Avoid incorrect type calls from cython.declare and cython.cast in Shadow.py (GH-3244)

The following code:
```
# cython: infer_types=True
import cython

@cython.cclass
class Foo:
    a: cython.double
    b: cython.double
    c: cython.double

    def __init__(self, a: cython.double, b: cython.double ,c: cython.double):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
        self.c = c

def bar():
    l = []
    l.append(Foo(10, 20, 30))

    v = cython.declare(Foo, l[0])
    r = v.a + v.b
    print( r )

    v2 = cython.cast(Foo, l[0]) #Faster - No __Pyx_TypeTest() call
    r = v2.b + v2.c
    print( r )

bar()
```
works fine when compiled and throws an exception when interpreted: `TypeError: __init__() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'b' and 'c'`

It could be fixed if we change implementations as shown in the patch.
Also, added more tests for the cases I'm trying to fix
NB: Removed execution of `test_declare(None)` to make sure that the new `none_declare()` test works instead. `test_declare(None)` doesn't throw exception in pure mode but does it in the native mode

Replacing `hasattr(t, '__call__')` to `callable(t)` in the master branch broke the implementation and the tests because the construction was used to detect typedefs. To fix that I got rid of this check completely and replaced it to exact checks which also simplified the code

Changed `declare` implementation when initializing arguments are not provided. Now it correctly works with typedefs of the user classes and also directly support arrays:
    ```
    >>> EmptyClassSyn = cython.typedef(EmptyClass)
    >>> cython.declare(EmptyClassSyn) is None
    True
    >>> cython.declare(cython.int[2]) is not None
    True
    ```
Added missed return statement to `index_type` which made the following assigment possible:
    ```
        a = cython.declare(cython.int[2])
        a[0] = 1
    ```

Cython/Shadow.py

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def index_type(base_type, item):
     else:
         # int[8] etc.
         assert int(item) == item  # array size must be a plain integer
-        array(base_type, item)
+        return array(base_type, item)
 
 # END shameless copy
 
@@ -162,12 +162,16 @@ def cmod(a, b):
 
 # Emulated language constructs
 
-def cast(type_, *args, **kwargs):
+def cast(t, *args, **kwargs):
     kwargs.pop('typecheck', None)
     assert not kwargs
-    if callable(type_):
-        if not isinstance(type_, type) or not (args and isinstance(args[0], type_)):
-            return type_(*args)
+   
+    if isinstance(t, typedef):
+        return t(*args)
+    elif isinstance(t, type): #Doesn't work with old-style classes of Python 2.x
+        if len(args) != 1 or not (args[0] is None or isinstance(args[0], t)):
+            return t(*args)
+            
     return args[0]
 
 def sizeof(arg):
@@ -180,14 +184,19 @@ def typeof(arg):
 def address(arg):
     return pointer(type(arg))([arg])
 
-def declare(type=None, value=_Unspecified, **kwds):
-    if type not in (None, object) and hasattr(type, '__call__'):
-        if value is not _Unspecified:
-            return type(value)
-        else:
-            return type()
+def _is_value_type(t):
+    if isinstance(t, typedef):
+        return _is_value_type(t._basetype)
+        
+    return isinstance(t, type) and issubclass(t, (StructType, UnionType, ArrayType))
+
+def declare(t=None, value=_Unspecified, **kwds):
+    if value is not _Unspecified:
+        return cast(t, value)
+    elif _is_value_type(t):
+        return t()
     else:
-        return value
+        return None
 
 class _nogil(object):
     """Support for 'with nogil' statement and @nogil decorator.

tests/run/pure_py.py

@@ -36,10 +36,6 @@ def test_declare(n):
     (100, 100)
     >>> test_declare(100.5)
     (100, 100)
-    >>> test_declare(None) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ...
-    TypeError: ...
     """
     x = cython.declare(cython.int)
     y = cython.declare(cython.int, n)
@@ -422,3 +418,122 @@ class TestUnboundMethod:
     True
     """
     def meth(self): pass
+
+@cython.cclass
+class Foo:
+    a = cython.declare(cython.double)
+    b = cython.declare(cython.double)
+    c = cython.declare(cython.double)
+
+    @cython.locals(a=cython.double, b=cython.double, c=cython.double)
+    def __init__(self, a, b, c):
+        self.a = a
+        self.b = b
+        self.c = c
+
+@cython.cclass
+class EmptyClass(object):
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+def same_type_cast():
+    """
+    >>> same_type_cast()
+    True
+    """
+
+    f = EmptyClass()
+    return f is cython.cast(EmptyClass, f)
+
+def multi_args_init_cast():
+    """
+    >>> multi_args_init_cast()
+    True
+    """
+    f = Foo(10, 20, 30)
+    return cython.cast(Foo, f) is f
+
+def multi_args_init_declare():
+    """
+    >>> multi_args_init_declare() is None
+    True
+    """
+    f = cython.declare(Foo)
+
+    if cython.compiled:
+        f = None
+
+    return f
+
+EmptyClassSyn = cython.typedef(EmptyClass)
+
+def empty_declare():
+    """
+    >>> empty_declare()
+    []
+    """
+
+    r0 = cython.declare(EmptyClass)
+    r1 = cython.declare(EmptyClassSyn)
+    r2 = cython.declare(MyStruct)
+    r3 = cython.declare(MyUnion)
+    r4 = cython.declare(MyStruct2)
+    r5 = cython.declare(cython.int[2])
+
+    if cython.compiled:
+        r0 = None
+        r1 = None
+
+    res = [
+        r0 is None,
+        r1 is None,
+        r2 is not None,
+        r3 is not None,
+        r4 is not None,
+        r5 is not None
+    ]
+
+    r2.is_integral = True
+    assert( r2.is_integral == True )
+
+    r3.x = 12.3
+    assert( r3.x == 12.3 )
+
+    #It generates a correct C code, but raises an exception when interpreted
+    if cython.compiled:
+        r4[0].is_integral = True
+        assert( r4[0].is_integral == True )
+
+    r5[0] = 42
+    assert ( r5[0] == 42 )
+
+    return [i for i, x in enumerate(res) if not x]
+
+def same_declare():
+    """
+    >>> same_declare()
+    True
+    """
+
+    f = EmptyClass()
+    f2 = cython.declare(EmptyClass, f)
+    return f2 is f
+
+def none_cast():
+    """
+    >>> none_cast() is None
+    True
+    """
+
+    f = None
+    return cython.cast(EmptyClass, f)
+
+def none_declare():
+    """
+    >>> none_declare() is None
+    True
+    """
+
+    f = None
+    f2 = cython.declare(Foo, f)
+    return f2