Field::is_equal(): treat old type and new one without AUTO_INCREMENT as equal

Closes #1208

let mysql_upgrade to work even when innodb_index_stats or
innodb_table_stats are missing.

(mysql_upgrade knows to ignore "unknown table" errors)

row_ins_foreign_fill_virtual(): Construct update->old_vrow
with ROW_COPY_DATA instead of ROW_COPY_POINTERS. With the latter,
the object would be pointing to a buffer pool page frame. That page
frame can become stale and invalid as soon as
row_ins_foreign_check_on_constraint() invokes mtr_t::commit().

Most of the time, the pointer target is not going to be overwritten
by anything, and everything appears to work correctly.
Buffer pool page replacement is highly unlikely, and any pessimistic
operation that would overwrite the old location of the record is only
slightly more likely. It is not known whether there is an actual bug.
This came up while diagnosing MDEV-18879 in MariaDB 10.3.

row_ins_foreign_check_on_constraint(): When constructing
cascade->historical_row for tables WITH SYSTEM VERSIONING,
use the appropriate mode ROW_COPY_DATA, because the pointers
will be stale after mtr_commit() is invoked.

The MDEV-17262 commit 26432e49
was skipped. In Galera 4, the implementation would seem to require
changes to the streaming replication.

In the tests archive.rnd_pos main.profiling, disable_ps_protocol
for SHOW STATUS and SHOW PROFILE commands until MDEV-18974
has been fixed.

Access purge_sys.rseg directly, instead of obscuring it with a parameter.

MariaDB Server 10.0 and 10.1 support non-indexed virtual columns,
which are hidden from the storage engine. Starting with MDEV-5800
in MariaDB 10.2.2, the virtual columns are visible to storage engines.

calc_row_difference(): Follow up the MDEV-17199 fix, which forgot
to increment num_v when skipping virtual columns in tables that
were created before MariaDB 10.2.2. This caused a corruption of
the update vector when an updated persistent column is preceded
by virtual columns.

The macro innobase_is_v_fld() turns out to be equivalent with
the opposite of Field::stored_in_db(). Remove the macro and
invoke the member function directly.

innodb_base_col_setup_for_stored(): Simplify a condition to only
check Field::vcol_info.

innobase_create_index_def(): Replace some redundant code with
DBUG_ASSERT().

MariaDB before MDEV-5800 in version 10.2.2 did not support
indexed virtual columns. Non-persistent virtual columns were
hidden from storage engines. Only starting with MDEV-5800, InnoDB
would create internal metadata on virtual columns.

On TRUNCATE TABLE, an old .frm file from before MDEV-5800 may be
used as the table schema. When the table is being re-created by
InnoDB, the old schema must be used. That is, we may hide
the existence of virtual columns from InnoDB.

create_table_check_doc_id_col(): Remove the assertion that failed.
This function can actually correctly deal with virtual columns
that could have been created before MariaDB 10.2.2 introduced MDEV-5800.

create_table_info_t::create_table_def(): Do not create metadata for
virtual columns if the table definition was created before MariaDB 10.2.2.

This bug was introduced by MDEV-12288, which made InnoDB use
a single undo log for persistent transactions, instead of
maintaining separate insert_undo and update_undo logs.

trx_undo_reuse_cached(): Initialize the TRX_UNDO_PAGE_TYPE
after reusing a cached undo log page for undo log.
Failure to do so can cause trx_undo_mem_create_at_db_start()
to misclassify new undo log records as TRX_UNDO_INSERT.
This in turn would trigger an assertion failure in
trx_roll_pop_top_rec_of_trx() due to undo==insert.

Simplify the debug code, and use mach_read_from_4() instead of
the wrapper function mtr_read_ulint().

Rather than add a small extra amount on the size of chunks, keep it
of the specified size. The rest of the chunk initialization code
adapts to this small size reduction. This has been made in the general
case, not just large pages, to keep it simple.

The chunks size is controlled by innodb-buffer-pool-chunk-size. In the
code increasing this by a descriptor table size length makes it
difficult with large pages. With innodb-buffer-pool-chunk-size set to 2M
the code before this commit would of added a small amount extra to this
value when it tried to allocate this. While not normally a problem it is
with large pages, it now requires addition space, a whole extra large
page. With a number of pools, or with 1G or 16G large pages this is
quite significant.

