Based on 1 normalized pattern(s):

  this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
  it under the terms of the gnu general public license version 2 or
  later as published by the free software foundation

extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier

  GPL-2.0-or-later

has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 9 file(s).
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Steve Winslow <swinslow@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Jilayne Lovejoy <opensource@jilayne.com>
Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net>
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190519154040.848507137@linutronix.deSigned-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Based on 2 normalized pattern(s):

  this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
  it under the terms of the gnu general public license as published by
  the free software foundation either version 2 of the license or at
  your option any later version this program is distributed in the
  hope that it will be useful but without any warranty without even
  the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular
  purpose see the gnu general public license for more details you
  should have received a copy of the gnu general public license along
  with this program if not write to the free software foundation inc
  51 franklin street fifth floor boston ma 02110 1301 usa

  this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
  it under the terms of the gnu general public license as published by
  the free software foundation either version 2 of the license or at
  your option [no]_[pad]_[ctrl] any later version this program is
  distributed in the hope that it will be useful but without any
  warranty without even the implied warranty of merchantability or
  fitness for a particular purpose see the gnu general public license
  for more details you should have received a copy of the gnu general
  public license along with this program if not write to the free
  software foundation inc 51 franklin street fifth floor boston ma
  02110 1301 usa

extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier

  GPL-2.0-or-later

has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 176 file(s).
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Jilayne Lovejoy <opensource@jilayne.com>
Reviewed-by: Steve Winslow <swinslow@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net>
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190519154040.652910950@linutronix.deSigned-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Add SPDX license identifiers to all Make/Kconfig files which:

 - Have no license information of any form

These files fall under the project license, GPL v2 only. The resulting SPDX
license identifier is:

  GPL-2.0-only
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Add SPDX license identifiers to all files which:

 - Have no license information of any form

 - Have MODULE_LICENCE("GPL*") inside which was used in the initial
   scan/conversion to ignore the file

These files fall under the project license, GPL v2 only. The resulting SPDX
license identifier is:

  GPL-2.0-only
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Add SPDX license identifiers to all files which:

 - Have no license information of any form

 - Have EXPORT_.*_SYMBOL_GPL inside which was used in the
   initial scan/conversion to ignore the file

These files fall under the project license, GPL v2 only. The resulting SPDX
license identifier is:

  GPL-2.0-only
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Pull UBIFS fixes from Richard Weinberger:

 - build errors wrt xattrs

 - mismerge which lead to a wrong Kconfig ifdef

 - missing endianness conversion

* tag 'upstream-5.2-rc2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rw/ubifs:
  ubifs: Convert xattr inum to host order
  ubifs: Use correct config name for encryption
  ubifs: Fix build error without CONFIG_UBIFS_FS_XATTR

Merge yet more updates from Andrew Morton:
 "A few final bits:

   - large changes to vmalloc, yielding large performance benefits

   - tweak the console-flush-on-panic code

   - a few fixes"

* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>:
  panic: add an option to replay all the printk message in buffer
  initramfs: don't free a non-existent initrd
  fs/writeback.c: use rcu_barrier() to wait for inflight wb switches going into workqueue when umount
  mm/compaction.c: correct zone boundary handling when isolating pages from a pageblock
  mm/vmap: add DEBUG_AUGMENT_LOWEST_MATCH_CHECK macro
  mm/vmap: add DEBUG_AUGMENT_PROPAGATE_CHECK macro
  mm/vmalloc.c: keep track of free blocks for vmap allocation

Pull more Kbuild updates from Masahiro Yamada:

 - remove unneeded use of cc-option, cc-disable-warning, cc-ldoption

 - exclude tracked files from .gitignore

 - re-enable -Wint-in-bool-context warning

 - refactor samples/Makefile

 - stop building immediately if syncconfig fails

 - do not sprinkle error messages when $(CC) does not exist

 - move arch/alpha/defconfig to the configs subdirectory

 - remove crappy header search path manipulation

 - add comment lines to .config to clarify the end of menu blocks

 - check uniqueness of module names (adding new warnings intentionally)

* tag 'kbuild-v5.2-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild: (24 commits)
  kconfig: use 'else ifneq' for Makefile to improve readability
  kbuild: check uniqueness of module names
  kconfig: Terminate menu blocks with a comment in the generated config
  kbuild: add LICENSES to KBUILD_ALLDIRS
  kbuild: remove 'addtree' and 'flags' magic for header search paths
  treewide: prefix header search paths with $(srctree)/
  media: prefix header search paths with $(srctree)/
  media: remove unneeded header search paths
  alpha: move arch/alpha/defconfig to arch/alpha/configs/defconfig
  kbuild: terminate Kconfig when $(CC) or $(LD) is missing
  kbuild: turn auto.conf.cmd into a mandatory include file
  .gitignore: exclude .get_maintainer.ignore and .gitattributes
  kbuild: add all Clang-specific flags unconditionally
  kbuild: Don't try to add '-fcatch-undefined-behavior' flag
  kbuild: add some extra warning flags unconditionally
  kbuild: add -Wvla flag unconditionally
  arch: remove dangling asm-generic wrappers
  samples: guard sub-directories with CONFIG options
  kbuild: re-enable int-in-bool-context warning
  MAINTAINERS: kbuild: Add pattern for scripts/*vmlinux*
  ...

Pull i2c updates from Wolfram Sang:
 "Some I2C core API additions which are kind of simple but enhance error
  checking for users a lot, especially by returning errno now.

