net: make WriteTo, WriteToUnix and WriteMsgUnix fail when connectionless-mode UnixConn is already connected

This CL tries to fill the gap between Linux and other Unix-like systems
in the same way UDPConn already did.

Fixes #7677.

LGTM=iant
R=golang-codereviews, iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/83330045

Update #7656

LGTM=rsc
R=rsc, iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/82560043

Use Duff's device for zeroing.  Combine adjacent regions.

Update #7680
Update #7624

LGTM=rsc
R=rsc
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/83200045

Botched during CL 83090046.

TBR=khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/83070046

1. In functions with heap-allocated result variables or with
defer statements, the return sequence requires more than
just a single RET instruction. There is an optimization that
arranges for all returns to jump to a single copy of the return
epilogue in this case. Unfortunately, that optimization is
fundamentally incompatible with PC-based liveness information:
it takes PCs at many different points in the function and makes
them all land at one PC, making the combined liveness information
at that target PC a mess. Disable this optimization, so that each
return site gets its own copy of the 'call deferreturn' and the
copying of result variables back from the heap.
This removes quite a few spurious 'ambiguously live' variables.

2. Let orderexpr allocate temporaries that are passed by address
to a function call and then die on return, so that we can arrange
an appropriate VARKILL.

2a. Do this for ... slices.

2b. Do this for closure structs.

2c. Do this for runtime.concatstring, which is the implementation
of large string additions. Change representation of OADDSTR to
an explicit list in typecheck to avoid reconstructing list in both
walk and order.

3. Let orderexpr allocate the temporary variable copies used for
range loops, so that they can be killed when the loop is over.
Similarly, let it allocate the temporary holding the map iterator.

CL 81940043 reduced the number of ambiguously live temps
in the godoc binary from 860 to 711.

This CL reduces the number to 121. Still more to do, but another
good checkpoint.

Update #7345

LGTM=khr
R=khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/83090046

There's enough jitter in the scheduler on overloaded machines
that 25ms is not enough.

LGTM=dave
R=golang-codereviews, gobot, rsc, dave
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/83300044

REP MOVSQ and REP STOSQ have a really high startup overhead.
Use a Duff's device to do the repetition instead.

benchmark                 old ns/op     new ns/op     delta
BenchmarkClearFat32       7.20          1.60          -77.78%
BenchmarkCopyFat32        6.88          2.38          -65.41%
BenchmarkClearFat64       7.15          3.20          -55.24%
BenchmarkCopyFat64        6.88          3.44          -50.00%
BenchmarkClearFat128      9.53          5.34          -43.97%
BenchmarkCopyFat128       9.27          5.56          -40.02%
BenchmarkClearFat256      13.8          9.53          -30.94%
BenchmarkCopyFat256       13.5          10.3          -23.70%
BenchmarkClearFat512      22.3          18.0          -19.28%
BenchmarkCopyFat512       22.0          19.7          -10.45%
BenchmarkCopyFat1024      36.5          38.4          +5.21%
BenchmarkClearFat1024     35.1          35.0          -0.28%

TODO: use for stack frame zeroing
TODO: REP prefixes are still used for "reverse" copying when src/dst
regions overlap.  Might be worth fixing.

LGTM=rsc
R=golang-codereviews, rsc
CC=golang-codereviews, r
https://golang.org/cl/81370046

The old code was using the PC of the instruction after the CALL.
Variables live during the call but not live when it returns would
not be seen as live during the stack copy, which might lead to
corruption. The correct PC to use is the one just before the
return address. After this CL the lookup matches what mgc0.c does.

The only time this matters is if you have back to back CALL instructions:

        CALL f1 // x live here
        CALL f2 // x no longer live

If a stack copy occurs during the execution of f1, the old code will
use the liveness bitmap intended for the execution of f2 and will not
treat x as live.

The only way this situation can arise and cause a problem in a stack copy
is if x lives on the stack has had its address taken but the compiler knows
enough about the context to know that x is no longer needed once f1
returns. The compiler has never known that much, so using the f2 context
cannot currently cause incorrect execution. For the same reason, it is not
possible to write a test for this today.

CL 83090046 will make the compiler precise enough in some cases
that this distinction will start mattering. The existing stack growth tests
in package runtime will fail if that CL is submitted without this one.

While we're here, print the frame PC in debug mode and update the
bitmap interpretation strings.

