ext4dist

README.md

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ Tools:
 - tools/[execsnoop](tools/execsnoop.py): Trace new processes via exec() syscalls. [Examples](tools/execsnoop_example.txt).
 - tools/[dcsnoop](tools/dcsnoop.py): Trace directory entry cache (dcache) lookups. [Examples](tools/dcsnoop_example.txt).
 - tools/[dcstat](tools/dcstat.py): Directory entry cache (dcache) stats. [Examples](tools/dcstat_example.txt).
+- tools/[ext4dist](tools/ext4dist.py): Summarize ext4 operation latency. [Examples](tools/ext4dist_example.txt).
 - tools/[ext4slower](tools/ext4slower.py): Trace slow ext4 operations. [Examples](tools/ext4slower_example.txt).
 - tools/[filelife](tools/filelife.py): Trace the lifespan of short-lived files. [Examples](tools/filelife_example.txt).
 - tools/[fileslower](tools/fileslower.py): Trace slow synchronous file reads and writes. [Examples](tools/fileslower_example.txt).

man/man8/ext4dist.8

+.TH ext4dist 8  "2016-02-12" "USER COMMANDS"
+.SH NAME
+ext4dist \- Summarize ext4 operation latency. Uses Linux eBPF/bcc.
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B ext4dist [\-h] [\-T] [\-N] [\-d] [interval] [count]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+This tool summarizes time (latency) spent in common ext4 file operations: reads,
+writes, opens, and syncs, and presents it as a power-of-2 histogram. It uses an
+in-kernel eBPF map to store the histogram for efficiency.
+
+Since this works by tracing the ext4_file_operations interface functions, it
+will need updating to match any changes to these functions.
+
+Since this uses BPF, only the root user can use this tool.
+.SH REQUIREMENTS
+CONFIG_BPF and bcc.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+\-h
+Print usage message.
+.TP
+\-T
+Don't include timestamps on interval output.
+.TP
+\-m
+Output in milliseconds.
+.TP
+\-p PID
+Trace this PID only.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.TP
+Trace ext4 operation time, and print a summary on Ctrl-C:
+#
+.B ext4dist
+.TP
+Trace PID 181 only:
+#
+.B ext4dist -p 181
+.TP
+Print 1 second summaries, 10 times:
+#
+.B ext4dist 1 10
+.TP
+1 second summaries, printed in milliseconds
+#
+.B ext4dist \-m 1
+.SH FIELDS
+.TP
+msecs
+Range of milliseconds for this bucket.
+.TP
+usecs
+Range of microseconds for this bucket.
+.TP
+count
+Number of operations in this time range.
+.TP
+distribution
+ASCII representation of the distribution (the count column).
+.SH OVERHEAD
+This adds low-overhead instrumentation to these ext4 operations,
+including reads and writes from the file system cache. Such reads and writes
+can be very frequent (depending on the workload; eg, 1M/sec), at which
+point the overhead of this tool may become noticeable.
+Measure and quantify before use.
+.SH SOURCE
+This is from bcc.
+.IP
+https://github.com/iovisor/bcc
+.PP
+Also look in the bcc distribution for a companion _examples.txt file containing
+example usage, output, and commentary for this tool.
+.SH OS
+Linux
+.SH STABILITY
+Unstable - in development.
+.SH AUTHOR
+Brendan Gregg
+.SH SEE ALSO
+ext4snoop(8)