  There are wrappers to still support the old API but it will be removed
  once all users are converted"

* 'i2c/for-next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/wsa/linux:
  i2c: core: add device-managed version of i2c_new_dummy
  i2c: core: improve return value handling of i2c_new_device and i2c_new_dummy

Pull ext4 fixes from Ted Ts'o:
 "Some bug fixes, and an update to the URL's for the final version of
  Unicode 12.1.0"

* tag 'ext4_for_linus_stable' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4:
  ext4: avoid panic during forced reboot due to aborted journal
  ext4: fix block validity checks for journal inodes using indirect blocks
  unicode: update to Unicode 12.1.0 final
  unicode: add missing check for an error return from utf8lookup()
  ext4: fix miscellaneous sparse warnings
  ext4: unsigned int compared against zero
  ext4: fix use-after-free in dx_release()
  ext4: fix data corruption caused by overlapping unaligned and aligned IO
  jbd2: fix potential double free
  ext4: zero out the unused memory region in the extent tree block

Pull cifs fixes from Steve French:
 "Minor cleanup and fixes, one for stable, four rdma (smbdirect)
  related. Also adds SEEK_HOLE support"

* tag '5.2-rc-smb3-fixes' of git://git.samba.org/sfrench/cifs-2.6:
  cifs: add support for SEEK_DATA and SEEK_HOLE
  Fixed https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202935 allow write on the same file
  cifs: Allocate memory for all iovs in smb2_ioctl
  cifs: Don't match port on SMBDirect transport
  cifs:smbd Use the correct DMA direction when sending data
  cifs:smbd When reconnecting to server, call smbd_destroy() after all MIDs have been called
  cifs: use the right include for signal_pending()
  smb3: trivial cleanup to smb2ops.c
  cifs: cleanup smb2ops.c and normalize strings
  smb3: display session id in debug data

Pull perf tooling updates from Ingo Molnar:
 "perf.data:

   - Streaming compression of perf ring buffer into
     PERF_RECORD_COMPRESSED user space records, resulting in ~3-5x
     perf.data file size reduction on variety of tested workloads what
     saves storage space on larger server systems where perf.data size
     can easily reach several tens or even hundreds of GiBs, especially
     when profiling with DWARF-based stacks and tracing of context
     switches.

  perf record:

   - Improve -user-regs/intr-regs suggestions to overcome errors

  perf annotate:

   - Remove hist__account_cycles() from callback, speeding up branch
     processing (perf record -b)

  perf stat:

   - Add a 'percore' event qualifier, e.g.: -e
     cpu/event=0,umask=0x3,percore=1/, that sums up the event counts for
     both hardware threads in a core.

     We can already do this with --per-core, but it's often useful to do
     this together with other metrics that are collected per hardware
     thread.

     I.e. now its possible to do this per-event, and have it mixed with
     other events not aggregated by core.

  arm64:

   - Map Brahma-B53 CPUID to cortex-a53 events.

   - Add Cortex-A57 and Cortex-A72 events.

  csky:

   - Add DWARF register mappings for libdw, allowing --call-graph=dwarf
     to work on the C-SKY arch.

  x86:

   - Add support for recording and printing XMM registers, available,
     for instance, on Icelake.

   - Add uncore_upi (Intel's "Ultra Path Interconnect" events) JSON
     support. UPI replaced the Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) in
     Xeon Skylake-SP.

  Intel PT:

   - Fix instructions sampling rate.

   - Timestamp fixes.

   - Improve exported-sql-viewer GUI, allowing, for instance, to
     copy'n'paste the trees, useful for e-mailing"

* 'perf-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (73 commits)
  perf stat: Support 'percore' event qualifier
  perf stat: Factor out aggregate counts printing
  perf tools: Add a 'percore' event qualifier
  perf docs: Add description for stderr
  perf intel-pt: Fix sample timestamp wrt non-taken branches
  perf intel-pt: Fix improved sample timestamp
  perf intel-pt: Fix instructions sampling rate
  perf regs x86: Add X86 specific arch__intr_reg_mask()
  perf parse-regs: Add generic support for arch__intr/user_reg_mask()
  perf parse-regs: Split parse_regs
  perf vendor events arm64: Add Cortex-A57 and Cortex-A72 events
  perf vendor events arm64: Map Brahma-B53 CPUID to cortex-a53 events
  perf vendor events arm64: Remove [[:xdigit:]] wildcard
  perf jevents: Remove unused variable
  perf test zstd: Fixup verbose mode output
  perf tests: Implement Zstd comp/decomp integration test
  perf inject: Enable COMPRESSED record decompression
  perf report: Implement perf.data record decompression
  perf record: Implement -z,--compression_level[=<n>] option
  perf report: Add stub processing of compressed events for -D
  ...

