This can happen if one uses a backup where not all aria_log.* files
are copied or if the last one is too short. In this case the data
files will contain data that is not in the logs and recovery will fail.

Other things:
- Fixed tprint() to not print extra new line to debug trace

- Use local variables table and share to simplify code
- Use sql_command_flags to detect what kind of command was used
- Added CF_DELETES_DATA to simplify detecton of delete commands
- Removed duplicate error in create_table_from_items().

- Any temporary tables created under read-only mode will never be logged
  to binary log.  Any usage of these tables to update normal tables, even
  after read-only has been disabled, will use row base logging (as the
  temporary table will not be on the slave).
- Analyze, check and repair table will not be logged in read-only mode.

Other things:
- Removed not used varaibles in
  MYSQL_BIN_LOG::flush_and_set_pending_rows_event.
- Set table_share->table_creation_was_logged for all normal tables.
- THD::binlog_query() now returns -1 if statement was not logged., This
  is used to update table_share->table_creation_was_logged.
- Don't log admin statements in opt_readonly is set.
- Table's that doesn't have table_creation_was_logged will set binlog format to row
  logging.
- Removed not needed/wrong setting of table->s->table_creation_was_logged
  in create_table_from_items()

The code in convert_charset_partition_constant() did not
take into account that the call for item->safe_charset_converter()
can return NULL when conversion is not safe.

Note, 10.2 was not affected. The test for NULL presents in 10.2,
but it disappeared in 10.3 in a mistake. Restoring the test.

Instead of checking lex->sql_command which does not corect in case of triggers
mark tables for insert.

Reduce the scope of some variables, remove a goto and a redundant
assertion.

For B-tree secondary indexes, this function can remove a delete-marked
purgeable record, in case a row rollback of the INSERT was initiated
due to an error in an earlier secondary index.

The BtrBulk class, which was introduced in MySQL 5.7, is by design
the exclusive writer to an index. It is therefore unnecessary to
acquire the dict_index_t::lock in that code.

Holding the dict_index_t::lock would unnecessarily block other threads
(SQL connections and the InnoDB purge threads) from buffering concurrent
modifications to being-created secondary indexes.

This fix is motivated by a change in MySQL 5.7.28:
Bug #29008298 MYSQLD CRASHES ITSELF WHEN CREATING INDEX
mysql/mysql-server@f9fb96c20f9d190f654e7aa2387255bf80fd6e45

PageBulk::init(), PageBulk::latch(): Never acquire m_index->lock.

PageBulk::storeExt(): Remove some pointer indirection, and improve
a debug assertion that seems to prove that some code is redundant.

BtrBulk::pageCommit(): Assert that m_index->lock is not being held.

btr_blob_log_check_t: Do not acquire m_index->lock if
m_op == BTR_STORE_INSERT_BULK. Add UNIV_UNLIKELY hints around
that condition.

btr_store_big_rec_extern_fields(): Allow index->lock not to be held
while op == BTR_STORE_INSERT_BULK. Add UNIV_UNLIKELY hints around
that condition.

MDEV-18451 Server crashes in maria_create_trn_for_mysql
upon ALTER TABLE

Problem was that when table was locked many times, not all
instances where removed from the transaction by
_ma_remove_table_from_trnman()

Add one more wait to make sure all threads have been started.

Problem was in a combination of LOCK TABLES on several Aria
tables followed by an ALTER TABLE. After the ALTER TABLE there
was a force close + reopen of the alter table. The close failed
because the table was still part of a transaction.

Fixed by calling extra(HA_EXTRA_PREPARE_FOR_FORCED_CLOSE) as
part of closing the table, which ensures that the table is not
anymore part of the current transaction.

MDEV-16210 original case was wrongly allowed versioned DELETE from
referenced table where reference is by non-primary key. InnoDB UPDATE
has optimization for new rows not changing its clustered index
position. In this case InnoDB doesn't update all secondary indexes and
misses the one holding the referenced key. The fix was to disable this
optimization for versioned DELETE. In case of versioned DELETE we
forcely update all secondary indexes and therefore check them for
constraints.