LGTM=khr
R=khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/83250043

The new channel and map runtime routines take pointers
to values, typically temporaries. Without help, the compiler
cannot tell when those temporaries stop being needed,
because it isn't sure what happened to the pointer.
Arrange to insert explicit VARKILL instructions for these
temporaries so that the liveness analysis can avoid seeing
them as "ambiguously live".

The change is made in order.c, which was already in charge of
introducing temporaries to preserve the order-of-evaluation
guarantees. Now its job has expanded to include introducing
temporaries as needed by runtime routines, and then also
inserting the VARKILL annotations for all these temporaries,
so that their lifetimes can be shortened.

In order to do its job for the map runtime routines, order.c arranges
that all map lookups or map assignments have the form:

        x = m[k]
        x, y = m[k]
        m[k] = x

where x, y, and k are simple variables (often temporaries).
Likewise, receiving from a channel is now always:

        x = <-c

In order to provide the map guarantee, order.c is responsible for
rewriting x op= y into x = x op y, so that m[k] += z becomes

        t = m[k]
        t2 = t + z
        m[k] = t2

While here, fix a few bugs in order.c's traversal: it was failing to
walk into select and switch case bodies, so order of evaluation
guarantees were not preserved in those situations.
Added tests to test/reorder2.go.

Fixes #7671.

In gc/popt's temporary-merging optimization, allow merging
of temporaries with their address taken as long as the liveness
ranges do not intersect. (There is a good chance of that now
that we have VARKILL annotations to limit the liveness range.)

Explicitly killing temporaries cuts the number of ambiguously
live temporaries that must be zeroed in the godoc binary from
860 to 711, or -17%. There is more work to be done, but this
is a good checkpoint.

Update #7345

LGTM=khr
R=khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81940043

GODEBUG=allocfreetrace=1:

The allocfreetrace=1 mode prints a stack trace for each block
allocated and freed, and also a stack trace for each garbage collection.

It was implemented by reusing the heap profiling support: if allocfreetrace=1
then the heap profile was effectively running at 1 sample per 1 byte allocated
(always sample). The stack being shown at allocation was the stack gathered
for profiling, meaning it was derived only from the program counters and
did not include information about function arguments or frame pointers.
The stack being shown at free was the allocation stack, not the free stack.
If you are generating this log, you can find the allocation stack yourself, but
it can be useful to see exactly the sequence that led to freeing the block:
was it the garbage collector or an explicit free? Now that the garbage collector
runs on an m0 stack, the stack trace for the garbage collector was never interesting.

Fix all these problems:

1. Decouple allocfreetrace=1 from heap profiling.
2. Print the standard goroutine stack traces instead of a custom format.
3. Print the stack trace at time of allocation for an allocation,
   and print the stack trace at time of free (not the allocation trace again)
   for a free.
4. Print all goroutine stacks at garbage collection. Having all the stacks
   means that you can see the exact point at which each goroutine was
   preempted, which is often useful for identifying liveness-related errors.

GODEBUG=gcdead=1:

This mode overwrites dead pointers with a poison value.
Detect the poison value as an invalid pointer during collection,
the same way that small integers are invalid pointers.

LGTM=khr
R=khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81670043

LGTM=bradfitz
R=golang-codereviews, gobot, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81890044

Fixes #7562.

LGTM=nigeltao
R=nigeltao
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81190044

Fixes #7648.

LGTM=r, remyoudompheng
R=golang-codereviews, r, remyoudompheng, jscrockett01
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80560045

People (like me!) will still try to run misc/benchcmp
and wonder where it went. Tell them.

LGTM=bradfitz
R=golang-codereviews, bradfitz, dave
CC=adg, golang-codereviews, r
https://golang.org/cl/82710043

LGTM=iant
R=iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/82140043

e.g., don't delete /dev/null. this fix inspired by gnu libiberty,
unlink-if-ordinary.c.

Fixes #7563

LGTM=iant
R=golang-codereviews, iant, 0intro
CC=golang-codereviews, r
https://golang.org/cl/76810045

Fixes #7153

LGTM=rsc
R=rsc
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/82180043

On DragonFly BSD, we adjust the ephemeral port range because
unlike other BSD systems its default ephemeral port range
doesn't conform to IANA recommendation as described in RFC 6355
and is pretty narrow.

On DragonFly BSD 3.6: default range [1024, 5000], high range [49152, 65535]
On FreeBSD 10: default range [10000, 65535], high range [49152, 65535]
On Linux 3.11: default range [32768, 61000]

Fixes #7541.

