Commit 04101a67 authored by unknown's avatar unknown

MWL#68 Subquery optimization: Efficient NOT IN execution with NULLs

Automerge with 5.3-subqueries
parents dd96d55f 4371de02
......@@ -4142,3 +4142,46 @@ c1 c2 c1 c2 LENGTH(t2.c1) LENGTH(t2.c2)
2 2 tt uu 2 2
set join_cache_level=default;
DROP TABLE t1,t2;
#
# Bug #51092: linked join buffer is used for a 3-way cross join query
# that selects only records of the first table
#
create table t1 (a int, b int);
insert into t1 values (1,1),(2,2);
create table t2 (a int, b int);
insert into t2 values (1,1),(2,2);
create table t3 (a int, b int);
insert into t3 values (1,1),(2,2);
explain select t1.* from t1,t2,t3;
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE t1 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 2
1 SIMPLE t2 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 2 Using join buffer
1 SIMPLE t3 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 2 Using join buffer
select t1.* from t1,t2,t3;
a b
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
set join_cache_level=2;
explain select t1.* from t1,t2,t3;
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE t1 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 2
1 SIMPLE t2 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 2 Using join buffer
1 SIMPLE t3 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 2 Using join buffer
select t1.* from t1,t2,t3;
a b
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
set join_cache_level=default;
drop table t1,t2,t3;
......@@ -824,3 +824,50 @@ a
3
2
drop table t1, t2, t3;
#
# Bug#49198 Wrong result for second call of procedure
# with view in subselect.
#
CREATE TABLE t1 (t1field integer, primary key (t1field));
CREATE TABLE t2 (t2field integer, primary key (t2field));
CREATE TABLE t3 (t3field integer, primary key (t3field));
CREATE VIEW v2 AS SELECT * FROM t2;
CREATE VIEW v3 AS SELECT * FROM t3;
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1),(2);
INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(1),(2);
INSERT INTO t3 VALUES(1),(2);
PREPARE stmt FROM
"
SELECT t1field
FROM t1
WHERE t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v2);
";
EXECUTE stmt;
t1field
1
2
EXECUTE stmt;
t1field
1
2
PREPARE stmt FROM
"
EXPLAIN
SELECT t1field
FROM t1
WHERE t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v2)
AND t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v3)
";
EXECUTE stmt;
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY t1 index PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 NULL 2 Using index
1 PRIMARY t2 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t1.t1field 1 Using index
1 PRIMARY t3 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t1.t1field 1 Using index
EXECUTE stmt;
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE t1 index PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 NULL 2 Using index
1 SIMPLE t2 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t1.t1field 1 Using index
1 SIMPLE t3 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t1.t1field 1 Using index
DROP TABLE t1, t2, t3;
DROP VIEW v2, v3;
# End of Bug#49198
......@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ explain select *
from t0 where a in
(select t2.a+t3.a from t1 left join (t2 join t3) on t2.a=t1.a and t3.a=t1.a);
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY t0 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 10
1 PRIMARY t1 index NULL a 5 NULL 10 Using index; Start temporary; Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t0 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 10 Start temporary
1 PRIMARY t1 index NULL a 5 NULL 10 Using index; Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t2 ref a a 5 test.t1.a 1 Using index
1 PRIMARY t3 ref a a 5 test.t1.a 1 Using where; Using index; End temporary
drop table t0, t1,t2,t3;
......