But the above fix raised another problem with versioned DELETE on
foreign table side. In case when there was no corresponding record in
referenced table (illegal foreign reference can be done with "set
foreign_key_checks=off") there was spurious constraint check (because
versioned DELETE is actually UPDATE) and hence the operation failed
with constraint error.

MDEV-16210 tried to fix the above problem by checking foreign table
instead of referenced table and that at least was illegal.

Constraint check is done by row_ins_check_foreign_constraint() no
matter what kind of table is checked, referenced or foreign
(controlled by check_ref argument).

Referenced table is checked by row_upd_check_references_constraints().
Foreign table is checked by row_ins_check_foreign_constraints().

Current fix rolls back the wrong fix for the above problem and
disables referenced table check for DELETE on foreign side by
introducing `check_foreign` argument which when set to *false* skips
row_ins_check_foreign_constraints() call.

Proper C-style type erasure is done via void*, not via char* or something else.

free_key_cache()
free_rpl_filter(): types were fixed to avoid function pointer type cast which
is still undefined behavior.

Note, that casting from void* to any other pointer type is safe and correct.

fil_crypt_rotate_page(): Skip the key rotation for pages that carry 0
in FIL_PAGE_TYPE. This avoids not only unnecessary writes, but also
failures of the recently added debug assertion in
buf_flush_init_for_writing() that the FIL_PAGE_TYPE should be nonzero.

Note: the debug assertion can fail if the file was originally created
before MySQL 5.5. In old InnoDB versions, FIL_PAGE_TYPE was only
initialized for B-tree pages, to FIL_PAGE_INDEX. For any other pages,
the field could be garbage, including FIL_PAGE_INDEX. In MariaDB 10.2
and later, buf_flush_init_for_writing() would initialize the
FIL_PAGE_TYPE on such old pages, but only after passing the debug
assertion that insists that pages have a nonzero FIL_PAGE_TYPE.
Thus, the debug assertion at the start of buf_flush_init_for_writing()
can fail when upgrading from very old debug files. This assertion is
only present in debug builds, not release builds.

Do not merge the InnoDB changes for MDEV-20813.

Old InnoDB/XtraDB versions only initialized FIL_PAGE_TYPE for
B-tree pages (to FIL_PAGE_INDEX), and left it uninitialized
(possibly containing FIL_PAGE_INDEX) for others. In MySQL
or MariaDB 5.5, the field is initialized on almost all pages,
but still not all of them.

In MariaDB 10.2 and later, buf_flush_init_for_writing() would
initialize the FIL_PAGE_TYPE on such old pages, but only after
passing the debug assertion that we are now removing from 10.1.
There, we will be able to modify fil_crypt_rotate_page() so
that it will skip the key rotation for pages that contain 0
in FIL_PAGE_TYPE.

In MariaDB 10.1, there is no logic that would initialize
FIL_PAGE_TYPE on data pages in old data files after an update.
So, encryption key rotation may routinely cause page flushes
on pages that contain 0 in FIL_PAGE_TYPE.

This is a backport of commit ec28f953
to MariaDB Server 10.1.

rec_init_offsets(): Relax the assertion that was added in
commit 01f45bec
to catch ROW_FORMAT=REDUNDANT records that have fewer fields
than expected.

This assertion would fail when accessing the records of the
built-in InnoDB table SYS_INDEXES. The column MERGE_THRESHOLD
had been effectively instantly added in MariaDB Server 10.2
(and MySQL 5.7), but is_instant() does not hold for that index.
Relax the assertion, so that it will not fail in this case.

MDEV-20813 Assertion failure in buf_flush_init_for_writing() for innodb_immediate_scrub_data_uncompressed=ON

The assertion that was added in
commit c0c003be
to augment the fix of MDEV-20805 turns out to be invalid when
innodb_immediate_scrub_data_uncompressed is enabled.
In this mode, fsp_init_file_page() will be invoked on data pages
that have been freed, causing writes of almost-all-zero pages.

btr_page_free(): Adjust the comment.

buf_flush_init_for_writing(): Disable the assertion with a note
that it should be re-enabled in MDEV-15528.