tools/ext4dist.py

+#!/usr/bin/python
+# @lint-avoid-python-3-compatibility-imports
+#
+# ext4dist  Summarize ext4 operation latency.
+#           For Linux, uses BCC, eBPF.
+#
+# USAGE: ext4dist [-h] [-T] [-m] [-p PID] [interval] [count]
+#
+# Copyright 2016 Netflix, Inc.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
+#
+# 12-Feb-2016   Brendan Gregg   Created this.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+from bcc import BPF
+from time import sleep, strftime
+import argparse
+
+# symbols
+kallsyms = "/proc/kallsyms"
+
+# arguments
+examples = """examples:
+    ./ext4dist            # show operation latency as a histogram
+    ./ext4dist -p 181     # trace PID 181 only
+    ./ext4dist 1 10       # print 1 second summaries, 10 times
+    ./ext4dist -m 5       # 5s summaries, milliseconds
+"""
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+    description="Summarize ext4 operation latency",
+    formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+    epilog=examples)
+parser.add_argument("-T", "--notimestamp", action="store_true",
+    help="don't include timestamp on interval output")
+parser.add_argument("-m", "--milliseconds", action="store_true",
+    help="output in milliseconds")
+parser.add_argument("-p", "--pid",
+    help="trace this PID only")
+parser.add_argument("interval", nargs="?",
+    help="output interval, in seconds")
+parser.add_argument("count", nargs="?", default=99999999,
+    help="number of outputs")
+args = parser.parse_args()
+pid = args.pid
+countdown = int(args.count)
+if args.milliseconds:
+    factor = 1000000
+    label = "msecs"
+else:
+    factor = 1000
+    label = "usecs"
+if args.interval and int(args.interval) == 0:
+    print("ERROR: interval 0. Exiting.")
+    exit()
+debug = 0
+
+# define BPF program
+bpf_text = """
+#include <uapi/linux/ptrace.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+
+#define OP_NAME_LEN 8
+typedef struct dist_key {
+    char op[OP_NAME_LEN];
+    u64 slot;
+} dist_key_t;
+BPF_HASH(start, u32);
+BPF_HISTOGRAM(dist, dist_key_t);
+
+// time operation
+int trace_entry(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    u32 pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid();
+    if (FILTER_PID)
+        return 0;
+    u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
+    start.update(&pid, &ts);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// The current ext4 (Linux 4.5) uses generic_file_read_iter(), instead of it's
+// own function, for reads. So we need to trace that and then filter on ext4,
+// which I do by checking file->f_op.
+int trace_read_entry(struct pt_regs *ctx, struct kiocb *iocb)
+{
+    u32 pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid();
+    if (FILTER_PID)
+        return 0;
+
+    // ext4 filter on file->f_op == ext4_file_operations
+    struct file *fp = iocb->ki_filp;
+    if ((u64)fp->f_op != EXT4_FILE_OPERATIONS)
+        return 0;
+
+    u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
+    start.update(&pid, &ts);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int trace_return(struct pt_regs *ctx, const char *op)
+{
+    u64 *tsp;
+    u32 pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid();
+
+    // fetch timestamp and calculate delta
+    tsp = start.lookup(&pid);
+    if (tsp == 0) {
+        return 0;   // missed start or filtered
+    }
+    u64 delta = (bpf_ktime_get_ns() - *tsp) / FACTOR;
+
+    // store as histogram
+    dist_key_t key = {.slot = bpf_log2l(delta)};
+    __builtin_memcpy(&key.op, op, sizeof(key.op));
+    dist.increment(key);
+
+    start.delete(&pid);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int trace_read_return(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    char *op = "read";
+    return trace_return(ctx, op);
+}
+
+int trace_write_return(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    char *op = "write";
+    return trace_return(ctx, op);
+}
+
+int trace_open_return(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    char *op = "open";
+    return trace_return(ctx, op);
+}
+
+int trace_fsync_return(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    char *op = "fsync";
+    return trace_return(ctx, op);
+}
+"""
+
+# code replacements
+with open(kallsyms) as syms:
+    ops = ''
+    for line in syms:
+        (addr, size, name) = line.rstrip().split(" ", 2)
+        if name == "ext4_file_operations":
+            ops = "0x" + addr
+            break
+    if ops == '':
+        print("ERROR: no ext4_file_operations in /proc/kallsyms. Exiting.")
+        exit()
+    bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('EXT4_FILE_OPERATIONS', ops)
+bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('FACTOR', str(factor))
+if args.pid:
+    bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('FILTER_PID', 'pid != %s' % pid)
+else:
+    bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('FILTER_PID', '0')
+if debug:
+    print(bpf_text)
+
+# load BPF program
+b = BPF(text=bpf_text)
+
+# Common file functions. See earlier comment about generic_file_read_iter().
+b.attach_kprobe(event="generic_file_read_iter", fn_name="trace_read_entry")
+b.attach_kprobe(event="ext4_file_write_iter", fn_name="trace_entry")
+b.attach_kprobe(event="ext4_file_open", fn_name="trace_entry")
+b.attach_kprobe(event="ext4_sync_file", fn_name="trace_entry")
+b.attach_kretprobe(event="generic_file_read_iter", fn_name="trace_read_return")
+b.attach_kretprobe(event="ext4_file_write_iter", fn_name="trace_write_return")
+b.attach_kretprobe(event="ext4_file_open", fn_name="trace_open_return")
+b.attach_kretprobe(event="ext4_sync_file", fn_name="trace_fsync_return")
+
+print("Tracing ext4 operation latency... Hit Ctrl-C to end.")
+
+# output
+exiting = 0
+dist = b.get_table("dist")
+while (1):
+    try:
+        if args.interval:
+            sleep(int(args.interval))
+        else:
+            sleep(99999999)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        exiting = 1
+
+    print()
+    if args.interval and (not args.notimestamp):
+        print(strftime("%H:%M:%S:"))
+
+    dist.print_log2_hist(label, "operation")
+    dist.clear()
+
+    countdown -= 1
+    if exiting or countdown == 0:
+        exit()

