### Table of contents

1. What do the different verbosity levels mean?
2. Is rdiff-backup backwards compatible?
3. Does rdiff-backup run under Windows?
4. Does rdiff-backup run under Mac OS X?
5. Can I backup files to a CIFS or smbfs mount?
6. Help! Why do all my filenames now look like ;077y;070ile ?!
7. My backup set contains some files that I just realized I don't want/need backed up. How do I remove them from the backup volume to save space?
8. Does rdiff-backup work under Solaris?
9. How fast is rdiff-backup? Can it be run on large data sets?
10. What do the various fields mean in the session statistics and directory statistics files?
11. Is there some way to limit rdiff-backup's bandwidth usage, as in rsync's --bwlimit option?
12. How much memory should rdiff-backup use? Is there a memory leak?
13. I use NFS and keep getting some error that includes "OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty"
14. For some reason rdiff-backup failed while backing up. Now every time it runs it says "regressing destination" and then fails again. What should I do?
15. Where does rdiff-backup need free space and how much is required? What is the problem if rdiff-backup says "`ValueError: Incorrect length of data produced`"?
16. What does "internal error: job made no progress" mean?
17. Why does rdiff-backup say it's not in my $PATH? It is when I login!
18. What does "`touple index out of range`" mean?
19. What does "`IO Error: CRC check failed`" mean?
20. What does "`AssertionError: Bad index order`" mean?

### Questions and Answers

1. What do the different verbosity levels mean?

   There is no formal specification, but here is a rough description (settings are always cumulative, so 5 displays everything 4 does):

   0 | No information given
   1 | Fatal Errors displayed
   2 | Warnings
   3 | Important messages, and maybe later some global statistics (default)
   4 | Some global settings, miscellaneous messages
   5 | Mentions which files were changed
   6 | More information on each file processed
   7 | More information on various things
   8 | All logging is dated
   9 | Details on which objects are moving across the connection

2. Is rdiff-backup backwards compatible?

   In general, rdiff-backup does not strive to make newer clients compatible with older servers (or vice versa). However, there is no intention to purposefully make different versions incompatible across the network -- changes are introduced primarily to fix bugs or introduce new features that cannot be implemented without breaking the network protocol. Furthermore, rdiff-backup does try to make it possible to read older archives.

   When running as a client, rdiff-backup checks the version of rdiff-backup running on the server, and prints a warning message if the two versions are different. If you have any problems with your backup, it is strongly recommended that you upgrade the older version before reporting any issues.

3. Does rdiff-backup run under Windows?

   Yes, although it is not a heavily tested configuration. Rdiff-backup can be run as a native Windows application or under Cygwin. To run as a native Windows application, simply download the provided .exe binary. To setup remote operation, you will also need an SSH client, such as Putty or SSH Secure Shell. See the Wiki for more details on remote operation under native Windows. Dave Kempe has also made some older .exe versions available for download.

   If you wish to run rdiff-backup under Cygwin, use at least version 1.1.12. The setup under Cygwin is the same as under other Unix-like operating systems. From the Cygwin installer you will need Python 2.2 or higher (under Interpreters), autoconf, automake, binutils, gcc, make, and patchutils (all under Devel). Then you will need to compile and install librsync, which can be downloaded from Sourceforge. Finally, you can compile and install rdiff-backup using the usual instructions.

   Although some Windows filesystems lack features like FIFOs, case sensitive filenames, or files with colons (":") in them, all of these situations should be autodetected and compensated for by rdiff-backup.

   If you would like more detailed instructions for compiling and installing rdiff-backup on Cygwin, you can read this blog entry: http://katastrophos.net/andre/blog/?p=19. Note: The patch that the blog suggests that you download is no longer necessary starting with version 1.1.8 of rdiff-backup.

4. Does rdiff-backup run under Mac OS X?

   Yes, quite a few people seem to be using rdiff-backup under Mac OS X. rdiff-backup can also backup resource forks and other Mac OS X metadata to a traditional unix filesystem, which is can be a handy feature for Mac users. When rdiff-backup is used to do the restore, all of the metadata is recovered from rdiff-backup's storage.