When the mysqld_multi script passes the --defaults-group-suffix
option to mysqld, it must remove the initial substring with the
group name ("mysqld") from option value, because otherwise substring
"mysqld" will be added to the group name and then the group name
will contain the word "mysqld" twice, which is wrong, because
mysqld itself adds the suffix received to the group name.

When the mysqld_multi script passes the --defaults-group-suffix
option to mysqld, it must remove the initial substring with the
group name ("mysqld") from option value, because otherwise substring
"mysqld" will be added to the group name and then the group name
will contain the word "mysqld" twice, which is wrong, because
mysqld itself adds the suffix received to the group name.

When the mysqld_multi script passes the --defaults-group-suffix
option to mysqld, it must remove the initial substring with the
group name ("mysqld") from option value, because otherwise substring
"mysqld" will be added to the group name and then the group name
will contain the word "mysqld" twice, which is wrong, because
mysqld itself adds the suffix received to the group name.

This is another follow-up fix to
commit b393e2cb
which turned out to be still broken.

Replace the C++11 keyword 'constexpr' with #define.

debug_sync_t::str: Remove the zero-length array.
Replace sync->str with reinterpret_cast<char*>(&sync[1]).

During IMPORT TABLESPACE, we do invoke
buf_flush_init_for_writing() with block==NULL and newest_lsn!=0.

Remove unused variables and type mismatch that was introduced
in commit b393e2cb

Also, fix a typo in the documentation of the parameter, and
update the test.

buf_flush_init_for_writing(): Assert that FIL_PAGE_TYPE is set
except when creating a new data file with a dummy first page.

buf_dblwr_create(): Ensure that FIL_PAGE_TYPE on all pages
will be initialized. Reset buf_dblwr_being_created at the end.

In the function recv_parse_or_apply_log_rec_body() there are debug checks
for validating the state of the page when redo log records are being
applied. Most notably, FIL_PAGE_TYPE should be set before anything else
is being written to the page.

ibuf_add_free_page(): Set FIL_PAGE_TYPE before performing any other changes.

Apply the correct pattern for debug instrumentation:

SET @save_dbug=@@debug_dbug;
SET debug_dbug='+d,...';
...
SET debug_dbug=@save_dbug;

Numerous tests use statements of the form

SET debug_dbug='-d,...';

which will inadvertently enable all DBUG tracing output,
causing unnecessary waste of resources.

The test main.index_merge_innodb is taking very much time,
especially on later versions (10.2 and 10.3).

Some of this could be attributed to the use of INSERT...SELECT,
which is time-consumingly creating explicit record locks in InnoDB
for the locking read in the SELECT part.

In 10.3 and later, some slowness can be attributed to MDEV-12288,
which makes the InnoDB purge thread spend time to reset transaction
identifiers in the inserted records. If we prevent purge from
running before all tables are dropped, the test seems to be
10% faster on an unoptimized debug build on 10.5. (A proper fix
would be to implement MDEV-515 and stop writing row-level undo log
records for inserts into an empty table or partition.)

At the same time, it should not hurt to make main.index_merge_myisam
to use the sequence engine. Not only could it be a little faster,
but the test would be slightly more readable.

the bug was already fixed in MDEV-17005, so now only test is added

btr_page_get_split_rec_to_left(): Assert that in the leftmost leaf page,
if the metadata record exists, index->is_instant() must hold.
The assertion of commit 01f45bec
could fail during innobase_instant_try().

btr_page_get_split_rec_to_left(): Assert that in the leftmost leaf page,
the metadata record exists if and only if index->is_instant().

page_validate(): Correct the wording of a message.

rec_init_offsets(): Assert that whenever a record is in "instant ALTER"
format, index->is_instant() must hold.