default, because
-                 recent Windows don't update it correctly in some
-                 case. If you are sure the "free clusters" on FSINFO is
-                 correct, by this option you can avoid scanning disk.
-
-quiet         -- Stops printing certain warning messages.
-
-check=s|r|n   -- Case sensitivity checking setting.
-                 s: strict, case sensitive
-                 r: relaxed, case insensitive
-                 n: normal, default setting, currently case insensitive
-
-nocase        -- This was deprecated for vfat. Use shortname=win95 instead.
-
-shortname=lower|win95|winnt|mixed
-	      -- Shortname display/create setting.
-		 lower: convert to lowercase for display,
-			emulate the Windows 95 rule for create.
-		 win95: emulate the Windows 95 rule for display/create.
-		 winnt: emulate the Windows NT rule for display/create.
-		 mixed: emulate the Windows NT rule for display,
-			emulate the Windows 95 rule for create.
-		 Default setting is `mixed'.
-
-tz=UTC        -- Interpret timestamps as UTC rather than local time.
-                 This option disables the conversion of timestamps
-                 between local time (as used by Windows on FAT) and UTC
-                 (which Linux uses internally).  This is particularly
-                 useful when mounting devices (like digital cameras)
-                 that are set to UTC in order to avoid the pitfalls of
-                 local time.
-time_offset=minutes
-	      -- Set offset for conversion of timestamps from local time
-		 used by FAT to UTC. I.e. <minutes> minutes will be subtracted
-		 from each timestamp to convert it to UTC used internally by
-		 Linux. This is useful when time zone set in sys_tz is
-		 not the time zone used by the filesystem. Note that this
-		 option still does not provide correct time stamps in all
-		 cases in presence of DST - time stamps in a different DST
-		 setting will be off by one hour.
-
-showexec      -- If set, the execute permission bits of the file will be
-		 allowed only if the extension part of the name is .EXE,
-		 .COM, or .BAT. Not set by default.
-
-debug         -- Can be set, but unused by the current implementation.
-
-sys_immutable -- If set, ATTR_SYS attribute on FAT is handled as
-		 IMMUTABLE flag on Linux. Not set by default.
-
-flush         -- If set, the filesystem will try to flush to disk more
-		 early than normal. Not set by default.
-
-rodir	      -- FAT has the ATTR_RO (read-only) attribute. On Windows,
-		 the ATTR_RO of the directory will just be ignored,
-		 and is used only by applications as a flag (e.g. it's set
-		 for the customized folder).
-
-		 If you want to use ATTR_RO as read-only flag even for
-		 the directory, set this option.
-
-errors=panic|continue|remount-ro
-	      -- specify FAT behavior on critical errors: panic, continue
-		 without doing anything or remount the partition in
-		 read-only mode (default behavior).
-
-discard       -- If set, issues discard/TRIM commands to the block
-		 device when blocks are freed. This is useful for SSD devices
-		 and sparse/thinly-provisoned LUNs.
-
-nfs=stale_rw|nostale_ro
-		Enable this only if you want to export the FAT filesystem
-		over NFS.
-
-		stale_rw: This option maintains an index (cache) of directory
-		inodes by i_logstart which is used by the nfs-related code to
+==================
+
+**uid=###**
+	Set the owner of all files on this filesystem.
+	The default is the uid of current process.
+
+**gid=###**
+	Set the group of all files on this filesystem.
+	The default is the gid of current process.
+
+**umask=###**
+	The permission mask (for files and directories, see *umask(1)*).
+	The default is the umask of current process.
+
+**dmask=###**
+	The permission mask for the directory.
+	The default is the umask of current process.
+
+**fmask=###**
+	The permission mask for files.
+	The default is the umask of current process.
+
+**allow_utime=###**
+	This option controls the permission check of mtime/atime.
+
+		**-20**: If current process is in group of file's group ID,
+                you can change timestamp.
+
+		**-2**: Other users can change timestamp.
+
+	The default is set from dmask option. If the directory is
+	writable, utime(2) is also allowed. i.e. ~dmask & 022.
+
+	Normally utime(2) checks current process is owner of
+	the file, or it has CAP_FOWNER capability. But FAT
+	filesystem doesn't have uid/gid on disk, so normal
+	check is too unflexible. With this option you can
+	relax it.
+
+**codepage=###**
+	Sets the codepage number for converting to shortname
+	characters on FAT filesystem.
+	By default, FAT_DEFAULT_CODEPAGE setting is used.
+
+**iocharset=<name>**
+	Character set to use for converting between the
+	encoding is used for user visible filename and 16 bit
+	Unicode characters. Long filenames are stored on disk
+	in Unicode format, but Unix for the most part doesn't