......@@ -268,8 +268,8 @@ explain select *
from t0 where a in
(select t2.a+t3.a from t1 left join (t2 join t3) on t2.a=t1.a and t3.a=t1.a);
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY t0 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 10
1 PRIMARY t1 index NULL a 5 NULL 10 Using index; Start temporary; Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t0 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 10 Start temporary
1 PRIMARY t1 index NULL a 5 NULL 10 Using index; Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t2 ref a a 5 test.t1.a 1 Using index
1 PRIMARY t3 ref a a 5 test.t1.a 1 Using where; Using index; End temporary
drop table t0, t1,t2,t3;
......@@ -421,20 +421,23 @@ explain extended select * from t0
where t0.a in ( select t1.a from t1,t2 where t2.a=t0.a and
t1.b=t2.b);
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows filtered Extra
1 PRIMARY t0 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 5 100.00
1 PRIMARY t1 ref a a 5 test.t0.a 1 100.00 Start temporary; Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t0 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 5 100.00 Start temporary
1 PRIMARY t1 ref a a 5 test.t0.a 1 100.00 Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t2 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t0.a 1 100.00 Using where; End temporary; Using join buffer
Warnings:
Note 1276 Field or reference 'test.t0.a' of SELECT #2 was resolved in SELECT #1
Note 1003 select `test`.`t0`.`a` AS `a` from `test`.`t2` semi join (`test`.`t1`) join `test`.`t0` where ((`test`.`t2`.`b` = `test`.`t1`.`b`) and (`test`.`t1`.`a` = `test`.`t0`.`a`) and (`test`.`t2`.`a` = `test`.`t0`.`a`))
update t1 set a=3, b=11 where a=4;
update t2 set b=11 where a=3;
# Not anymore:
# The following query gives wrong result due to Bug#49129
select * from t0 where t0.a in
(select t1.a from t1, t2 where t2.a=t0.a and t1.b=t2.b);
a
0
1
2
3
drop table t0, t1, t2;
CREATE TABLE t1 (
id int(11) NOT NULL,
......@@ -713,9 +716,9 @@ c2 in (select 1 from t3, t2) and
c1 in (select convert(c6,char(1)) from t2);
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY t2 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 1 Using where
1 PRIMARY t2 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 1
1 PRIMARY t2 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 1 Using where
1 PRIMARY t3 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 2 FirstMatch(t2)
1 PRIMARY t2 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 1 Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t2 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 1 Using where; Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t3 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 2 FirstMatch(t2); Using join buffer
drop table t2, t3;
set join_cache_level=default;
show variables like 'join_cache_level';
......
......@@ -374,8 +374,8 @@ WHERE PNUM IN
(SELECT PNUM FROM PROJ));
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY STAFF ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 5
1 PRIMARY PROJ ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 6
1 PRIMARY WORKS ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 12 Using where; FirstMatch(STAFF)
1 PRIMARY PROJ ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 6 Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY WORKS ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 12 Using where; FirstMatch(STAFF); Using join buffer
SELECT EMPNUM, EMPNAME
FROM STAFF
WHERE EMPNUM IN
......@@ -828,6 +828,84 @@ a
3
2
drop table t1, t2, t3;
#
# Bug#49198 Wrong result for second call of procedure
# with view in subselect.
#
CREATE TABLE t1 (t1field integer, primary key (t1field));
CREATE TABLE t2 (t2field integer, primary key (t2field));
CREATE TABLE t3 (t3field integer, primary key (t3field));
CREATE VIEW v2 AS SELECT * FROM t2;
CREATE VIEW v3 AS SELECT * FROM t3;
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1),(2);
INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(1),(2);
INSERT INTO t3 VALUES(1),(2);
PREPARE stmt FROM
"
SELECT t1field
FROM t1
WHERE t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v2);
";
EXECUTE stmt;
t1field
1
2
EXECUTE stmt;
t1field
1
2
PREPARE stmt FROM
"
EXPLAIN
SELECT t1field
FROM t1
WHERE t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v2)
AND t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v3)
";
EXECUTE stmt;
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY t1 index PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 NULL 2 Using index
1 PRIMARY t2 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t1.t1field 1 Using index
1 PRIMARY t3 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t1.t1field 1 Using index
EXECUTE stmt;
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE t1 index PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 NULL 2 Using index
1 SIMPLE t2 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t1.t1field 1 Using index
1 SIMPLE t3 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t1.t1field 1 Using index
DROP TABLE t1, t2, t3;
DROP VIEW v2, v3;
# End of Bug#49198
#
# BUG#49129: Wrong result with IN-subquery with join_cache_level=6 and firstmatch=off
#
CREATE TABLE t0 (a INT);
INSERT INTO t0 VALUES (0),(1),(2),(3),(4);
CREATE TABLE t1 (a INT, b INT, KEY(a));
INSERT INTO t1 SELECT a, a from t0;
CREATE TABLE t2 (a INT, b INT, PRIMARY KEY(a));
INSERT INTO t2 SELECT * FROM t1;
UPDATE t1 SET a=3, b=11 WHERE a=4;
UPDATE t2 SET b=11 WHERE a=3;
set @save_optimizer_switch=@@optimizer_switch;
set optimizer_switch='firstmatch=off';
The following should use a join order of t0,t1,t2, with DuplicateElimination:
explain
SELECT * FROM t0 WHERE t0.a IN
(SELECT t1.a FROM t1, t2 WHERE t2.a=t0.a AND t1.b=t2.b);
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY t0 ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 5 Start temporary
1 PRIMARY t1 ref a a 5 test.t0.a 1 Using join buffer
1 PRIMARY t2 eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 test.t0.a 1 Using where; End temporary; Using join buffer
SELECT * FROM t0 WHERE t0.a IN
(SELECT t1.a FROM t1, t2 WHERE t2.a=t0.a AND t1.b=t2.b);
a
0
1
2
3
set optimizer_switch=@save_optimizer_switch;
drop table t0, t1, t2;
# End
set join_cache_level=default;
show variables like 'join_cache_level';
Variable_name Value
......
