MDEV-18379: Unification of check for IPv6

This patch contains the port of the MDEV-18379 patch
for 10.1 branch, but also includes a number of changes
made within MDEV-17835, which are necessary for the
normal operation of tests that use IPv6:

1) Fixed flaws in the galera_3nodes mtr suite control scripts,
because of which they could not work with mariabackup.

2) Fixed numerous bugs in the SST scripts and in the mtr test
files (galera_3nodes mtr suite) that prevented the use of Galera
with IPv6 addresses.

3) Fixed flaws in tests for rsync and mysqldump (for galera_3nodes
mtr tests suite). These tests were not performed successfully
without these fixes.

4) Currently, the three-node mtr suite for Galera (galera_3nodes)
uses a separate IPv6 availability check using the "have_ipv6.inc"
file. This check duplicates a more accurate check at suite.pm
level, which can be used by including the file "check_ipv6.inc".
This patch removes this discrepancy between suites.

5) GAL-501 test in the galera_3nodes suite does not contain the
option "--bind-address=::" which is needed for the test to work
correctly with IPv6 (at least on some systems), since without
it the server will not wait for connections on the IPv6 interface.

https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-18379
and partially https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-17835

MDEV-17803: ulonglongization of table_mapping entry::table_id to fix windows compilation in particular.

The problem was originally stated in
  http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=82212
The size of an base64-encoded Rows_log_event exceeds its
vanilla byte representation in 4/3 times.
When a binlogged event size is about 1GB mysqlbinlog generates
a BINLOG query that can't be send out due to its size.

It is fixed with fragmenting the BINLOG argument C-string into
(approximate) halves when the base64 encoded event is over 1GB size.
The mysqlbinlog in such case puts out

    SET @binlog_fragment_0='base64-encoded-fragment_0';
    SET @binlog_fragment_1='base64-encoded-fragment_1';
    BINLOG @binlog_fragment_0, @binlog_fragment_1;

to represent a big BINLOG.
For prompt memory release BINLOG handler is made to reset the BINLOG argument
user variables in the middle of processing, as if @binlog_fragment_{0,1} = NULL
is assigned.

Notice the 2 fragments are enough, though the client and server still may
need to tweak their @@max_allowed_packet to satisfy to the fragment
size (which they would have to do anyway with greater number of
fragments, should that be desired).

On the lower level the following changes are made:

Log_event::print_base64()
  remains to call encoder and store the encoded data into a cache but
  now *without* doing any formatting. The latter is left for time
  when the cache is copied to an output file (e.g mysqlbinlog output).
  No formatting behavior is also reflected by the change in the meaning
  of the last argument which specifies whether to cache the encoded data.

Rows_log_event::print_helper()
  is made to invoke a specialized fragmented cache-to-file copying function
  which is

copy_cache_to_file_wrapped()
  that takes care of fragmenting also optionally wraps encoded
  strings (fragments) into SQL stanzas.

my_b_copy_to_file()
  is refactored to into my_b_copy_all_to_file(). The former function
  is generalized
  to accepts more a limit argument to constraint the copying and does
  not reinitialize anymore the cache into reading mode.
  The limit does not do any effect on the fully read cache.

           always logged properly with binlog_row_image=MINIMAL

There are two issues fixed in this commit.
The first is an observation of a multi-table UPDATE binlogged
in row-format in binlog_row_image=MINIMAL mode. While the UPDATE aims
at a table with an ON-UPDATE attribute its binlog after-image misses
to record also installed default value.
The reason for that turns out missed marking of default-capable fields
in TABLE::write_set.

This is fixed to mark such fields similarly to 10.2's MDEV-10134 patch (db7edfed)
that introduced it. The marking follows up 93d1e5ce's idea
to exploit TABLE:rpl_write_set introduced there though,
and thus does not mess (in 10.1) with the actual MDEV-10134 agenda.
The patch makes formerly arg-less TABLE::mark_default_fields_for_write()
to accept an argument which would be TABLE:rpl_write_set.

The 2nd issue is extra columns in in binlog_row_image=MINIMAL before-image
while merely a packed primary key is enough. The test main.mysqlbinlog_row_minimal
always had a wrong result recorded.
This is fixed to invoke a function that intended for read_set
possible filtering and which is called (supposed to) in all type of MDL, UPDATE
including; the test results have gotten corrected.

At *merging* from 10.1->10.2 the 1st "main" part of the patch is unnecessary
since the bug is not observed in 10.2, so only hunks from

  sql/sql_class.cc

are required.

MDEV-18195 ASAN use-after-poison in my_strcasecmp_utf8 / Item::eq upon prepared statement with ORDER BY NAME_CONST

ASAN noticed a freed memory access during EXECUTE in this script:
  PREPARE stmt FROM "SELECT 'x' ORDER BY NAME_CONST( 'f', 'foo' )";
  EXECUTE stmt;

In case of a PREPARE statement, all Items, including Item_name_const,
are created on Prepared_statement::main_mem_root.
Item_name_const::fix_fields() did not take this into account
and could allocate the value of Item::name on a wrong memory root,
in this code:

  if (is_autogenerated_name)
  {
    set_name(thd, item_name->c_ptr(), (uint) item_name->length(),
             system_charset_info);
  }

When fix_fields() is called in the reported SQL script, THD's arena already
points to THD::main_mem_root rather than to Prepared_statement::main_mem_root,
so Item::name was allocated on THD::main_mem_root.
Then, at the end of the dispatch_command() for the PREPARE statement,
THD::main_mem_root got cleared. So during EXECUTE, Item::name
pointed to an already freed memory.