Pull clocksource updates from Ingo Molnar:
 "Misc clocksource/clockevent driver updates that came in a bit late but
  are ready for v5.2"

* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  misc: atmel_tclib: Do not probe already used TCBs
  clocksource/drivers/timer-atmel-tcb: Convert tc_clksrc_suspend|resume() to static
  clocksource/drivers/tcb_clksrc: Rename the file for consistency
  clocksource/drivers/timer-atmel-pit: Rework Kconfig option
  clocksource/drivers/tcb_clksrc: Move Kconfig option
  ARM: at91: Implement clocksource selection
  clocksource/drivers/tcb_clksrc: Use tcb as sched_clock
  clocksource/drivers/tcb_clksrc: Stop depending on atmel_tclib
  ARM: at91: move SoC specific definitions to SoC folder
  clocksource/drivers/timer-milbeaut: Cleanup common register accesses
  clocksource/drivers/timer-milbeaut: Add shutdown function
  clocksource/drivers/timer-milbeaut: Fix to enable one-shot timer
  clocksource/drivers/tegra: Rework for compensation of suspend time
  clocksource/drivers/sp804: Add COMPILE_TEST to CONFIG_ARM_TIMER_SP804
  clocksource/drivers/sun4i: Add a compatible for suniv
  dt-bindings: timer: Add Allwinner suniv timer

Pull IRQ chip updates from Ingo Molnar:
 "A late irqchips update:

   - New TI INTR/INTA set of drivers

   - Rewrite of the stm32mp1-exti driver as a platform driver

   - Update the IOMMU MSI mapping API to be RT friendly

   - A number of cleanups and other low impact fixes"

* 'irq-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (34 commits)
  iommu/dma-iommu: Remove iommu_dma_map_msi_msg()
  irqchip/gic-v3-mbi: Don't map the MSI page in mbi_compose_m{b, s}i_msg()
  irqchip/ls-scfg-msi: Don't map the MSI page in ls_scfg_msi_compose_msg()
  irqchip/gic-v3-its: Don't map the MSI page in its_irq_compose_msi_msg()
  irqchip/gicv2m: Don't map the MSI page in gicv2m_compose_msi_msg()
  iommu/dma-iommu: Split iommu_dma_map_msi_msg() in two parts
  genirq/msi: Add a new field in msi_desc to store an IOMMU cookie
  arm64: arch_k3: Enable interrupt controller drivers
  irqchip/ti-sci-inta: Add msi domain support
  soc: ti: Add MSI domain bus support for Interrupt Aggregator
  irqchip/ti-sci-inta: Add support for Interrupt Aggregator driver
  dt-bindings: irqchip: Introduce TISCI Interrupt Aggregator bindings
  irqchip/ti-sci-intr: Add support for Interrupt Router driver
  dt-bindings: irqchip: Introduce TISCI Interrupt router bindings
  gpio: thunderx: Use the default parent apis for {request,release}_resources
  genirq: Introduce irq_chip_{request,release}_resource_parent() apis
  firmware: ti_sci: Add helper apis to manage resources
  firmware: ti_sci: Add RM mapping table for am654
  firmware: ti_sci: Add support for IRQ management
  firmware: ti_sci: Add support for RM core ops
  ...

Pull EFI fix from Ingo Molnar:
 "Fix an EFI-fb regression that affects certain x86 systems"

* 'efi-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  fbdev/efifb: Ignore framebuffer memmap entries that lack any memory types

Pull core fixes from Ingo Molnar:
 "This fixes a particularly thorny munmap() bug with MPX, plus fixes a
  host build environment assumption in objtool"

* 'core-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  objtool: Allow AR to be overridden with HOSTAR
  x86/mpx, mm/core: Fix recursive munmap() corruption

Pull ARM SoC late updates from Olof Johansson:
 "This is some material that we picked up into our tree late. Most of it
  are smaller fixes and additions, some defconfig updates due to recent
  development, etc.

  Code-wise the largest portion is a series of PM updates for the at91
  platform, and those have been in linux-next a while through the at91
  tree before we picked them up"

* tag 'armsoc-late' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/soc/soc: (29 commits)
  arm64: dts: sprd: Add clock properties for serial devices
  Opt out of scripts/get_maintainer.pl
  ARM: ixp4xx: Remove duplicated include from common.c
  soc: ixp4xx: qmgr: Fix an NULL vs IS_ERR() check in probe
  arm64: tegra: Disable XUSB support on Jetson TX2
  arm64: tegra: Enable SMMU translation for PCI on Tegra186
  arm64: tegra: Fix insecure SMMU users for Tegra186
  arm64: tegra: Select ARM_GIC_PM
  amba: tegra-ahb: Mark PM functions as __maybe_unused
  ARM: dts: logicpd-som-lv: Fix MMC1 card detect
  ARM: mvebu: drop return from void function
  ARM: mvebu: prefix coprocessor operand with p
  ARM: mvebu: drop unnecessary label
  ARM: mvebu: fix a leaked reference by adding missing of_node_put
  ARM: socfpga_defconfig: enable LTC2497
  ARM: mvebu: kirkwood: remove error message when retrieving mac address
  ARM: at91: sama5: make ov2640 as a module
  ARM: OMAP1: ams-delta: fix early boot crash when LED support is disabled
  ARM: at91: remove HAVE_FB_ATMEL for sama5 SoC as they use DRM
  soc/fsl/qe: Fix an error code in qe_pin_request()
  ...

Pull powerpc fixes from Michael Ellerman:
 "One fix going back to stable, for a bug on 32-bit introduced when we
  added support for THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK.

  A fix for a typo in a recent rework of our hugetlb code that leads to
  crashes on 64-bit when using hugetlbfs with a 4K PAGE_SIZE.

  Two fixes for our recent rework of the address layout on 64-bit hash
  CPUs, both only triggered when userspace tries to access addresses
  outside the user or kernel address ranges.

  Finally a fix for a recently introduced double free in an error path
  in our cacheinfo code.

