When the refcount is decreased to 0, the resource reclamation branch is
entered.  Before CPU0 reaches the race point (1), CPU1 may obtain the
spinlock and traverse the rbtree to find 'root', see
nilfs_lookup_root().

Although CPU1 will call refcount_inc() to increase the refcount, it is
obviously too late.  CPU0 will release 'root' directly, CPU1 then
accesses 'root' and triggers UAF.

Use refcount_dec_and_lock() to ensure that both the operations of
decrease refcount to 0 and link deletion are lock protected eliminates
this risk.

	     CPU0                      CPU1
	nilfs_put_root():
		    <-------- (1)
				spin_lock(&nilfs->ns_cptree_lock);
				rb_erase(&root->rb_node, &nilfs->ns_cptree);
				spin_unlock(&nilfs->ns_cptree_lock);

	kfree(root);
		    <-------- use-after-free

  refcount_t: underflow; use-after-free.
  WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 9476 at lib/refcount.c:28 \
  refcount_warn_saturate+0x1cf/0x210 lib/refcount.c:28
  Modules linked in:
  CPU: 2 PID: 9476 Comm: syz-executor.0 Not tainted 5.10.45-rc1+ #3
  Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), ...
  RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x1cf/0x210 lib/refcount.c:28
  ... ...
  Call Trace:
     __refcount_sub_and_test include/linux/refcount.h:283 [inline]
     __refcount_dec_and_test include/linux/refcount.h:315 [inline]
     refcount_dec_and_test include/linux/refcount.h:333 [inline]
     nilfs_put_root+0xc1/0xd0 fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c:795
     nilfs_segctor_destroy fs/nilfs2/segment.c:2749 [inline]
     nilfs_detach_log_writer+0x3fa/0x570 fs/nilfs2/segment.c:2812
     nilfs_put_super+0x2f/0xf0 fs/nilfs2/super.c:467
     generic_shutdown_super+0xcd/0x1f0 fs/super.c:464
     kill_block_super+0x4a/0x90 fs/super.c:1446
     deactivate_locked_super+0x6a/0xb0 fs/super.c:335
     deactivate_super+0x85/0x90 fs/super.c:366
     cleanup_mnt+0x277/0x2e0 fs/namespace.c:1118
     __cleanup_mnt+0x15/0x20 fs/namespace.c:1125
     task_work_run+0x8e/0x110 kernel/task_work.c:151
     tracehook_notify_resume include/linux/tracehook.h:188 [inline]
     exit_to_user_mode_loop kernel/entry/common.c:164 [inline]
     exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x13c/0x170 kernel/entry/common.c:191
     syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x16/0x30 kernel/entry/common.c:266
     do_syscall_64+0x45/0x80 arch/x86/entry/common.c:56
     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9

There is no reproduction program, and the above is only theoretical
analysis.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1629859428-5906-1-git-send-email-konishi.ryusuke@gmail.com
Fixes: ba65ae47 ("nilfs2: add checkpoint tree to nilfs object")
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210723012317.4146-1-thunder.leizhen@huawei.comSigned-off-by: Zhen Lei <thunder.leizhen@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>