......@@ -2257,7 +2257,7 @@ EXPLAIN SELECT 1 FROM t1 AS t1_outer WHERE
a IN (SELECT max(b) FROM t1 GROUP BY a HAVING a < 2);
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY t1_outer index NULL a 10 NULL 15 Using where; Using index
2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY t1 index NULL a 10 NULL 1 Using index
2 SUBQUERY t1 index NULL a 10 NULL 15 Using index
EXPLAIN SELECT 1 FROM t1 AS t1_outer GROUP BY a HAVING
a > (SELECT max(b) FROM t1 GROUP BY a HAVING a < 2);
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
......
This diff is collapsed.
......@@ -1823,3 +1823,27 @@ SELECT t1.*, t2.*, LENGTH(t2.c1), LENGTH(t2.c2) FROM t1,t2
set join_cache_level=default;
DROP TABLE t1,t2;
--echo #
--echo # Bug #51092: linked join buffer is used for a 3-way cross join query
--echo # that selects only records of the first table
--echo #
create table t1 (a int, b int);
insert into t1 values (1,1),(2,2);
create table t2 (a int, b int);
insert into t2 values (1,1),(2,2);
create table t3 (a int, b int);
insert into t3 values (1,1),(2,2);
explain select t1.* from t1,t2,t3;
select t1.* from t1,t2,t3;
set join_cache_level=2;
explain select t1.* from t1,t2,t3;
select t1.* from t1,t2,t3;
set join_cache_level=default;
drop table t1,t2,t3;
......@@ -728,3 +728,45 @@ where a in (select c from t2 where d >= some(select e from t3 where b=e));
drop table t1, t2, t3;
--echo #
--echo # Bug#49198 Wrong result for second call of procedure
--echo # with view in subselect.
--echo #
CREATE TABLE t1 (t1field integer, primary key (t1field));
CREATE TABLE t2 (t2field integer, primary key (t2field));
CREATE TABLE t3 (t3field integer, primary key (t3field));
CREATE VIEW v2 AS SELECT * FROM t2;
CREATE VIEW v3 AS SELECT * FROM t3;
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1),(2);
INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(1),(2);
INSERT INTO t3 VALUES(1),(2);
PREPARE stmt FROM
"
SELECT t1field
FROM t1
WHERE t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v2);
";
EXECUTE stmt;
EXECUTE stmt;
PREPARE stmt FROM
"
EXPLAIN
SELECT t1field
FROM t1
WHERE t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v2)
AND t1field IN (SELECT * FROM v3)
";
EXECUTE stmt;
EXECUTE stmt;
DROP TABLE t1, t2, t3;
DROP VIEW v2, v3;
--echo # End of Bug#49198
......@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ update t2 set b=11 where a=3;
if (`select @@join_cache_level=6`)
{
--echo
--echo # Not anymore:
--echo # The following query gives wrong result due to Bug#49129
}
select * from t0 where t0.a in
......
......@@ -7,5 +7,33 @@ show variables like 'join_cache_level';
--source t/subselect_sj.test
--echo #
--echo # BUG#49129: Wrong result with IN-subquery with join_cache_level=6 and firstmatch=off
--echo #
CREATE TABLE t0 (a INT);
INSERT INTO t0 VALUES (0),(1),(2),(3),(4);
CREATE TABLE t1 (a INT, b INT, KEY(a));
INSERT INTO t1 SELECT a, a from t0;
CREATE TABLE t2 (a INT, b INT, PRIMARY KEY(a));
INSERT INTO t2 SELECT * FROM t1;
UPDATE t1 SET a=3, b=11 WHERE a=4;
UPDATE t2 SET b=11 WHERE a=3;
set @save_optimizer_switch=@@optimizer_switch;
set optimizer_switch='firstmatch=off';
--echo The following should use a join order of t0,t1,t2, with DuplicateElimination:
explain
SELECT * FROM t0 WHERE t0.a IN
(SELECT t1.a FROM t1, t2 WHERE t2.a=t0.a AND t1.b=t2.b);
SELECT * FROM t0 WHERE t0.a IN
(SELECT t1.a FROM t1, t2 WHERE t2.a=t0.a AND t1.b=t2.b);
set optimizer_switch=@save_optimizer_switch;
drop table t0, t1, t2;
--echo # End
set join_cache_level=default;
show variables like 'join_cache_level';
......@@ -6491,11 +6491,9 @@ void Item_outer_ref::fix_after_pullout(st_select_lex *new_parent, Item **ref)
void Item_ref::fix_after_pullout(st_select_lex *new_parent, Item **refptr)
{
(*ref)->fix_after_pullout(new_parent, ref);
if (depended_from == new_parent)
{
(*ref)->fix_after_pullout(new_parent, ref);
depended_from= NULL;
}
}
......