By removing this additional amount, DBAs can set
innodb-buffer-pool-chunk size to the large page size, or a multiple of
it, and actually get that amount allocated. Previously they had to fudge
a value less.

The innodb.test results show how this is fudged over a number of tests. With
this change the values are just between 488 and 500 depending on architecture
and build options.

Tested with  --large-pages --innodb-buffer-pool-size=256M
--innodb-buffer-pool-chunk-size=2M on x86_64 with 2M default large page
size. Breaking before buf_pool init, one large page was allocated in
MyISAM, by the end of the function 128 huge pages where allocated as
expected. A further 16 pages where allocated for a 32M log buffer and
during startup 1 page was allocated briefly to the redo log.

This is a follow-up task to MDEV-12026, which introduced
innodb_checksum_algorithm=full_crc32 and a simpler page format.
MDEV-12026 did not enable full_crc32 for page_compressed tables,
which we will be doing now.

This is joint work with Thirunarayanan Balathandayuthapani.

For innodb_checksum_algorithm=full_crc32 we change the
page_compressed format as follows:

FIL_PAGE_TYPE: The most significant bit will be set to indicate
page_compressed format. The least significant bits will contain
the compressed page size, rounded up to a multiple of 256 bytes.

The checksum will be stored in the last 4 bytes of the page
(whether it is the full page or a page_compressed page whose
size is determined by FIL_PAGE_TYPE), covering all preceding
bytes of the page. If encryption is used, then the page will
be encrypted between compression and computing the checksum.
For page_compressed, FIL_PAGE_LSN will not be repeated at
the end of the page.

FSP_SPACE_FLAGS (already implemented as part of MDEV-12026):
We will store the innodb_compression_algorithm that may be used
to compress pages. Previously, the choice of algorithm was written
to each compressed data page separately, and one would be unable
to know in advance which compression algorithm(s) are used.

fil_space_t::full_crc32_page_compressed_len(): Determine if the
page_compressed algorithm of the tablespace needs to know the
exact length of the compressed data. If yes, we will reserve and
write an extra byte for this right before the checksum.

buf_page_is_compressed(): Determine if a page uses page_compressed
(in any innodb_checksum_algorithm).

fil_page_decompress(): Pass also fil_space_t::flags so that the
format can be determined.

buf_page_is_zeroes(): Check if a page is full of zero bytes.

buf_page_full_crc32_is_corrupted(): Renamed from
buf_encrypted_full_crc32_page_is_corrupted(). For full_crc32,
we always simply validate the checksum to the page contents,
while the physical page size is explicitly specified by an
unencrypted part of the page header.

buf_page_full_crc32_size(): Determine the size of a full_crc32 page.

buf_dblwr_check_page_lsn(): Make this a debug-only function, because
it involves potentially costly lookups of fil_space_t.

create_table_info_t::check_table_options(),
ha_innobase::check_if_supported_inplace_alter(): Do allow the creation
of SPATIAL INDEX with full_crc32 also when page_compressed is used.

commit_cache_norebuild(): Preserve the compression algorithm when
updating the page_compression_level.

dict_tf_to_fsp_flags(): Set the flags for page compression algorithm.
FIXME: Maybe there should be a table option page_compression_algorithm
and a session variable to back it?

Whenever we are reading the first page of a data file, we may have to
adjust the provisionally created fil_space_t::flags to match what is
actually inside the data files. In this way, we will never accidentally
change the format of a data file.

fil_node_t::read_page0(): After validating the FIL_SPACE_FLAGS,
always assign them to space->flags.

btr_root_adjust_on_import(), Datafile::validate_to_dd(),
fil_space_for_table_exists_in_mem(): Adapt to the fix
in fil_node_t::read_page0().

fsp_flags_try_adjust(): Skip the adjustment if full_crc32 is being
used. This adjustment was introduced in MDEV-11623 for upgrading
from MariaDB 10.1.0 to 10.1.20, which used an accidentally changed
format of FIL_SPACE_FLAGS. MariaDB before 10.4.3 never set the
flag that now indicates the full_crc32 format.

os_file_fsync_posix(): If fsync() returns a fatal error,
do include errno in the error message.

In the future, we might handle fsync() or write or allocation failures
on InnoDB data files a little more gracefully: flag the affected index
or table as corrupted, and deny any subsequent writes to the table.