   The easiest option is probably to use Fink http://fink.sourceforge.net/, which can install rdiff-backup automatically for you. With Fink, you should install the `librsync`, `librsync-shlibs`, `python25`, `python25-shlibs`, `xattr-py25`, and `rdiff-backup` packages. Another option is DarwinPorts http://www.macports.org/, for which you should install the `py-xattr` and `rdiff-backup` packages.

   If you want to build rdiff-backup yourself, you should be able to build librsync and rdiff-backup using the standard Unix instructions. You can also see this message from Gerd Knops:

       From: Gerd Knops <gerti@bitart.com>
       Date: Thu, 3 Oct 2002 03:56:47 -0500 (01:56 PDT)

       [parts of original message deleted]
       these instructions build it fine with all tests running OK
       (librsync-0.9.5.1 on OS X 10.2.1):

       	aclocal
       	autoconf
       	automake --foreign --add-missing
       	env CFLAGS=-no-cpp-precomp ./configure
       	make
       	make install

   An important note if you use the Apple-provided version of Python: Apple's version of Python will install rdiff-backup in something like `/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/bin/rdiff-backup` and `rdiff-backup` will not be in your `$PATH`. You can copy rdiff-backup out of this folder and into someplace reasonable like `/usr/bin` or another directory in your `$PATH` to use it. For a full explanation of why this happens see this post to the mailing list: http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/rdiff-backup-users/2007-06/msg00107.html.

5. Can I backup files to a CIFS or smbfs mount?

   You can certainly try! Using a CIFS or smbfs mount as the mirror directory has been troublesome for some users because of the wide variety of Samba configurations. If possible, the best solution is always to use rdiff-backup over SSH in the default configuration. Under both Linux and Mac OS X, smbfs seems to be working quite well. However, it has a 2 GB file limit and is deprecated on Linux. CIFS users sometimes experience one of these common errors:

   - rdiff-backup fails to run, printing an exception about "`assert not upper_a.lstat()`" failing. This can be resolved by unmounting the share, running the following command as root:
     `$ echo 0 > /proc/fs/cifs/LookupCacheEnabled`
     and then remounting the CIFS share.
   - If filenames in the mirror directory have some characters transformed to a '?' instead of remaining the expected Unicode character, you will need to adjust the `iocharset=` mount option. This happens because the server is using a codepage with only partial Unicode support and is not translating characters correctly. See the mount.cifs man page for more information. Using smbfs can also improve this situation since it has both an `iocharset=` and a `codepage=` option. There is also an entry in the Wiki about this.
   - If you have trouble with filenames containing a colon ':', or another reserved Windows character, try using the `mapchars` option to the CIFS mount. At least one user has reported success when using this option while mounting a NAS system via CIFS. See the mount.cifs man page for more information.
   - Other CIFS mount options which may be helpful include `nocase`, `directio`, and `sfu`. Also, try changing the value of `/proc/fs/cifs/LinuxExtensionsEnabled` (requires remount). A user with a DroboShare reported that `-o mapchars,nocase,directio` worked for that NAS appliance.

   If you're still having trouble backing up to a CIFS or smbfs mount, try searching the mailing-list archives and then sending further questions to the list.

6. Help! Why do all my filenames now look like ;077y;070ile ?!

   When backing up from a case-sensitive filesystem to a case-insensitive filesystem (such as Mac's HFS+ or Windows's FAT32 or NTFS), rdiff-backup escapes uppercase characters in filenames to make sure that no files are accidentally overwritten. When a filesystem is case-preserving but case-insensitive, it means that it remembers that a file is named "Foo" but doesn't distinguish between "Foo", "foo", "foO", "fOo", etc. However, filesystems such as Linux's ext3 do treat these names as separate files.

   Imagine you have a Linux directory with two files, "bar" and "BAR", and you copy them to a Mac system. You will wind up with only one file (!) since HFS+ doesn't distinguish between the names, and the second file copied will overwrite the first. Therefore, when rdiff-backup copies files from case-sensitive to case-insensitive filesystems, it escapes the uppercase characters (eg, "M" is replaced with ";077", and "F" with ";070") so that no filename conflicts occur. Upon restore (from the Mac backup server to the Linux system), the filenames are unquoted and you will get "MyFile" back.