  Thanks to: Aneesh Kumar K.V, Christophe Leroy, Sachin Sant, Tobin C.
  Harding"

* tag 'powerpc-5.2-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/powerpc/linux:
  powerpc/cacheinfo: Remove double free
  powerpc/mm/hash: Fix get_region_id() for invalid addresses
  powerpc/mm: Drop VM_BUG_ON in get_region_id()
  powerpc/mm: Fix crashes with hugepages & 4K pages
  powerpc/32s: fix flush_hash_pages() on SMP

Pull a few more MIPS updates from Paul Burton:
 "Some SGI IP27 specific PCI rework and a batch of fixes:

   - A build fix for BMIPS5000 configurations with
     CONFIG_HW_PERF_EVENTS=y, which also neatly removes some #ifdefery.

   - A fix to report supported ISAs correctly on older Ingenic SoCs
     which incorrectly indicate MIPSr2 support in their cop0 Config
     register.

   - Some PCI modernization for SGI IP27 systems as part of ongoing work
     to support some other SGI systems.

   - A fix allowing use of appended DTB files with generic kernels.

   - DMA mask fixes for SGI IP22 & Alchemy systems"

* tag 'mips_5.2_2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mips/linux:
  MIPS: Alchemy: add DMA masks for on-chip ethernet
  MIPS: SGI-IP22: provide missing dma_mask/coherent_dma_mask
  generic: fix appended dtb support
  MIPS: SGI-IP27: abstract chipset irq from bridge
  MIPS: SGI-IP27: use generic PCI driver
  MIPS: Fix Ingenic SoCs sometimes reporting wrong ISA
  MIPS: perf: Fix build with CONFIG_CPU_BMIPS5000 enabled

Merge tag 'riscv-for-linus-5.2-mw2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/palmer/riscv-linux

Pull RISC-V updates from Palmer Dabbelt:
 "This contains an assortment of RISC-V related patches that I'd like to
  target for the 5.2 merge window. Most of the patches are cleanups, but
  there are a handful of user-visible changes:

   - The nosmp and nr_cpus command-line arguments are now supported,
     which work like normal.

   - The SBI console no longer installs itself as a preferred console,
     we rely on standard mechanisms (/chosen, command-line, hueristics)
     instead.

   - sfence_remove_sfence_vma{,_asid} now pass their arguments along to
     the SBI call.

   - Modules now support BUG().

   - A missing sfence.vma during boot has been added. This bug only
     manifests during boot.

   - The arch/riscv support for SiFive's L2 cache controller has been
     merged, which should un-block the EDAC framework work.

  I've only tested this on QEMU again, as I didn't have time to get
  things running on the Unleashed. The latest master from this morning
  merges in cleanly and passes the tests as well"

* tag 'riscv-for-linus-5.2-mw2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/palmer/riscv-linux: (31 commits)
  riscv: fix locking violation in page fault handler
  RISC-V: sifive_l2_cache: Add L2 cache controller driver for SiFive SoCs
  RISC-V: Add DT documentation for SiFive L2 Cache Controller
  RISC-V: Avoid using invalid intermediate translations
  riscv: Support BUG() in kernel module
  riscv: Add the support for c.ebreak check in is_valid_bugaddr()
  riscv: support trap-based WARN()
  riscv: fix sbi_remote_sfence_vma{,_asid}.
  riscv: move switch_mm to its own file
  riscv: move flush_icache_{all,mm} to cacheflush.c
  tty: Don't force RISCV SBI console as preferred console
  RISC-V: Access CSRs using CSR numbers
  RISC-V: Add interrupt related SCAUSE defines in asm/csr.h
  RISC-V: Use tabs to align macro values in asm/csr.h
  RISC-V: Fix minor checkpatch issues.
  RISC-V: Support nr_cpus command line option.
  RISC-V: Implement nosmp commandline option.
  RISC-V: Add RISC-V specific arch_match_cpu_phys_id
  riscv: vdso: drop unnecessary cc-ldoption
  riscv: call pm_power_off from machine_halt / machine_power_off
  ...

'ifeq ... else ifneq ... endif' notation is supported by GNU Make 3.81
or later, which is the requirement for building the kernel since
commit 37d69ee3 ("docs: bump minimal GNU Make version to 3.81").

Use it to improve the readability.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>

Currently on panic, kernel will lower the loglevel and print out pending
printk msg only with console_flush_on_panic().

Add an option for users to configure the "panic_print" to replay all
dmesg in buffer, some of which they may have never seen due to the
loglevel setting, which will help panic debugging .

[feng.tang@intel.com: keep the original console_flush_on_panic() inside panic()]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1556199137-14163-1-git-send-email-feng.tang@intel.com
[feng.tang@intel.com: use logbuf lock to protect the console log index]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1556269868-22654-1-git-send-email-feng.tang@intel.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1556095872-36838-1-git-send-email-feng.tang@intel.comSigned-off-by: Feng Tang <feng.tang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Aaro Koskinen <aaro.koskinen@nokia.com>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky.work@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Since commit 54c7a891 ("initramfs: free initrd memory if opening
/initrd.image fails"), the kernel has unconditionally attempted to free
the initrd even if it doesn't exist.

In the non-existent case this causes a boot-time splat if
CONFIG_DEBUG_VIRTUAL is enabled due to a call to virt_to_phys() with a
NULL address.