LGTM=iant
R=jsing, gobot, iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80610044

SendmsgN is an alternate version Sendmsg that also returns
the number of bytes transferred, instead of just the error.

Update #7645

LGTM=aram, iant
R=iant, aram, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81210043

Fixes #7654

LGTM=rsc
R=rsc, dan.kortschak
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81530043

chanrecv now expects a pointer to the data to be filled in.
mapiterinit expects a pointer to the hash iterator to be filled in.
In both cases, the temporary being pointed at changes from
dead to alive during the call. In order to make sure it is
preserved if a garbage collection happens after that transition
but before the call returns, the temp must be marked as live
during the entire call.

But if it is live during the entire call, it needs to be safe for
the garbage collector to scan at the beginning of the call,
before the new data has been filled in. Therefore, it must be
zeroed by the caller, before the call. Do that.

My previous attempt waited to mark it live until after the
call returned, but that's unsafe (see first paragraph);
undo that change in plive.c.

This makes powser2 pass again reliably.

I looked at every call to temp in the compiler.
The vast majority are followed immediately by an
initialization of temp, so those are fine.
The only ones that needed changing were the ones
where the next operation is to pass the address of
the temp to a function call, and there aren't too many.

Maps are exempted from this because mapaccess
returns a pointer to the data and lets the caller make
the copy.

Fixes many builds.

TBR=khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80700046

This change sets systemSkip on a test where Go and CAPI have different
chain building behaviour. CAPI is correct, but aligning the Go code is
probably too large a change prior to 1.3.

LGTM=bradfitz
R=golang-codereviews, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81620043

LGTM=minux.ma
R=golang-codereviews, minux.ma
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80400043

For now we strictly use IPV6_V6ONLY=1 for IPv6-only communications
and IPV6_V6ONLY=0 for both IPv4 and IPv6 communications. So let the
capability test do the same.

LGTM=iant
R=golang-codereviews, gobot, iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80140044

LGTM=iant
R=iant, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80700044

LGTM=bradfitz
R=golang-codereviews, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81650043

Fixes #7635

LGTM=minux.ma
R=golang-codereviews, minux.ma
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80390043

The root update on 3/11/2014 removed the Verisign root cert that the Go
tests use. This only affects the 'TestSystemVerify' test in
crypto/x509.

Fixes #7523.

LGTM=bradfitz
R=golang-codereviews, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80000044

Name of built-in function is not reserved word in Go, and you can
use it as variable name. "new" is often used as local variable, for
instance.

This patch is to apply font-lock-builtin-face only when built-in
function name is followed by '(', so that it doesn't highlight
non-function variable that happen to have the same name as built-in
function.

LGTM=dominik.honnef
R=golang-codereviews, dominik.honnef, adonovan
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/79260043

cgo represents all 0-sized and unsized types internally as [0]byte. This means that pointers to incomplete types would be interchangable, even if given a name by typedef.

Fixes #7409.

LGTM=iant
R=golang-codereviews, bradfitz, iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/76450043

Go-mode in Emacs 23 does not recognize a backslash followed
by a backquote as end of raw string literal, as it does not
support syntax-propertize-function which Go-mode uses to
remove special meaning from backslashes in ``.

This patch provides a fallback mechanism to do the same thing
using font-lock-syntactic-keywords, which is supported by
Emacs 23.

LGTM=dominik.honnef
R=golang-codereviews, dominik.honnef
CC=adonovan, golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/78730048

This is the same check we use during stack copying.
The check cannot be applied to C stack frames, even
though we do emit pointer bitmaps for the arguments,
because (1) the pointer bitmaps assume all arguments
are always live, not true of outputs during the prologue,
and (2) the pointer bitmaps encode interface values as
pointer pairs, not true of interfaces holding integers.

For the rest of the frames, however, we should hold ourselves
to the rule that a pointer marked live really is initialized.
The interface scanning already implicitly checks this
because it interprets the type word  as a valid type pointer.

This may slow things down a little because of the extra loads.
Or it may speed things up because we don't bother enqueuing
nil pointers anymore. Enough of the rest of the system is slow
right now that we can't measure it meaningfully.
Enable for now, even if it is slow, to shake out bugs in the
liveness bitmaps, and then decide whether to turn it off
for the Go 1.3 release (issue 7650 reminds us to do this).

The new m->traceback field lets us force printing of fp=
values on all goroutine stack traces when we detect a
bad pointer. This makes it easier to understand exactly
where in the frame the bad pointer is, so that we can trace
it back to a specific variable and determine what is wrong.