7. My backup set contains some files that I just realized I don't want/need backed up. How do I remove them from the backup volume to save space?

   The only official way to remove files from an rdiff-backup repository is by letting them expire using the --remove-older-than option. Deleting increments from the rdiff-backup-data directory will prevent you from recovering those files, but shouldn't prevent the rest of the repository from being restored.

8. Does rdiff-backup work under Solaris?

   There may be a problem with rdiff-backup and Solaris' libthread. Adding "ulimit -n unlimited" may fix the problem though. Here is a post by Kevin Spicer on the subject:

       Subject: RE: Crash report....still not^H^H^H working
       From: "Spicer, Kevin" <kevin.spicer@bmrb.co.uk>
       Date: Sat, 11 May 2002 23:36:42 +0100
       To: rdiff-backup@keywest.Stanford.EDU

       Quick mail to follow up on this..
       My rdiff backup (on Solaris 2.6 if you remember) has now worked
       reliably for nearly two weeks after I added...

           ulimit -n unlimited

       to the start of my cron job and created a wrapper script on the remote
       machine which looked like this...

           ulimit -n unlimited
           rdiff-backup --server
           exit

       And changed the remote schema on the command line of rdiff-backup to
       call the wrapper script rather than rdiff-backup itself on the remote
       machine.  As for the /dev/zero thing I've done a bit of Googleing and
       it seems that /dev/zero is used internally by libthread on Solaris
       (which doesn't really explain why its opening more than 64 files - but
       at least I think I've now got round it).

9. How fast is rdiff-backup? Can it be run on large data sets?

   rdiff-backup can be limited by the CPU, disk IO, or available bandwidth, and the length of a session can be affected by the amount of data, how much the data changed, and how many files are present. That said, in the typical case the number/size of changed files is relatively small compared to that of unchanged files, and rdiff-backup is often either CPU or bandwidth bound, and takes time proportional to the total number of files. Initial mirrorings will usually be bandwidth or disk bound, and will take much longer than subsequent updates.

   To give one arbitrary data point, when I back up my personal HD locally (about 36GB, 530000 files, maybe 500 MB turnover, Athlon 2000, 7200 IDE disks, version 0.12.2) rdiff-backup takes about 15 minutes and is usually CPU bound.

10. What do the various fields mean in the session statistics and directory statistics files?

    Let's examine an example session statistics file:

        StartTime 1028200920.44 (Thu Aug  1 04:22:00 2002)
        EndTime 1028203082.77 (Thu Aug  1 04:58:02 2002)
        ElapsedTime 2162.33 (36 minutes 2.33 seconds)
        SourceFiles 494619
        SourceFileSize 8535991560 (7.95 GB)
        MirrorFiles 493797
        MirrorFileSize 8521756994 (7.94 GB)
        NewFiles 1053
        NewFileSize 23601632 (22.5 MB)
        DeletedFiles 231
        DeletedFileSize 10346238 (9.87 MB)
        ChangedFiles 572
        ChangedSourceSize 86207321 (82.2 MB)
        ChangedMirrorSize 85228149 (81.3 MB)
        IncrementFiles 1857
        IncrementFileSize 13799799 (13.2 MB)
        TotalDestinationSizeChange 28034365 (26.7 MB)
        Errors 0

    StartTime and EndTime are measured in seconds since the epoch. ElapsedTime is just EndTime - StartTime, the length of the rdiff-backup session.

    SourceFiles are the number of files found in the source directory, and SourceFileSize is the total size of those files. MirrorFiles are the number of files found in the mirror directory (not including the rdiff-backup-data directory) and MirrorFileSize is the total size of those files. All sizes are in bytes. If the source directory hasn't changed since the last backup, MirrorFiles == SourceFiles and SourceFileSize == MirrorFileSize.

    NewFiles and NewFileSize are the total number and size of the files found in the source directory but not in the mirror directory. They are new as of the last backup.

    DeletedFiles and DeletedFileSize are the total number and size of the files found in the mirror directory but not the source directory. They have been deleted since the last backup.