Instead we should check that the initrd actually exists and only attempt
to free it if it does.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190516143125.48948-1-steven.price@arm.com
Fixes: 54c7a891 ("initramfs: free initrd memory if opening /initrd.image fails")
Signed-off-by: Steven Price <steven.price@arm.com>
Reported-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Tested-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

synchronize_rcu() didn't wait for call_rcu() callbacks, so inode wb
switch may not go to the workqueue after synchronize_rcu().  Thus
previous scheduled switches was not finished even flushing the
workqueue, which will cause a NULL pointer dereferenced followed below.

  VFS: Busy inodes after unmount of vdd. Self-destruct in 5 seconds.  Have a nice day...
  BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000278
    evict+0xb3/0x180
    iput+0x1b0/0x230
    inode_switch_wbs_work_fn+0x3c0/0x6a0
    worker_thread+0x4e/0x490
    ? process_one_work+0x410/0x410
    kthread+0xe6/0x100
    ret_from_fork+0x39/0x50

Replace the synchronize_rcu() call with a rcu_barrier() to wait for all
pending callbacks to finish.  And inc isw_nr_in_flight after call_rcu()
in inode_switch_wbs() to make more sense.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190429024108.54150-1-jiufei.xue@linux.alibaba.comSigned-off-by: Jiufei Xue <jiufei.xue@linux.alibaba.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Suggested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

syzbot reported the following error from a tree with a head commit of
baf76f0c ("slip: make slhc_free() silently accept an error pointer")

  BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request at ffffea0003348000
  #PF error: [normal kernel read fault]
  PGD 12c3f9067 P4D 12c3f9067 PUD 12c3f8067 PMD 0
  Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN
  CPU: 1 PID: 28916 Comm: syz-executor.2 Not tainted 5.1.0-rc6+ #89
  Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011
  RIP: 0010:constant_test_bit arch/x86/include/asm/bitops.h:314 [inline]
  RIP: 0010:PageCompound include/linux/page-flags.h:186 [inline]
  RIP: 0010:isolate_freepages_block+0x1c0/0xd40 mm/compaction.c:579
  Code: 01 d8 ff 4d 85 ed 0f 84 ef 07 00 00 e8 29 00 d8 ff 4c 89 e0 83 85 38 ff
  ff ff 01 48 c1 e8 03 42 80 3c 38 00 0f 85 31 0a 00 00 <4d> 8b 2c 24 31 ff 49
  c1 ed 10 41 83 e5 01 44 89 ee e8 3a 01 d8 ff
  RSP: 0018:ffff88802b31eab8 EFLAGS: 00010246
  RAX: 1ffffd4000669000 RBX: 00000000000cd200 RCX: ffffc9000a235000
  RDX: 000000000001ca5e RSI: ffffffff81988cc7 RDI: 0000000000000001
  RBP: ffff88802b31ebd8 R08: ffff88805af700c0 R09: 0000000000000000
  R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffffea0003348000
  R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffff88802b31f030 R15: dffffc0000000000
  FS:  00007f61648dc700(0000) GS:ffff8880ae900000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
  CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
  CR2: ffffea0003348000 CR3: 0000000037c64000 CR4: 00000000001426e0
  Call Trace:
   fast_isolate_around mm/compaction.c:1243 [inline]
   fast_isolate_freepages mm/compaction.c:1418 [inline]
   isolate_freepages mm/compaction.c:1438 [inline]
   compaction_alloc+0x1aee/0x22e0 mm/compaction.c:1550

There is no reproducer and it is difficult to hit -- 1 crash every few
days.  The issue is very similar to the fix in commit 6b0868c8
("mm/compaction.c: correct zone boundary handling when resetting pageblock
skip hints").  When isolating free pages around a target pageblock, the
boundary handling is off by one and can stray into the next pageblock.
Triggering the syzbot error requires that the end of pageblock is section
or zone aligned, and that the next section is unpopulated.

A more subtle consequence of the bug is that pageblocks were being
improperly used as migration targets which potentially hurts fragmentation
avoidance in the long-term one page at a time.

A debugging patch revealed that it's definitely possible to stray outside
of a pageblock which is not intended.  While syzbot cannot be used to
verify this patch, it was confirmed that the debugging warning no longer
triggers with this patch applied.  It has also been confirmed that the THP
allocation stress tests are not degraded by this patch.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190510182124.GI18914@techsingularity.net
Fixes: e332f741 ("mm, compaction: be selective about what pageblocks to clear skip hints")
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Reported-by: syzbot+d84c80f9fe26a0f7a734@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v5.1+
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This macro adds some debug code to check that vmap allocations are
happened in ascending order.

By default this option is set to 0 and not active.  It requires
recompilation of the kernel to activate it.  Set to 1, compile the
kernel.

[urezki@gmail.com: v4]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190406183508.25273-4-urezki@gmail.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190402162531.10888-4-urezki@gmail.comSigned-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Joel Fernandes <joelaf@google.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Oleksiy Avramchenko <oleksiy.avramchenko@sonymobile.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Garnier <thgarnie@google.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This macro adds some debug code to check that the augment tree is
maintained correctly, meaning that every node contains valid
subtree_max_size value.

By default this option is set to 0 and not active.  It requires
recompilation of the kernel to activate it.  Set to 1, compile the
kernel.

[urezki@gmail.com: v4]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190406183508.25273-3-urezki@gmail.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190402162531.10888-3-urezki@gmail.comSigned-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Joel Fernandes <joelaf@google.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Oleksiy Avramchenko <oleksiy.avramchenko@sonymobile.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Garnier <thgarnie@google.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Patch series "improve vmap allocation", v3.