+	know how to deal with Unicode.
+	By default, FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET setting is used.
+
+	There is also an option of doing UTF-8 translations
+	with the utf8 option.
+
+.. note:: ``iocharset=utf8`` is not recommended. If unsure, you should consider
+	  the utf8 option instead.
+
+**utf8=<bool>**
+	UTF-8 is the filesystem safe version of Unicode that
+	is used by the console. It can be enabled or disabled
+	for the filesystem with this option.
+	If 'uni_xlate' gets set, UTF-8 gets disabled.
+	By default, FAT_DEFAULT_UTF8 setting is used.
+
+**uni_xlate=<bool>**
+	Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special
+	escaped sequences.  This would let you backup and
+	restore filenames that are created with any Unicode
+	characters.  Until Linux supports Unicode for real,
+	this gives you an alternative.  Without this option,
+	a '?' is used when no translation is possible.  The
+	escape character is ':' because it is otherwise
+	illegal on the vfat filesystem.  The escape sequence
+	that gets used is ':' and the four digits of hexadecimal
+	unicode.
+
+**nonumtail=<bool>**
+	When creating 8.3 aliases, normally the alias will
+	end in '~1' or tilde followed by some number.  If this
+	option is set, then if the filename is
+	"longfilename.txt" and "longfile.txt" does not
+	currently exist in the directory, longfile.txt will
+	be the short alias instead of longfi~1.txt.
+
+**usefree**
+	Use the "free clusters" value stored on FSINFO. It will
+	be used to determine number of free clusters without
+	scanning disk. But it's not used by default, because
+	recent Windows don't update it correctly in some
+	case. If you are sure the "free clusters" on FSINFO is
+	correct, by this option you can avoid scanning disk.
+
+**quiet**
+	Stops printing certain warning messages.
+
+**check=s|r|n**
+	Case sensitivity checking setting.
+
+	**s**: strict, case sensitive
+
+	**r**: relaxed, case insensitive
+
+	**n**: normal, default setting, currently case insensitive
+
+**nocase**
+	This was deprecated for vfat. Use ``shortname=win95`` instead.
+
+**shortname=lower|win95|winnt|mixed**
+	Shortname display/create setting.
+
+	**lower**: convert to lowercase for display,
+	emulate the Windows 95 rule for create.
+
+	**win95**: emulate the Windows 95 rule for display/create.
+
+	**winnt**: emulate the Windows NT rule for display/create.
+
+	**mixed**: emulate the Windows NT rule for display,
+	emulate the Windows 95 rule for create.
+
+	Default setting is `mixed`.
+
+**tz=UTC**
+	Interpret timestamps as UTC rather than local time.
+	This option disables the conversion of timestamps
+	between local time (as used by Windows on FAT) and UTC
+	(which Linux uses internally).  This is particularly
+	useful when mounting devices (like digital cameras)
+	that are set to UTC in order to avoid the pitfalls of
+	local time.
+
+**time_offset=minutes**
+	Set offset for conversion of timestamps from local time
+	used by FAT to UTC. I.e. <minutes> minutes will be subtracted
+	from each timestamp to convert it to UTC used internally by
+	Linux. This is useful when time zone set in ``sys_tz`` is
+	not the time zone used by the filesystem. Note that this
+	option still does not provide correct time stamps in all
+	cases in presence of DST - time stamps in a different DST
+	setting will be off by one hour.
+
+**showexec**
+	If set, the execute permission bits of the file will be
+	allowed only if the extension part of the name is .EXE,
+	.COM, or .BAT. Not set by default.
+
+**debug**
+	Can be set, but unused by the current implementation.
+
+**sys_immutable**
+	If set, ATTR_SYS attribute on FAT is handled as
+	IMMUTABLE flag on Linux. Not set by default.
+
+**flush**
+	If set, the filesystem will try to flush to disk more
+	early than normal. Not set by default.
+
+**rodir**
+	FAT has the ATTR_RO (read-only) attribute. On Windows,
+	the ATTR_RO of the directory will just be ignored,
+	and is used only by applications as a flag (e.g. it's set
+	for the customized folder).
+
+	If you want to use ATTR_RO as read-only flag even for
+	the directory, set this option.
+
+**errors=panic|continue|remount-ro**
+	specify FAT behavior on critical errors: panic, continue
+	without doing anything or remount the partition in
+	read-only mode (default behavior).
+
+**discard**
+	If set, issues discard/TRIM commands to the block
+	device when blocks are freed. This is useful for SSD devices
+	and sparse/thinly-provisoned LUNs.
+
+**nfs=stale_rw|nostale_ro**
+	Enable this only if you want to export the FAT filesystem
+	over NFS.
+
+		**stale_rw**: This option maintains an index (cache) of directory
+		*inodes* by *i_logstart* which is used by the nfs-related code to
 		improve look-ups. Full file operations (read/write) over NFS is
 		supported but with cache eviction at NFS server, this could
 		result in ESTALE issues.
 
