Currently, constants in posets, in addition to being stored in
a DAG, are also stored as SSA values in a slice. This allows to
quickly go through all stored constants, but it's not easy to search
for a specific constant.

Following CLs will benefit from being able to quickly find
a constants by value in the poset, so change the constants
structure to a map. Since we're at it, don't store it as
*ssa.Value: poset always uses dense uint32 indices when
referring a node, so just switch to it.

Using a map also forces us to have a single node per
constant value: this is a good thing in the first place,
so this CL also make sure we never create two nodes for
the same constant value.

Change-Id: I099814578af35f935ebf14bc4767d607021f5f8b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/196781
Run-TryBot: Giovanni Bajo <rasky@develer.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>