Objective
---------

Please have a look for the description at:

  https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/10/19/786

but let me also summarize it a bit here as well.

The current implementation has O(N) complexity. Requests with different
permissive parameters can lead to long allocation time. When i say
"long" i mean milliseconds.

Description
-----------

This approach organizes the KVA memory layout into free areas of the
1-ULONG_MAX range, i.e.  an allocation is done over free areas lookups,
instead of finding a hole between two busy blocks.  It allows to have
lower number of objects which represent the free space, therefore to have
less fragmented memory allocator.  Because free blocks are always as large
as possible.

It uses the augment tree where all free areas are sorted in ascending
order of va->va_start address in pair with linked list that provides
O(1) access to prev/next elements.

Since the tree is augment, we also maintain the "subtree_max_size" of VA
that reflects a maximum available free block in its left or right
sub-tree.  Knowing that, we can easily traversal toward the lowest (left
most path) free area.

Allocation: ~O(log(N)) complexity.  It is sequential allocation method
therefore tends to maximize locality.  The search is done until a first
suitable block is large enough to encompass the requested parameters.
Bigger areas are split.

I copy paste here the description of how the area is split, since i
described it in https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/10/19/786

<snip>

A free block can be split by three different ways.  Their names are
FL_FIT_TYPE, LE_FIT_TYPE/RE_FIT_TYPE and NE_FIT_TYPE, i.e.  they
correspond to how requested size and alignment fit to a free block.

FL_FIT_TYPE - in this case a free block is just removed from the free
list/tree because it fully fits.  Comparing with current design there is
an extra work with rb-tree updating.

LE_FIT_TYPE/RE_FIT_TYPE - left/right edges fit.  In this case what we do
is just cutting a free block.  It is as fast as a current design.  Most of
the vmalloc allocations just end up with this case, because the edge is
always aligned to 1.

NE_FIT_TYPE - Is much less common case.  Basically it happens when
requested size and alignment does not fit left nor right edges, i.e.  it
is between them.  In this case during splitting we have to build a
remaining left free area and place it back to the free list/tree.

Comparing with current design there are two extra steps.  First one is we
have to allocate a new vmap_area structure.  Second one we have to insert
that remaining free block to the address sorted list/tree.

In order to optimize a first case there is a cache with free_vmap objects.
Instead of allocating from slab we just take an object from the cache and
reuse it.

Second one is pretty optimized.  Since we know a start point in the tree
we do not do a search from the top.  Instead a traversal begins from a
rb-tree node we split.
<snip>

De-allocation.  ~O(log(N)) complexity.  An area is not inserted straight
away to the tree/list, instead we identify the spot first, checking if it
can be merged around neighbors.  The list provides O(1) access to
prev/next, so it is pretty fast to check it.  Summarizing.  If merged then
large coalesced areas are created, if not the area is just linked making
more fragments.

There is one more thing that i should mention here.  After modification of
VA node, its subtree_max_size is updated if it was/is the biggest area in
its left or right sub-tree.  Apart of that it can also be populated back
to upper levels to fix the tree.  For more details please have a look at
the __augment_tree_propagate_from() function and the description.

Tests and stressing
-------------------

I use the "test_vmalloc.sh" test driver available under
"tools/testing/selftests/vm/" since 5.1-rc1 kernel.  Just trigger "sudo
./test_vmalloc.sh" to find out how to deal with it.

Tested on different platforms including x86_64/i686/ARM64/x86_64_NUMA.
Regarding last one, i do not have any physical access to NUMA system,
therefore i emulated it.  The time of stressing is days.

If you run the test driver in "stress mode", you also need the patch that
is in Andrew's tree but not in Linux 5.1-rc1.  So, please apply it:

http://git.cmpxchg.org/cgit.cgi/linux-mmotm.git/commit/?id=e0cf7749bade6da318e98e934a24d8b62fab512c

After massive testing, i have not identified any problems like memory
leaks, crashes or kernel panics.  I find it stable, but more testing would
be good.

Performance analysis
--------------------

I have used two systems to test.  One is i5-3320M CPU @ 2.60GHz and
another is HiKey960(arm64) board.  i5-3320M runs on 4.20 kernel, whereas
Hikey960 uses 4.15 kernel.  I have both system which could run on 5.1-rc1
as well, but the results have not been ready by time i an writing this.

Currently it consist of 8 tests.  There are three of them which correspond
to different types of splitting(to compare with default).  We have 3
ones(see above).  Another 5 do allocations in different conditions.

a) sudo ./test_vmalloc.sh performance

When the test driver is run in "performance" mode, it runs all available
tests pinned to first online CPU with sequential execution test order.  We
do it in order to get stable and repeatable results.  Take a look at time
difference in "long_busy_list_alloc_test".  It is not surprising because
the worst case is O(N).

# i5-3320M
How many cycles all tests took:
CPU0=646919905370(default) cycles vs CPU0=193290498550(patched) cycles

# See detailed table with results here:
ftp://vps418301.ovh.net/incoming/vmap_test_results_v2/i5-3320M_performance_default.txt
ftp://vps418301.ovh.net/incoming/vmap_test_results_v2/i5-3320M_performance_patched.txt

# Hikey960 8x CPUs
How many cycles all tests took:
CPU0=3478683207 cycles vs CPU0=463767978 cycles

# See detailed table with results here:
ftp://vps418301.ovh.net/incoming/vmap_test_results_v2/HiKey960_performance_default.txt
ftp://vps418301.ovh.net/incoming/vmap_test_results_v2/HiKey960_performance_patched.txt

b) time sudo ./test_vmalloc.sh test_repeat_count=1

With this configuration, all tests are run on all available online CPUs.
Before running each CPU shuffles its tests execution order.  It gives
random allocation behaviour.  So it is rough comparison, but it puts in
the picture for sure.