-		nostale_ro: This option bases the inode number and filehandle
+		**nostale_ro**: This option bases the *inode* number and filehandle
 		on the on-disk location of a file in the MS-DOS directory entry.
 		This ensures that ESTALE will not be returned after a file is
 		evicted from the inode cache. However, it means that operations
@@ -170,63 +210,59 @@ nfs=stale_rw|nostale_ro
 		potentially causing data corruption. For this reason, this
 		option also mounts the filesystem readonly.
 
-		To maintain backward compatibility, '-o nfs' is also accepted,
-		defaulting to stale_rw
+	To maintain backward compatibility, ``'-o nfs'`` is also accepted,
+	defaulting to "stale_rw".
 
-dos1xfloppy  -- If set, use a fallback default BIOS Parameter Block
-		configuration, determined by backing device size. These static
-		parameters match defaults assumed by DOS 1.x for 160 kiB,
-		180 kiB, 320 kiB, and 360 kiB floppies and floppy images.
+**dos1xfloppy  <bool>: 0,1,yes,no,true,false**
+	If set, use a fallback default BIOS Parameter Block
+	configuration, determined by backing device size. These static
+	parameters match defaults assumed by DOS 1.x for 160 kiB,
+	180 kiB, 320 kiB, and 360 kiB floppies and floppy images.
 
 
-<bool>: 0,1,yes,no,true,false
 
 LIMITATION
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-* The fallocated region of file is discarded at umount/evict time
-  when using fallocate with FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE.
-  So, User should assume that fallocated region can be discarded at
-  last close if there is memory pressure resulting in eviction of
-  the inode from the memory. As a result, for any dependency on
-  the fallocated region, user should make sure to recheck fallocate
-  after reopening the file.
+==========
+
+The fallocated region of file is discarded at umount/evict time
+when using fallocate with FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE.
+So, User should assume that fallocated region can be discarded at
+last close if there is memory pressure resulting in eviction of
+the inode from the memory. As a result, for any dependency on
+the fallocated region, user should make sure to recheck fallocate
+after reopening the file.
 
