mm: multi-gen LRU: optimize multiple memcgs

When multiple memcgs are available, it is possible to use generations as a
frame of reference to make better choices and improve overall performance
under global memory pressure.  This patch adds a basic optimization to
select memcgs that can drop single-use unmapped clean pages first.  Doing
so reduces the chance of going into the aging path or swapping, which can
be costly.

A typical example that benefits from this optimization is a server running
mixed types of workloads, e.g., heavy anon workload in one memcg and heavy
buffered I/O workload in the other.

Though this optimization can be applied to both kswapd and direct reclaim,
it is only added to kswapd to keep the patchset manageable.  Later
improvements may cover the direct reclaim path.

While ensuring certain fairness to all eligible memcgs, proportional scans
of individual memcgs also require proper backoff to avoid overshooting
their aggregate reclaim target by too much.  Otherwise it can cause high
direct reclaim latency.  The conditions for backoff are:

1. At low priorities, for direct reclaim, if aging fairness or direct
   reclaim latency is at risk, i.e., aging one memcg multiple times or
   swapping after the target is met.
2. At high priorities, for global reclaim, if per-zone free pages are
   above respective watermarks.

Server benchmark results:
  Mixed workloads:
    fio (buffered I/O): +[19, 21]%
                IOPS         BW
      patch1-8: 1880k        7343MiB/s
      patch1-9: 2252k        8796MiB/s

    memcached (anon): +[119, 123]%
                Ops/sec      KB/sec
      patch1-8: 862768.65    33514.68
      patch1-9: 1911022.12   74234.54

  Mixed workloads:
    fio (buffered I/O): +[75, 77]%
                IOPS         BW
      5.19-rc1: 1279k        4996MiB/s
      patch1-9: 2252k        8796MiB/s

    memcached (anon): +[13, 15]%
                Ops/sec      KB/sec
      5.19-rc1: 1673524.04   65008.87
      patch1-9: 1911022.12   74234.54

  Configurations:
    (changes since patch 6)

    cat mixed.sh
    modprobe brd rd_nr=2 rd_size=56623104

    swapoff -a
    mkswap /dev/ram0
    swapon /dev/ram0

    mkfs.ext4 /dev/ram1
    mount -t ext4 /dev/ram1 /mnt

    memtier_benchmark -S /var/run/memcached/memcached.sock \
      -P memcache_binary -n allkeys --key-minimum=1 \
      --key-maximum=50000000 --key-pattern=P:P -c 1 -t 36 \
      --ratio 1:0 --pipeline 8 -d 2000

    fio -name=mglru --numjobs=36 --directory=/mnt --size=1408m \
      --buffered=1 --ioengine=io_uring --iodepth=128 \
      --iodepth_batch_submit=32 --iodepth_batch_complete=32 \
      --rw=randread --random_distribution=random --norandommap \
      --time_based --ramp_time=10m --runtime=90m --group_reporting &
    pid=$!

    sleep 200

    memtier_benchmark -S /var/run/memcached/memcached.sock \
      -P memcache_binary -n allkeys --key-minimum=1 \
      --key-maximum=50000000 --key-pattern=R:R -c 1 -t 36 \
      --ratio 0:1 --pipeline 8 --randomize --distinct-client-seed

    kill -INT $pid
    wait

Client benchmark results:
  no change (CONFIG_MEMCG=n)

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220918080010.2920238-10-yuzhao@google.comSigned-off-by: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Acked-by: Brian Geffon <bgeffon@google.com>
Acked-by: Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig) <heftig@archlinux.org>
Acked-by: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@natalenko.name>
Acked-by: Steven Barrett <steven@liquorix.net>
Acked-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Tested-by: Daniel Byrne <djbyrne@mtu.edu>
Tested-by: Donald Carr <d@chaos-reins.com>
Tested-by: Holger Hoffstätte <holger@applied-asynchrony.com>
Tested-by: Konstantin Kharlamov <Hi-Angel@yandex.ru>
Tested-by: Shuang Zhai <szhai2@cs.rochester.edu>
Tested-by: Sofia Trinh <sofia.trinh@edi.works>
Tested-by: Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Michael Larabel <Michael@MichaelLarabel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmscan.c

@@ -131,6 +131,12 @@ struct scan_control {
 	/* Always discard instead of demoting to lower tier memory */
 	unsigned int no_demotion:1;
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_LRU_GEN
+	/* help kswapd make better choices among multiple memcgs */
+	unsigned int memcgs_need_aging:1;
+	unsigned long last_reclaimed;
+#endif
+
 	/* Allocation order */
 	s8 order;
 
@@ -4431,6 +4437,19 @@ static void lru_gen_age_node(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
 
 	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!current_is_kswapd());
 