# i5-3320M
<default>            vs            <patched>
real    101m22.813s                real    0m56.805s
user    0m0.011s                   user    0m0.015s
sys     0m5.076s                   sys     0m0.023s

# See detailed table with results here:
ftp://vps418301.ovh.net/incoming/vmap_test_results_v2/i5-3320M_test_repeat_count_1_default.txt
ftp://vps418301.ovh.net/incoming/vmap_test_results_v2/i5-3320M_test_repeat_count_1_patched.txt

# Hikey960 8x CPUs
<default>            vs            <patched>
real    unknown                    real    4m25.214s
user    unknown                    user    0m0.011s
sys     unknown                    sys     0m0.670s

I did not manage to complete this test on "default Hikey960" kernel
version.  After 24 hours it was still running, therefore i had to cancel
it.  That is why real/user/sys are "unknown".

This patch (of 3):

Currently an allocation of the new vmap area is done over busy list
iteration(complexity O(n)) until a suitable hole is found between two busy
areas.  Therefore each new allocation causes the list being grown.  Due to
over fragmented list and different permissive parameters an allocation can
take a long time.  For example on embedded devices it is milliseconds.

This patch organizes the KVA memory layout into free areas of the
1-ULONG_MAX range.  It uses an augment red-black tree that keeps blocks
sorted by their offsets in pair with linked list keeping the free space in
order of increasing addresses.

Nodes are augmented with the size of the maximum available free block in
its left or right sub-tree.  Thus, that allows to take a decision and
traversal toward the block that will fit and will have the lowest start
address, i.e.  it is sequential allocation.

Allocation: to allocate a new block a search is done over the tree until a
suitable lowest(left most) block is large enough to encompass: the
requested size, alignment and vstart point.  If the block is bigger than
requested size - it is split.

De-allocation: when a busy vmap area is freed it can either be merged or
inserted to the tree.  Red-black tree allows efficiently find a spot
whereas a linked list provides a constant-time access to previous and next
blocks to check if merging can be done.  In case of merging of
de-allocated memory chunk a large coalesced area is created.

Complexity: ~O(log(N))

[urezki@gmail.com: v3]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190402162531.10888-2-urezki@gmail.com
[urezki@gmail.com: v4]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190406183508.25273-2-urezki@gmail.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190321190327.11813-2-urezki@gmail.comSigned-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Garnier <thgarnie@google.com>
Cc: Oleksiy Avramchenko <oleksiy.avramchenko@sonymobile.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Joel Fernandes <joelaf@google.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Merge tag 'perf-core-for-mingo-5.2-20190517' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux into perf/core

Pull perf/core improvements and fixes from Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo:

perf.data:

  Alexey Budankov:

  - Streaming compression of perf ring buffer into PERF_RECORD_COMPRESSED
    user space records, resulting in ~3-5x perf.data file size reduction
    on variety of tested workloads what saves storage space on larger
    server systems where perf.data size can easily reach several tens or
    even hundreds of GiBs, especially when profiling with DWARF-based
    stacks and tracing of context switches.

perf record:

  Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

  - Improve -user-regs/intr-regs suggestions to overcome errors.

perf annotate:

  Jin Yao:

  - Remove hist__account_cycles() from callback, speeding up branch processing
    (perf record -b).

perf stat:

  - Add a 'percore' event qualifier, e.g.: -e cpu/event=0,umask=0x3,percore=1/,
    that sums up the event counts for both hardware threads in a core.

    We can already do this with --per-core, but it's often useful to do
    this together with other metrics that are collected per hardware thread.

    I.e. now its possible to do this per-event, and have it mixed with other
    events not aggregated by core.

core libraries:

  Donald Yandt:

  - Check for errors when doing fgets(/proc/version).

  Jiri Olsa:

  - Speed up report for perf compiled with linbunwind.

tools headers:

  Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

  - Update memcpy_64.S, x86's kvm.h and pt_regs.h.

arm64:

  Florian Fainelli:

  - Map Brahma-B53 CPUID to cortex-a53 events.

  - Add Cortex-A57 and Cortex-A72 events.

csky:

  Mao Han:

  - Add DWARF register mappings for libdw, allowing --call-graph=dwarf to work
    on the C-SKY arch.

x86:

  Andi Kleen/Kan Liang:

  - Add support for recording and printing XMM registers, available, for
    instance, on Icelake.

  Kan Liang:

  - Add uncore_upi (Intel's "Ultra Path Interconnect" events) JSON support.
    UPI replaced the Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) in Xeon Skylake-SP.

Intel PT:

  Adrian Hunter

  . Fix instructions sampling rate.

  . Timestamp fixes.

  . Improve exported-sql-viewer GUI, allowing, for instance, to copy'n'paste
    the trees, useful for e-mailing.