 TODO
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-* Need to get rid of the raw scanning stuff.  Instead, always use
-  a get next directory entry approach.  The only thing left that uses
-  raw scanning is the directory renaming code.
+====
+Need to get rid of the raw scanning stuff.  Instead, always use
+a get next directory entry approach.  The only thing left that uses
+raw scanning is the directory renaming code.
 
 
 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-* vfat_valid_longname does not properly checked reserved names.
-* When a volume name is the same as a directory name in the root
+=================
+
+- vfat_valid_longname does not properly checked reserved names.
+- When a volume name is the same as a directory name in the root
   directory of the filesystem, the directory name sometimes shows
   up as an empty file.
-* autoconv option does not work correctly.
+- autoconv option does not work correctly.
 
-BUG REPORTS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-If you have trouble with the VFAT filesystem, mail bug reports to
-chaffee@bmrc.cs.berkeley.edu.  Please specify the filename
-and the operation that gave you trouble.
 
 TEST SUITE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+==========
 If you plan to make any modifications to the vfat filesystem, please
 get the test suite that comes with the vfat distribution at
 
-  http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/
-  people/chaffee/vfat.html
+`<http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/vfat.html>`_
 
 This tests quite a few parts of the vfat filesystem and additional
 tests for new features or untested features would be appreciated.
 
 NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE VFAT FILESYSTEM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-(This documentation was provided by Galen C. Hunt <gchunt@cs.rochester.edu>
- and lightly annotated by Gordon Chaffee).
+=============================================
+This documentation was provided by Galen C. Hunt gchunt@cs.rochester.edu and
+lightly annotated by Gordon Chaffee.
 
 This document presents a very rough, technical overview of my
 knowledge of the extended FAT file system used in Windows NT 3.5 and
@@ -234,30 +270,31 @@ Windows 95.  I don't guarantee that any of the following is correct,
 but it appears to be so.
 
 The extended FAT file system is almost identical to the FAT
-file system used in DOS versions up to and including 6.223410239847
+file system used in DOS versions up to and including *6.223410239847*
 :-).  The significant change has been the addition of long file names.
 These names support up to 255 characters including spaces and lower
 case characters as opposed to the traditional 8.3 short names.
 
 Here is the description of the traditional FAT entry in the current
-Windows 95 filesystem:
+Windows 95 filesystem::
 
-        struct directory { // Short 8.3 names 
-                unsigned char name[8];          // file name 
-                unsigned char ext[3];           // file extension 
-                unsigned char attr;             // attribute byte 
+        struct directory { // Short 8.3 names
+                unsigned char name[8];          // file name
+                unsigned char ext[3];           // file extension
+                unsigned char attr;             // attribute byte
 		unsigned char lcase;		// Case for base and extension
 		unsigned char ctime_ms;		// Creation time, milliseconds
 		unsigned char ctime[2];		// Creation time
 		unsigned char cdate[2];		// Creation date
 		unsigned char adate[2];		// Last access date
-		unsigned char reserved[2];	// reserved values (ignored) 
-                unsigned char time[2];          // time stamp 
-                unsigned char date[2];          // date stamp 
-                unsigned char start[2];         // starting cluster number 
-                unsigned char size[4];          // size of the file 
+		unsigned char reserved[2];	// reserved values (ignored)
+                unsigned char time[2];          // time stamp
+                unsigned char date[2];          // date stamp
+                unsigned char start[2];         // starting cluster number
+                unsigned char size[4];          // size of the file
         };
 
+
 The lcase field specifies if the base and/or the extension of an 8.3
 name should be capitalized.  This field does not seem to be used by
 Windows 95 but it is used by Windows NT.  The case of filenames is not
@@ -266,9 +303,9 @@ compatible in the reverse direction, however.  Filenames that fit in
 the 8.3 namespace and are written on Windows NT to be lowercase will
 show up as uppercase on Windows 95.
 