+	sc->last_reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
+
+	/*
+	 * To reduce the chance of going into the aging path, which can be
+	 * costly, optimistically skip it if the flag below was cleared in the
+	 * eviction path. This improves the overall performance when multiple
+	 * memcgs are available.
+	 */
+	if (!sc->memcgs_need_aging) {
+		sc->memcgs_need_aging = true;
+		return;
+	}
+
 	set_mm_walk(pgdat);
 
 	memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL);
@@ -4842,7 +4861,8 @@ static int isolate_folios(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, int sw
 	return scanned;
 }
 
-static int evict_folios(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, int swappiness)
+static int evict_folios(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, int swappiness,
+			bool *need_swapping)
 {
 	int type;
 	int scanned;
@@ -4905,6 +4925,9 @@ static int evict_folios(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, int swap
 
 	sc->nr_reclaimed += reclaimed;
 
+	if (need_swapping && type == LRU_GEN_ANON)
+		*need_swapping = true;
+
 	return scanned;
 }
 
@@ -4914,9 +4937,8 @@ static int evict_folios(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, int swap
  *    reclaim.
  */
 static unsigned long get_nr_to_scan(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc,
-				    bool can_swap)
+				    bool can_swap, bool *need_aging)
 {
-	bool need_aging;
 	unsigned long nr_to_scan;
 	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
 	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);
@@ -4926,8 +4948,8 @@ static unsigned long get_nr_to_scan(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *
 	    (mem_cgroup_below_low(memcg) && !sc->memcg_low_reclaim))
 		return 0;
 
-	need_aging = should_run_aging(lruvec, max_seq, min_seq, sc, can_swap, &nr_to_scan);
-	if (!need_aging)
+	*need_aging = should_run_aging(lruvec, max_seq, min_seq, sc, can_swap, &nr_to_scan);
+	if (!*need_aging)
 		return nr_to_scan;
 
 	/* skip the aging path at the default priority */
@@ -4944,10 +4966,68 @@ static unsigned long get_nr_to_scan(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *
 	return min_seq[!can_swap] + MIN_NR_GENS <= max_seq ? nr_to_scan : 0;
 }
 
+static bool should_abort_scan(struct lruvec *lruvec, unsigned long seq,
+			      struct scan_control *sc, bool need_swapping)
+{
+	int i;
+	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);
+
+	if (!current_is_kswapd()) {
+		/* age each memcg once to ensure fairness */
+		if (max_seq - seq > 1)
+			return true;
+
+		/* over-swapping can increase allocation latency */
+		if (sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim && need_swapping)
+			return true;
+
+		/* give this thread a chance to exit and free its memory */
+		if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) {
+			sc->nr_reclaimed += MIN_LRU_BATCH;
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		if (cgroup_reclaim(sc))
+			return false;
+	} else if (sc->nr_reclaimed - sc->last_reclaimed < sc->nr_to_reclaim)
+		return false;
+
+	/* keep scanning at low priorities to ensure fairness */
+	if (sc->priority > DEF_PRIORITY - 2)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * A minimum amount of work was done under global memory pressure. For
+	 * kswapd, it may be overshooting. For direct reclaim, the target isn't
+	 * met, and yet the allocation may still succeed, since kswapd may have
+	 * caught up. In either case, it's better to stop now, and restart if
+	 * necessary.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i <= sc->reclaim_idx; i++) {
+		unsigned long wmark;
+		struct zone *zone = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->node_zones + i;
+
+		if (!managed_zone(zone))
+			continue;
+
+		wmark = current_is_kswapd() ? high_wmark_pages(zone) : low_wmark_pages(zone);
+		if (wmark > zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES))
+			return false;
+	}
+
+	sc->nr_reclaimed += MIN_LRU_BATCH;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 static void lru_gen_shrink_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
 {
 	struct blk_plug plug;
+	bool need_aging = false;
+	bool need_swapping = false;
 	unsigned long scanned = 0;
+	unsigned long reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
+	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);
 
 	lru_add_drain();
 
@@ -4967,21 +5047,28 @@ static void lru_gen_shrink_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc
 		else
 			swappiness = 0;
 
-		nr_to_scan = get_nr_to_scan(lruvec, sc, swappiness);
+		nr_to_scan = get_nr_to_scan(lruvec, sc, swappiness, &need_aging);
 		if (!nr_to_scan)
-			break;
+			goto done;
 
-		delta = evict_folios(lruvec, sc, swappiness);
+		delta = evict_folios(lruvec, sc, swappiness, &need_swapping);
 		if (!delta)
-			break;
+			goto done;
 
 		scanned += delta;
 		if (scanned >= nr_to_scan)
 			break;
 
+		if (should_abort_scan(lruvec, max_seq, sc, need_swapping))
+			break;
+
 		cond_resched();
 	}
 
+	/* see the comment in lru_gen_age_node() */
+	if (sc->nr_reclaimed - reclaimed >= MIN_LRU_BATCH && !need_aging)
+		sc->memcgs_need_aging = false;
+done:
 	clear_mm_walk();
 
 	blk_finish_plug(&plug);