    ChangedFiles are the number of files that exist both on the mirror and on the source directories and have changed since the previous backup. ChangedSourceSize is their total size on the source directory, and ChangedMirrorSize is their total size on the mirror directory.

    IncrementFiles is the number of increment files written to the rdiff-backup-data directory, and IncrementFileSize is their total size. Generally one increment file will be written for every new, deleted, and changed file.

    TotalDestinationSizeChange is the number of bytes the destination directory as a whole (mirror portion and rdiff-backup-data directory) has grown during the given rdiff-backup session. This is usually close to IncrementFileSize + NewFileSize - DeletedFileSize + ChangedSourceSize - ChangedMirrorSize, but it also includes the space taken up by the hardlink_data file to record hard links.

11. Is there some way to limit rdiff-backup's bandwidth usage, as in rsync's --bwlimit option?

    There is no internal rdiff-backup option to do this. However, external utilities such as cstream can be used to monitor bandwidth explicitly. trevor@tecnopolis.ca writes:

        rdiff-backup --remote-schema
          'cstream -v 1 -t 10000 | ssh %s '\''rdiff-backup --server'\'' | cstream -t 20000'
          'netbak@foo.bar.com::/mnt/backup' localbakdir

        (must run from a bsh-type shell, not a csh type)

        That would apply a limit in both directions [10000 bytes/sec outgoing,
        20000 bytes/sec incoming].  I don't think you'd ever really want to do
        this though as really you just want to limit it in one direction.
        Also, note how I only -v 1 in one direction.  You probably don't want
        to output stats for both directions as it will confuse whatever script
        you have parsing the output.  I guess it wouldn't hurt for manual runs
        however.

    To only limit bandwidth in one directory, simply remove one of the cstream commands. Two cstream caveats may be worth mentioning:

    1. Because cstream is limiting the uncompressed data heading into or out of ssh, if ssh compression is turned on, cstream may be overly restrictive.
    2. cstream may be "bursty", limiting average bandwidth but allowing rdiff-backup to exceed it for significant periods.

    Another option is to limit bandwidth at a lower (and perhaps more appropriate) level. Adam Lazur mentions The Wonder Shaper.

12. How much memory should rdiff-backup use? Is there a memory leak?

    The amount of memory rdiff-backup uses should not depend much on the size of directories being processed. Keeping track of hard links may use up memory, so if you have, say, hundreds of thousands of files hard linked together, rdiff-backup may need tens of MB.

    If rdiff-backup seems to be leaking memory, it is probably because it is using an early version of librsync. librsync 0.9.5 leaks lots of memory. Later versions should not leak and are available from the librsync homepage.

13. I use NFS and keep getting some error that includes "OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty"

    Several users have reported seeing errors that contain lines like this:

        File "/usr/lib/python2.2/site-packages/rdiff_backup/rpath.py",
            line 661, in rmdir
        OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty:
            '/nfs/backup/redfish/win/Program Files/Common Files/GMT/Banners/11132'
        Exception exceptions.TypeError: "'NoneType' object is not callable"
             in <bound method GzipFile.__del__ of

    All of these users were backing up onto NFS (Network File System). I think this is probably a bug in NFS, although tell me if you know how to make rdiff-backup more NFS-friendly. To avoid this problem, run rdiff-backup locally on both ends instead of over NFS. This should be faster anyway.

14. For some reason rdiff-backup failed while backing up. Now every time it runs it says "regressing destination" and then fails again. What should I do?

    Firstly, this shouldn't happen. If it does, it indicates a corrupted destination directory, a bug in rdiff-backup, or some other serious recurring problem.

    However, here is a workaround that you might want to use, even though it probably won't solve the underlying problem: In the destination's rdiff-backup-data directory, there should be two "current_mirror" files, for instance:

        current_mirror.2003-09-07T16:43:00-07:00.data
        current_mirror.2003-09-08T04:22:01-07:00.data

    Delete the one with the earlier date. Also move the mirror_metadata file with the later date out of the way, because it probably didn't get written correctly because that session was aborted:

        mv mirror_metadata.2003-09-08T04:22:01-07:00.snapshot.gz aborted-metadata.2003-09-08T04:22:01-07:00.snapshot.gz

    The next time rdiff-backup runs it won't try regressing the destination. Metadata will be read from the file system, which may result in some extra files being backed up, but there shouldn't be any data loss.