Update #7650

LGTM=khr
R=khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80860044

1. On entry to a function, only zero the ambiguously live stack variables.
Before, we were zeroing all stack variables containing pointers.
The zeroing is pretty inefficient right now (issue 7624), but there are also
too many stack variables detected as ambiguously live (issue 7345),
and that must be addressed before deciding how to improve the zeroing code.
(Changes in 5g/ggen.c, 6g/ggen.c, 8g/ggen.c, gc/pgen.c)

Fixes #7647.

2. Make the regopt word-based liveness analysis preserve the
whole-variable liveness property expected by the garbage collection
bitmap liveness analysis. That is, if the regopt liveness decides that
one word in a struct needs to be preserved, make sure it preserves
the entire struct. This is particularly important for multiword values
such as strings, slices, and interfaces, in which all the words need
to be present in order to understand the meaning.
(Changes in 5g/reg.c, 6g/reg.c, 8g/reg.c.)

Fixes #7591.

3. Make the regopt word-based liveness analysis treat a variable
as having its address taken - which makes it preserved across
all future calls - whenever n->addrtaken is set, for consistency
with the gc bitmap liveness analysis, even if there is no machine
instruction actually taking the address. In this case n->addrtaken
is incorrect (a nicer way to put it is overconservative), and ideally
there would be no such cases, but they can happen and the two
analyses need to agree.
(Changes in 5g/reg.c, 6g/reg.c, 8g/reg.c; test in bug484.go.)

Fixes crashes found by turning off "zero everything" in step 1.

4. Remove spurious VARDEF annotations. As the comment in
gc/pgen.c explains, the VARDEF must immediately precede
the initialization. It cannot be too early, and it cannot be too late.
In particular, if a function call sits between the VARDEF and the
actual machine instructions doing the initialization, the variable
will be treated as live during that function call even though it is
uninitialized, leading to problems.
(Changes in gc/gen.c; test in live.go.)

Fixes crashes found by turning off "zero everything" in step 1.

5. Do not treat loading the address of a wide value as a signal
that the value must be initialized. Instead depend on the existence
of a VARDEF or the first actual read/write of a word in the value.
If the load is in order to pass the address to a function that does
the actual initialization, treating the load as an implicit VARDEF
causes the same problems as described in step 4.
The alternative is to arrange to zero every such value before
passing it to the real initialization function, but this is a much
easier and more efficient change.
(Changes in gc/plive.c.)

Fixes crashes found by turning off "zero everything" in step 1.

6. Treat wide input parameters with their address taken as
initialized on entry to the function. Otherwise they look
"ambiguously live" and we will try to emit code to zero them.
(Changes in gc/plive.c.)

Fixes crashes found by turning off "zero everything" in step 1.

7. An array of length 0 has no pointers, even if the element type does.
Without this change, the zeroing code complains when asked to
clear a 0-length array.
(Changes in gc/reflect.c.)

LGTM=khr
R=khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80160044

Zeroing the outputs makes sure that during function calls
in those functions we do not let the garbage collector
treat uninitialized values as pointers.

The garbage collector may still see uninitialized values
if a preemption occurs during the function prologue,
before the zeroing has had a chance to run.

This reduces the number of 'bad pointer' messages when
that runtime check is enabled, but it doesn't fix all of them,
so the check is still disabled.

It will also avoid leaks, although I doubt any of these were
particularly serious.

LGTM=iant, khr
R=iant, khr
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80850044

This was added by the one-pass CL (post Go 1.2)
so it can still be removed.

Removing because surely there will be new operations
added later, and we can't change the constant value
once we define it, so "last" is a bad concept to expose.

Nothing uses it.

LGTM=bradfitz
R=golang-codereviews, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81160043

Fixes #6402

LGTM=rsc
R=rsc
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/81340044

This patch includes fixes pointed out in CL 52140043, which was
originally written by john.gosset.

LGTM=minux.ma
R=golang-codereviews, minux.ma
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80320043

The garbage collector will scan these pointers,
so make sure they are initialized.

LGTM=bradfitz, khr
R=khr, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80960047

LGTM=iant, rsc
R=rsc, iant, mtj
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80260044

If you compile a program that has cgo LDFLAGS directives, those are exported to an environment variable to be used by subsequent compiler tool invocations. The linking phase when using the gccgo toolchain did not consider the envvar CGO_LDFLAGS's linking directives resulting in undefined references when using cgo+gccgo.

Fixes #7573

LGTM=iant
R=golang-codereviews, iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/80780043