......@@ -531,7 +531,6 @@ static bool replace_where_subcondition(JOIN *join, Item **expr,
*expr= new_cond;
if (do_fix_fields)
new_cond->fix_fields(join->thd, expr);
join->select_lex->where= *expr;
return FALSE;
}
......@@ -3031,10 +3030,24 @@ int setup_semijoin_dups_elimination(JOIN *join, ulonglong options,
forwards, but do not destroy other duplicate elimination methods.
*/
uint first_table= i;
uint join_cache_level= join->thd->variables.join_cache_level;
for (uint j= i; j < i + pos->n_sj_tables; j++)
{
if (join->best_positions[j].use_join_buffer && j <= no_jbuf_after)
/*
When we'll properly take join buffering into account during
join optimization, the below check should be changed to
"if (join->best_positions[j].use_join_buffer &&
j <= no_jbuf_after)".
For now, use a rough criteria:
*/
JOIN_TAB *js_tab=join->join_tab + j;
if (j != join->const_tables && js_tab->use_quick != 2 &&
j <= no_jbuf_after &&
((js_tab->type == JT_ALL && join_cache_level != 0) ||
(join_cache_level > 4 && (tab->type == JT_REF ||
tab->type == JT_EQ_REF))))
{
/* Looks like we'll be using join buffer */
first_table= join->const_tables;
break;
}
......@@ -3112,7 +3125,12 @@ int setup_semijoin_dups_elimination(JOIN *join, ulonglong options,
JOIN_TAB *j, *jump_to= tab-1;
for (j= tab; j != tab + pos->n_sj_tables; j++)
{
if (!tab->emb_sj_nest)
/*
NOTE: this loop probably doesn't do the right thing for the case
where FirstMatch's duplicate-generating range is interleaved with
"unrelated" tables (as specified in WL#3750, section 2.2).
*/
if (!j->emb_sj_nest)
jump_to= tab;
else
{
......
......@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
#include "sql_select.h"
#include "opt_subselect.h"
#define NO_MORE_RECORDS_IN_BUFFER (uint)(-1)
/*****************************************************************************
* Join cache module
......@@ -407,8 +409,10 @@ void JOIN_CACHE::set_constants()
However at this moment we don't know whether we have referenced fields for
the cache or not. Later when a referenced field is registered for the cache
we adjust the value of the flag 'with_length'.
*/
with_length= is_key_access() || with_match_flag;
*/
with_length= is_key_access() ||
join_tab->is_inner_table_of_semi_join_with_first_match() ||
join_tab->is_inner_table_of_outer_join();
/*
At this moment we don't know yet the value of 'referenced_fields',
but in any case it can't be greater than the value of 'fields'.
......@@ -604,7 +608,12 @@ int JOIN_CACHE_BKA::init()
copy_end= cache->field_descr+cache->fields;
for (copy= cache->field_descr+cache->flag_fields; copy < copy_end; copy++)
{
if (copy->field->table == tab->table &&
/*
(1) - when we store rowids for DuplicateWeedout, they have
copy->field==NULL
*/
if (copy->field && // (1)
copy->field->table == tab->table &&
bitmap_is_set(key_read_set, copy->field->field_index))
{
*copy_ptr++= copy;
......@@ -1235,7 +1244,7 @@ bool JOIN_CACHE::get_record()
prev_rec_ptr= prev_cache->get_rec_ref(pos);
}
curr_rec_pos= pos;
if (!(res= read_all_record_fields() == 0))
if (!(res= read_all_record_fields() == NO_MORE_RECORDS_IN_BUFFER))
{
pos+= referenced_fields*size_of_fld_ofs;
if (prev_cache)
......@@ -1304,7 +1313,7 @@ bool JOIN_CACHE::get_match_flag_by_pos(uchar *rec_ptr)
uchar *prev_rec_ptr= prev_cache->get_rec_ref(rec_ptr);
return prev_cache->get_match_flag_by_pos(prev_rec_ptr);
}
DBUG_ASSERT(1);
DBUG_ASSERT(0);
return FALSE;
}
......@@ -1324,7 +1333,8 @@ bool JOIN_CACHE::get_match_flag_by_pos(uchar *rec_ptr)
read data.
