On amd64, the virtual address space, when interpreted as signed
values, is [-2^47, 2^47). Currently, we only support heap addresses in
the "positive" half of this, [0, 2^47). This suffices for linux/amd64
and windows/amd64, but solaris/amd64 can map user addresses in the
negative part of this range. Specifically, addresses
0xFFFF8000'00000000 to 0xFFFFFD80'00000000 are part of user space.
This leads to "memory allocated by OS not in usable address space"
panic, since we don't map heap arena index space for these addresses.

Fix this by offsetting addresses when computing arena indexes so that
arena entry 0 corresponds to address -2^47 on amd64. We already map
enough arena space for 2^48 heap addresses on 64-bit (because arm64's
virtual address space is [0, 2^48)), so we don't need to grow any
structures to support this.

A different approach would be to simply mask out the top 16 bits.
However, there are two advantages to the offset approach: 1) invalid
heap addresses continue to naturally map to invalid arena indexes so
we don't need extra checks and 2) it perturbs the mapping of addresses
to arena indexes more, which helps check that we don't accidentally
compute incorrect arena indexes somewhere that happen to be right most
of the time.

Several comments and constant names are now somewhat misleading. We'll
fix that in the next CL. This CL is the core change the arena
indexing.

Fixes #23862.

Change-Id: Idb8e299fded04593a286b01a9582da6ddbac2f9a
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/95497
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>