First change of several to update the loader API to reflect the final
consensus version of the loader API as described in Cherry's doc.

This piece:

 - define new loader.Sym type to encapsulate a global symbol
   index (as opposed to just using 'int')

Change-Id: I6f6483e269f80abfc7d373b2856b2c0d61b9ac24
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/200417
Run-TryBot: Than McIntosh <thanm@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeremy Faller <jeremy@golang.org>