tools/ext4dist_example.txt

+Demonstrations of ext4dist, the Linux eBPF/bcc version.
+
+
+ext4dist traces ext4 reads, writes, opens, and fsyncs, and summarizes their
+latency as a power-of-2 histogram. For example:
+
+# ./ext4dist 
+Tracing ext4 operation latency... Hit Ctrl-C to end.
+^C
+
+operation = 'read'
+     usecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 1210     |****************************************|
+         2 -> 3          : 126      |****                                    |
+         4 -> 7          : 376      |************                            |
+         8 -> 15         : 86       |**                                      |
+        16 -> 31         : 9        |                                        |
+        32 -> 63         : 47       |*                                       |
+        64 -> 127        : 6        |                                        |
+       128 -> 255        : 24       |                                        |
+       256 -> 511        : 137      |****                                    |
+       512 -> 1023       : 66       |**                                      |
+      1024 -> 2047       : 13       |                                        |
+      2048 -> 4095       : 7        |                                        |
+      4096 -> 8191       : 13       |                                        |
+      8192 -> 16383      : 3        |                                        |
+
+operation = 'write'
+     usecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 0        |                                        |
+         2 -> 3          : 0        |                                        |
+         4 -> 7          : 0        |                                        |
+         8 -> 15         : 75       |****************************************|
+        16 -> 31         : 5        |**                                      |
+
+operation = 'open'
+     usecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 1278     |****************************************|
+         2 -> 3          : 40       |*                                       |
+         4 -> 7          : 4        |                                        |
+         8 -> 15         : 1        |                                        |
+        16 -> 31         : 1        |                                        |
+
+This output shows a bi-modal distribution for read latency, with a faster
+mode of less than 7 microseconds, and a slower mode of between 256 and 1023
+microseconds. The count column shows how many events fell into that latency
+range. It's likely that the faster mode was a hit from the in-memory file
+system cache, and the slower mode is a read from a storage device (disk).
+
+This "latency" is measured from when the operation was issued from the VFS
+interface to the file system, to when it completed. This spans everything:
+block device I/O (disk I/O), file system CPU cycles, file system locks, run
+queue latency, etc. This is a better measure of the latency suffered by
+applications reading from the file system than measuring this down at the
+block device interface.
+
+Note that this only traces the common file system operations previously
+listed: other file system operations (eg, inode operations including
+getattr()) are not traced.
+
+
+An optional interval and a count can be provided, as well as -m to show the
+distributions in milliseconds. For example:
+
+# ./ext4dist -m 1 5
+Tracing ext4 operation latency... Hit Ctrl-C to end.
+
+10:19:00:
+
+operation = 'read'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 576      |****************************************|
+         2 -> 3          : 5        |                                        |
+         4 -> 7          : 6        |                                        |
+         8 -> 15         : 13       |                                        |
+        16 -> 31         : 17       |*                                       |
+        32 -> 63         : 5        |                                        |
+        64 -> 127        : 1        |                                        |
+
+operation = 'write'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 20       |****************************************|
+
+operation = 'open'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 346      |****************************************|
+
+10:19:01:
+
+operation = 'read'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 584      |****************************************|
+         2 -> 3          : 10       |                                        |
+         4 -> 7          : 11       |                                        |
+         8 -> 15         : 16       |*                                       |
+        16 -> 31         : 6        |                                        |
+        32 -> 63         : 4        |                                        |
+        64 -> 127        : 2        |                                        |
+       128 -> 255        : 1        |                                        |
+
+operation = 'write'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 20       |****************************************|
+
+operation = 'open'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 336      |****************************************|
+
+10:19:02:
+
+operation = 'read'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 678      |****************************************|
+         2 -> 3          : 7        |                                        |
+         4 -> 7          : 9        |                                        |
+         8 -> 15         : 25       |*                                       |
+        16 -> 31         : 10       |                                        |
+        32 -> 63         : 3        |                                        |
+
+operation = 'write'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 19       |****************************************|
+         2 -> 3          : 1        |**                                      |
+
+operation = 'open'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 390      |****************************************|
+
+10:19:03:
+
+operation = 'read'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 567      |****************************************|
+         2 -> 3          : 7        |                                        |
+         4 -> 7          : 9        |                                        |
+         8 -> 15         : 20       |*                                       |
+        16 -> 31         : 15       |*                                       |
+        32 -> 63         : 5        |                                        |
+        64 -> 127        : 2        |                                        |
+
+operation = 'write'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 20       |****************************************|
+
+operation = 'open'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 417      |****************************************|
+
+10:19:04:
+
+operation = 'read'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 762      |****************************************|
+         2 -> 3          : 9        |                                        |
+         4 -> 7          : 9        |                                        |
+         8 -> 15         : 11       |                                        |
+        16 -> 31         : 20       |*                                       |
+        32 -> 63         : 4        |                                        |
+        64 -> 127        : 1        |                                        |
+
+operation = 'write'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 20       |****************************************|
+
+operation = 'open'
+     msecs               : count     distribution
+         0 -> 1          : 427      |****************************************|
+
+This shows a mixed read/write workload.
+
+
+USAGE message:
+
+# ./ext4dist -h
+usage: ext4dist [-h] [-T] [-m] [-p PID] [interval] [count]
+
+Summarize ext4 operation latency
+
+positional arguments:
+  interval            output interval, in seconds
+  count               number of outputs
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help          show this help message and exit
+  -T, --notimestamp   don't include timestamp on interval output
+  -m, --milliseconds  output in milliseconds
+  -p PID, --pid PID   trace this PID only
+
+examples:
+    ./ext4dist            # show operation latency as a histogram
+    ./ext4dist -p 181     # trace PID 181 only
+    ./ext4dist 1 10       # print 1 second summaries, 10 times
+    ./ext4dist -m 5       # 5s summaries, milliseconds