-Note that the "start" and "size" values are actually little
-endian integer values.  The descriptions of the fields in this
-structure are public knowledge and can be found elsewhere.
+.. note:: Note that the ``start`` and ``size`` values are actually little
+          endian integer values.  The descriptions of the fields in this
+          structure are public knowledge and can be found elsewhere.
 
 With the extended FAT system, Microsoft has inserted extra
 directory entries for any files with extended names.  (Any name which
@@ -278,21 +315,22 @@ specially formatted directory entry which holds up to 13 characters of
 a file's extended name.  Think of slots as additional labeling for the
 directory entry of the file to which they correspond.  Microsoft
 prefers to refer to the 8.3 entry for a file as its alias and the
-extended slot directory entries as the file name. 
+extended slot directory entries as the file name.
 
-The C structure for a slot directory entry follows:
+The C structure for a slot directory entry follows::
 
-        struct slot { // Up to 13 characters of a long name 
-                unsigned char id;               // sequence number for slot 
-                unsigned char name0_4[10];      // first 5 characters in name 
+        struct slot { // Up to 13 characters of a long name
+                unsigned char id;               // sequence number for slot
+                unsigned char name0_4[10];      // first 5 characters in name
                 unsigned char attr;             // attribute byte
-                unsigned char reserved;         // always 0 
-                unsigned char alias_checksum;   // checksum for 8.3 alias 
+                unsigned char reserved;         // always 0
+                unsigned char alias_checksum;   // checksum for 8.3 alias
                 unsigned char name5_10[12];     // 6 more characters in name
                 unsigned char start[2];         // starting cluster number
                 unsigned char name11_12[4];     // last 2 characters in name
         };
 
+
 If the layout of the slots looks a little odd, it's only
 because of Microsoft's efforts to maintain compatibility with old
 software.  The slots must be disguised to prevent old software from
@@ -319,7 +357,7 @@ the following:
            slot has an id which marks its order in the extended file
            name.  Here is a very abbreviated view of an 8.3 directory
            entry and its corresponding long name slots for the file
-           "My Big File.Extension which is long":
+           "My Big File.Extension which is long"::
 
                 <proceeding files...>
                 <slot #3, id = 0x43, characters = "h is long">
@@ -327,20 +365,22 @@ the following:
                 <slot #1, id = 0x01, characters = "My Big File.E">
                 <directory entry, name = "MYBIGFIL.EXT">
 
-           Note that the slots are stored from last to first.  Slots
-           are numbered from 1 to N.  The Nth slot is or'ed with 0x40
-           to mark it as the last one.
 
-        2) Checksum.  Each slot has an "alias_checksum" value.  The
+           .. note:: Note that the slots are stored from last to first.  Slots
+		     are numbered from 1 to N.  The Nth slot is ``or'ed`` with
+		     0x40 to mark it as the last one.
+
+        2) Checksum.  Each slot has an alias_checksum value.  The
            checksum is calculated from the 8.3 name using the
-           following algorithm:
+           following algorithm::
 
                 for (sum = i = 0; i < 11; i++) {
                         sum = (((sum&1)<<7)|((sum&0xfe)>>1)) + name[i]
                 }
 
-	3) If there is free space in the final slot, a Unicode NULL (0x0000) 
-	   is stored after the final character.  After that, all unused 
+
+	3) If there is free space in the final slot, a Unicode ``NULL (0x0000)``
+	   is stored after the final character.  After that, all unused
 	   characters in the final slot are set to Unicode 0xFFFF.
 
 Finally, note that the extended name is stored in Unicode.  Each Unicode

MAINTAINERS

@@ -17356,7 +17356,7 @@ F:	drivers/mtd/nand/raw/vf610_nfc.c
 VFAT/FAT/MSDOS FILESYSTEM
 M:	OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp>
 S:	Maintained
-F:	Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt
+F:	Documentation/filesystems/vfat.rst
 F:	fs/fat/
 
 VFIO DRIVER