RETURN
length of the data read from the join buffer
(-1) - if there is no more records in the join buffer
length of the data read from the join buffer - otherwise
*/
uint JOIN_CACHE::read_all_record_fields()
......@@ -1332,7 +1342,7 @@ uint JOIN_CACHE::read_all_record_fields()
uchar *init_pos= pos;
if (pos > last_rec_pos || !records)
return 0;
return NO_MORE_RECORDS_IN_BUFFER;
/* First match flag, read null bitmaps and null_row flag for each table */
read_flag_fields();
......@@ -1538,12 +1548,12 @@ bool JOIN_CACHE::read_referenced_field(CACHE_FIELD *copy,
bool JOIN_CACHE::skip_record_if_match()
{
DBUG_ASSERT(with_match_flag && with_length);
DBUG_ASSERT(with_length);
uint offset= size_of_rec_len;
if (prev_cache)
offset+= prev_cache->get_size_of_rec_offset();
/* Check whether the match flag is on */
if (test(*(pos+offset)))
if (get_match_flag_by_pos(pos+offset))
{
pos+= size_of_rec_len + get_rec_length(pos);
return TRUE;
......
......@@ -5635,7 +5635,11 @@ void calc_used_field_length(THD *thd, JOIN_TAB *join_tab)
uint blob_length=(uint) (join_tab->table->file->stats.mean_rec_length-
(join_tab->table->s->reclength-rec_length));
rec_length+=(uint) max(4,blob_length);
}
}
/*
psergey-todo: why we don't count here rowid that we might need to store
when using DuplicateElimination?
*/
join_tab->used_fields=fields;
join_tab->used_fieldlength=rec_length;
join_tab->used_blobs=blobs;
......@@ -6355,10 +6359,17 @@ make_outerjoin_info(JOIN *join)
}
if (!tab->first_inner)
tab->first_inner= nested_join->first_nested;
if (tab->table->reginfo.not_exists_optimize)
tab->first_inner->table->reginfo.not_exists_optimize= 1;
if (++nested_join->counter < nested_join->n_tables)
break;
/* Table tab is the last inner table for nested join. */
nested_join->first_nested->last_inner= tab;
if (tab->first_inner->table->reginfo.not_exists_optimize)
{
for (JOIN_TAB *join_tab= tab->first_inner; join_tab <= tab; join_tab++)
join_tab->table->reginfo.not_exists_optimize= 1;
}
}
}
DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
......@@ -7111,19 +7122,15 @@ uint check_join_cache_usage(JOIN_TAB *tab,
*/
if (tab->use_quick == 2)
goto no_join_cache;
/*
Use join cache with FirstMatch semi-join strategy only when semi-join
contains only one table.
*/
if (tab->is_inner_table_of_semi_join_with_first_match() &&
!tab->is_single_inner_of_semi_join_with_first_match())
goto no_join_cache;
/*
Non-linked join buffers can't guarantee one match
*/
if (force_unlinked_cache &&
(tab->is_inner_table_of_outer_join() &&
!tab->is_single_inner_of_outer_join()))
if (force_unlinked_cache &&
(!tab->type == JT_ALL || cache_level <= 4) &&
((tab->is_inner_table_of_semi_join_with_first_match() &&
!tab->is_single_inner_of_semi_join_with_first_match()) ||
(tab->is_inner_table_of_outer_join() &&
!tab->is_single_inner_of_outer_join())))
goto no_join_cache;
/*
......
......@@ -321,8 +321,8 @@ typedef struct st_join_table {
}
bool check_only_first_match()
{
return last_sj_inner_tab == this ||
(first_inner && first_inner->last_inner == this &&
return is_inner_table_of_semi_join_with_first_match() ||
(is_inner_table_of_outer_join() &&
table->reginfo.not_exists_optimize);
}
bool is_last_inner_table()
......
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