This patch changes the code to set the implicit name for Item_name_const
at the constructor time rather than at fix_fields time. This guarantees
that Item_name_const and its Item::name always reside on the same memory root.

Note, this change makes the code for Item_name_const symmetric with other
constant-alike items that set their default implicit names at the constructor
call time rather than at fix_fields() time:
- Item_string
- Item_int
- Item_real
- Item_decimal
- Item_null
- Item_param

pcre needs symbols from pcreposix
(but this is only an issue when linking with system static libraries)

Problem:
========
Server fails to notify the engine by not setting the ADD_PK_INDEX and
DROP_PK_INDEX When there is a
 i) Change in candidate for primary key.
 ii) New candidate for primary key.

Fix:
====
Server sets the ADD_PK_INDEX and DROP_PK_INDEX while doing alter for the
above problematic case.

10.1 part: SHOW CREATE USER didn't show the password, if plugin was set,
but authentication_string was not

remove tests that rely on specific execution order

remove tests that rely on specific execution order

MDEV-17421: mtr does not restart the server whose parameters were changed

           32 bit int

Row-based slave applier could not parse correctly the table id when
the value exceeded the max of 32 bit unsigned int.
The reason turns out in that the being parsed value placeholder
was sized as 4 bytes.

The type is fixed to ulonglong.

Additionally the patch works around Rows_log_event::m_table_id 4 bytes
size on 32 bits platforms. In case of last_table_id value overflows
the 4 byte max, there won't be the zero value for m_table_id generated
and the first wrapped-around value is one, this is thanks to excluding
UINT_MAX32 + 1 from TABLE_SHARE::table_map_id.

dict_sys_get_size(): Replace the time-consuming loop with
a crude estimate that can be computed without holding any mutex.

Even before dict_sys->size was removed in MDEV-13325,
not all memory allocations by the InnoDB data dictionary cache
were being accounted for. One example is foreign key constraints.
Another example is virtual column metadata, starting with 10.2.

on startup innodb is checking whether files "ib_logfileN"
(for N from 1 to 100) exist, and whether they're readable.
A non-existent file aborted the scan.
A directory instead of a file made InnoDB to fail.

Now it treats "directory exists" as "file doesn't exist".

When InnoDB is invoking posix_fallocate() to extend data files, it
was missing a call to fsync() to update the file system metadata.
If file system recovery is needed, the file size could be incorrect.

When the setting innodb_flush_method=O_DIRECT_NO_FSYNC
that was introduced in MariaDB 10.0.11 (and MySQL 5.6) is enabled,
InnoDB would wrongly skip fsync() after extending files.

Furthermore, the merge commit d8b45b0c
inadvertently removed XtraDB error checking for posix_fallocate()
which this fix is restoring.

fil_flush(): Add the parameter bool metadata=false to request that
fil_buffering_disabled() be ignored.

fil_extend_space_to_desired_size(): Invoke fil_flush() with the
extra parameter. After successful posix_fallocate(), invoke
os_file_flush(). Note: The bookkeeping for fil_flush() would not be
updated the posix_fallocate() code path, so the "redundant"
fil_flush() should be a no-op.

increase to 1M

MDEV-17973: Don't overwrite xtrabackup-v2/mariabackup SST logs by def…

In the function QUICK_RANGE_SELECT::init_ror_merged_scan we create a seperate handler if the handler in
head->file cannot be reused. The flag free_file tells us if we have a seperate handler or not.
There are cases where you might create a handler and then there might be a failure(running ALTER)
and then we have to revert the handler back to the original one. The code does that
but it does not reset the flag 'free_file' in this case.
Also backported f2c41807.

row_drop_table_for_mysql(): Fix a regression introduced in MDEV-16515.
Similar to the follow-up fixes MDEV-16647 and MDEV-17470, we must make
the internal tables of FULLTEXT INDEX immune to kills, to avoid noise
and resource leakage on DROP TABLE or ALTER TABLE. (Orphan internal tables
would be dropped at the next InnoDB startup only.)

Problem:
========
MLOG_FILE_WRITE_CRYPT_DATA redo log fails to apply type for
the crypt_data present in the space. While processing the double-write
buffer pages, page fails to decrypt. It leads to warning message.

Fix:
====
Set the type while parsing MLOG_FILE_WRITE_CRYPT_DATA redo log.
If type and length is of invalid type then mark it as corrupted.

Corrects 94d722b6

- There is no need to wait for crypt thread to stop accessing space while
dropping the garbage encrypted tablespace during recover.

Allow table definition cache be bigger than open table cache (due to problem with VIEWs and prepared statements).

Poisoning memory after munmap() and friends is totally incorrect as this memory
could be anything.

os_mem_free_large(): remove memory poisoning

If galera.galera_gtid_slave_sst_rsync is repeated more than once it will fail due incorrect GTID position. After stopping SLAVE node reset also GTID_SLAVE_POS variable.