15. Where does rdiff-backup need free space and how much is required? What is the problem when rdiff-backup says "`ValueError: Incorrect length of data produced`"?

    When backing up, rdiff-backup needs free space in the mirror directory. The amount of free space required is usually a bit more than the size of the file getting backed up, but can be as much as twice the size of the current file. For instance, suppose you ran `rdiff-backup foo bar` and the largest file, `foo/largefile`, was 1GB. Then rdiff-backup would need 1+GB of free space in the `bar` directory.

    When restoring or regressing, rdiff-backup needs free space in the default temp directory. Under unix systems this is usually the `/tmp` directory. The temp directory that rdiff-backup uses can be set using the `--tempdir` and `--remote-tempdir` options available in versions 1.1.13 and newer. See the entry for `tempfile.tempdir` in the Python tempfile docs for more information on the default temp directory. The amount of free space required can vary, but it usually about the size of the largest file being restored.

    Usually free space errors are intelligible, like `IOError: [Errno 28] No space left on device` or similar. However, due to a gzip quirk they may look like `ValueError: Incorrect length of data produced`.

16. What does "internal error: job made no progress" mean?

    This error happens due to a bug in `librsync` that prevents it from handling files greater than 4 GB in some situations, such as when transferring between a 32-bit host and a 64-bit host. A patch is available from the librsync project page on Sourceforge. The CVS version of librsync also contains the patch. More information is also available in Debian bug report #355178.

17. Why does rdiff-backup say it's not in my $PATH? It is when I login!

    If you get an error like `sh: line1: rdiff-backup: command not found`, but rdiff-backup is in your `$PATH` when you login to the remote host, it is happening because the value of bash's `$PATH` is set differently when you login to an interactive shell than when you run a command remotely via SSH. For more information, read the bash manpage and look at your `.bashrc` and `.bash_profile` files.

    In particular, this can happen if rdiff-backup was installed via Fink on a remote Mac OS X system. `/sw/bin` is magically added to your `$PATH` by the script `/sw/bin/init.sh` when you login with an interative shell. Fink did this behind the scenes when you set it up. Simply add `/sw/bin` to your path manually, or copy rdiff-backup to a directory that is in your `$PATH`.

18. What does "`touple index out of range`" mean?

    If you see the error "`tuple index out of range`" after running a command like:
    `$ rdiff-backup -l /path/to/backup/rdiff-backup-data/`
    then the solution is to simply remove the extra "rdiff-backup-data" from the end of the path. The list increments option, and others like it, take the path to the repository, not the path to the rdiff-backup-data directory. In the above example, you should run again with:
    `$ rdiff-backup -l /path/to/backup`
    If you get this error message for an unrelated reason, try contacting the mailing list.

19. What does "`IO Error: CRC check failed`" mean?

    This error message means that a Cyclic Redudancy Check failed during some operation, most likely while gzip'ing or un-gzip'ing a file. Possible causes of this error include an incomplete gzip operation, and hardware failure. A brute-force way to recover from this error is to remove the rdiff-backup-data directory. However, this will remove all of your past increments. A better approach may be to delete the particular file that is causing the problem. A command like:
    `$ find rdiff-backup-data -type f -name \*.gz -print0 | xargs -0r gzip --test`
    will find the failing file. For more information on this approach, see this mailing list post: http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/rdiff-backup-users/2007-11/msg00008.html.

20. What does "`AssertionError: Bad index order`" mean?

    If rdiff-backup fails with the message "`AssertionError: Bad index order`," it could be because the files in a directory have changed while rdiff-backup is running. Possible ways of dealing with this situation include implementing filesystem snapshots using the volume manager, excluding the offending directory, or suspending the process that is changing the directory. After the text "Bad index order", the error messge will indicate which files have caused the problem.

    If you get this message for an unreleated reason, try contacting the mailing list.