It is useful to be able to dig the Go version out of a binary,
even a stripped binary. rsc.io/goversion does this for x86
binaries by disassembling the binary to find runtime/proc.go's
startup-time reference to runtime.buildVersion's address.
That approach is quite fragile: the implementation doesn't
work for non-x86 and must be updated as the generated
code changes.

rsc.io/goversion finds the module version string by looking
for random 16-byte framing around the actual string.
This is less fragile but fairly kludgy and requires scanning
the entire data segment.

cmd/buildid finds the build ID by looking for an ELF note
or else falling back to scanning the beginning of the text
segment for a magic string. This has proved quite reliable
and doesn't require scanning much of the binary.

This CL makes it possible to find the Go and module versions
using a scan more like the build ID scan: a symbol early in
the writable data segment starts with a magic number and
then has pointers to the two string variables.

Setting up for "go version <binary>".

For #31624.

Change-Id: I78ea8c52fe1686b5cc5a829ca5f198104d10ebf0
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/173342
Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>