If a write to the undo log or redo log fails, an alternative to
killing the server could be to deny any writes to InnoDB tables
until the server has been restarted.

In MDEV-10814, a missing argument caused a later optional argument
(bool true) to be treated as a size. The unmap of this memory occurs
during shutdown and resizing innodb buffer pool. As a result the
memory is lost but still allocated until shutdown is completed.

This patch contains a fix for the MDEV-17262/17243 issues and
new mtr test.

These issues (MDEV-17262/17243) have two reasons:

1) After an intermediate commit, a transaction loses its status
of "transaction that registered in the MySQL for 2pc coordinator"
(in the InnoDB) due to the fact that since version 10.2 the
write_row() function (which located in the ha_innodb.cc) does
not call trx_register_for_2pc(m_prebuilt->trx) during the processing
of split transactions. It is necessary to restore this call inside
the write_row() when an intermediate commit was made (for a split
transaction).

Similarly, we need to set the flag of the started transaction
(m_prebuilt->sql_stat_start) after intermediate commit.

The table->file->extra(HA_EXTRA_FAKE_START_STMT) called from the
wsrep_load_data_split() function (which located in sql_load.cc)
will also do this, but it will be too late. As a result, the call
to the wsrep_append_keys() function from the InnoDB engine may be
lost or function may be called with invalid transaction identifier.

2) If a transaction with the LOAD DATA statement is divided into
logical mini-transactions (of the 10K rows) and binlog is rotated,
then in rare cases due to the wsrep handler re-registration at the
boundary of the split, the last portion of data may be lost. Since
splitting of the LOAD DATA into mini-transactions is technical,
I believe that we should not allow these mini-transactions to fall
into separate binlogs. Therefore, it is necessary to prohibit the
rotation of binlog in the middle of processing LOAD DATA statement.

https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-17262 and
https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-17243

MDEV-15418 changed InnoDB to use the READ UNCOMMITTED isolation level
when the transaction recovery is disabled by setting
innodb_force_recovery to 5 or 6. Alas, CHECK TABLE would still
internally use REPEATABLE READ. If the server was started without
purge running into completion (and resetting all DB_TRX_ID thanks
to MDEV-12288), this would cause errors about any DB_TRX_ID that
had not been reset to 0.

MODIFY COLUMN

Do Not create prefix field for long unique key

Use table->record[0] for ha_index_read_map so that vfield gets automatically
be updated.

In the function make_cond_for_table_from_pred a call of ix_fields()
missed checking of the return code. As a result an extracted constant
condition could be not well formed and this caused an assertion failure.

In 1dc78d35a0beb9620bae1f4841cc07389b425707 the arguments
to a deallocate_large(dontdump=true) was passed a wrong value.

To avoid accidential calling large memory function that have
DODUMP/DONTDUMP options and missing arguments, the functions
have been given distinct names.

MDEV-10814 introduce a bug where the size argument to
deallocate_large was passed true, evaluating to 1, as the size.

When this is passed to munmap this resulted in EINVAL and the
page not being released. This only occured the buf_pool_free_instance
when called on shutdown so no impact as the process termination
correctly frees the memory.

Includes:

MDEV-17302 Add support for ALTER USER command in prepared statement

and

MDEV-17673 main.cte_recursive fails in bb-10.4-ps branch in --ps

  Set correct SELECT_LEX linkage for recursive CTEs.
  Do not delegate this job to TABLE_LIST::set_as_with_table,
  because it is only run on prepare, while With_element::move_anchors_ahead
  is run both on prepare and execute (fix by Igor)

note: Inherit String from Sql_alloc,
to get operators new and new[] in sync

in rocksdb gcc was complaining that non-lvalue was cast to const.

Follow-up fix for commit b234f810

* Disable `wsrep_sync_wait` before killing galera node which may be
  non-primary (kill_galera.inc causes lock wait timeouts  due to
  wsrep_sync_wait)

* Remove unnecessary `--sleep 1`

* Replace ```SELECT COUNT(*) = 0 ...``` with
  ```SELECT COUNT(*) `expect 0` ...```

MDEV-18809 Server crash in fields_in_hash_keyinfo or Assertion `key_info->key_part->field->flags & (1<< 30)' failed in setup_keyinfo_hash

Move calling setup_keyinfo_hash until all continue is exhausted.
And also call re_setup_keyinfo_hash for goto err.