Documentation:

  Thomas Richter:

  - Add description for 'perf --debug stderr=1', which redirects stderr to stdout.

libtraceevent:

  Tzvetomir Stoyanov:

  - Add man pages for the various APIs.
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

In the recent build test of linux-next, Stephen saw a build error
caused by a broken .tmp_versions/*.mod file:

  https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/5/13/991

drivers/net/phy/asix.ko and drivers/net/usb/asix.ko have the same
basename, and there is a race in generating .tmp_versions/asix.mod

Kbuild has not checked this before, and it suddenly shows up with
obscure error messages when this kind of race occurs.

Non-unique module names cause various sort of problems, but it is
not trivial to catch them by eyes.

Hence, this script.

It checks not only real modules, but also built-in modules (i.e.
controlled by tristate CONFIG option, but currently compiled with =y).
Non-unique names for built-in modules also cause problems because
/sys/modules/ would fall over.

For the latest kernel, I tested "make allmodconfig all" (or more
quickly "make allyesconfig modules"), and it detected the following:

warning: same basename if the following are built as modules:
  drivers/regulator/88pm800.ko
  drivers/mfd/88pm800.ko
warning: same basename if the following are built as modules:
  drivers/gpu/drm/bridge/adv7511/adv7511.ko
  drivers/media/i2c/adv7511.ko
warning: same basename if the following are built as modules:
  drivers/net/phy/asix.ko
  drivers/net/usb/asix.ko
warning: same basename if the following are built as modules:
  fs/coda/coda.ko
  drivers/media/platform/coda/coda.ko
warning: same basename if the following are built as modules:
  drivers/net/phy/realtek.ko
  drivers/net/dsa/realtek.ko
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Reviewed-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@intel.com>

Currently menu blocks start with a pretty header but end with nothing in
the generated config. So next config options stick together with the
options from the menu block.

Let's terminate menu blocks in the generated config with a comment and
a newline if needed. Example:

...
CONFIG_BPF_STREAM_PARSER=y
CONFIG_NET_FLOW_LIMIT=y

#
# Network testing
#
CONFIG_NET_PKTGEN=y
CONFIG_NET_DROP_MONITOR=y
# end of Network testing
# end of Networking options

CONFIG_HAMRADIO=y
...
Signed-off-by: Alexander Popov <alex.popov@linux.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>

For *-pkg targets, the LICENSES directory should be included in the
source tarball.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>

The 'addtree' and 'flags' in scripts/Kbuild.include are so compilecated
and ugly.

As I mentioned in [1], Kbuild should stop automatic prefixing of header
search path options.

I fixed up (almost) all Makefiles in the kernel. Now 'addtree' and
'flags' have been removed.

Kbuild still caters to add $(srctree)/$(src) and $(objtree)/$(obj)
to the header search path for O= building, but never touches extra
compiler options from ccflags-y etc.

[1]: https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9632347/Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>

Currently, the Kbuild core manipulates header search paths in a crazy
way [1].

To fix this mess, I want all Makefiles to add explicit $(srctree)/ to
the search paths in the srctree. Some Makefiles are already written in
that way, but not all. The goal of this work is to make the notation
consistent, and finally get rid of the gross hacks.

Having whitespaces after -I does not matter since commit 48f6e3cf
("kbuild: do not drop -I without parameter").

[1]: https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9632347/Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>

Currently, the Kbuild core manipulates header search paths in a crazy
way [1].

To fix this mess, I want all Makefiles to add explicit $(srctree)/ to
the search paths in the srctree. Some Makefiles are already written in
that way, but not all. The goal of this work is to make the notation
consistent, and finally get rid of the gross hacks.

Having whitespaces after -I does not matter since commit 48f6e3cf
("kbuild: do not drop -I without parameter").

[1]: https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9632347/Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Reviewed-by: Sakari Ailus <sakari.ailus@linux.intel.com>

I was able to build without these extra header search paths.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>

As of Linux 5.1, alpha and s390 are the last architectures that
have defconfig in arch/*/ instead of arch/*/configs/.

  $ find arch -name defconfig | sort
  arch/alpha/defconfig
  arch/arm64/configs/defconfig
  arch/csky/configs/defconfig
  arch/nds32/configs/defconfig
  arch/riscv/configs/defconfig
  arch/s390/defconfig

The arch/$(ARCH)/defconfig is the hard-coded default in Kconfig,
and I want to deprecate it after evacuating the remaining defconfig
into the standard location, arch/*/configs/.

Define KBUILD_DEFCONFIG like other architectures, and move defconfig
into the configs/ subdirectory.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Reviewed-by: Paul Walmsley <paul@pwsan.com>

If the compiler specified by $(CC) is not present, the Kconfig stage
sprinkles 'not found' messages, then succeeds.

  $ make CROSS_COMPILE=foo defconfig
  /bin/sh: 1: foogcc: not found
  /bin/sh: 1: foogcc: not found
  *** Default configuration is based on 'x86_64_defconfig'
  ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: 17: ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: foogcc: not found
  ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: 18: ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: foogcc: not found
  ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: 19: ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: foogcc: not found
  ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: 17: ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: foogcc: not found
  ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: 18: ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: foogcc: not found
  ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: 19: ./scripts/gcc-version.sh: foogcc: not found
  ./scripts/clang-version.sh: 11: ./scripts/clang-version.sh: foogcc: not found
  ./scripts/gcc-plugin.sh: 11: ./scripts/gcc-plugin.sh: foogcc: not found
  init/Kconfig:16:warning: 'GCC_VERSION': number is invalid
  #
  # configuration written to .config
  #

Terminate parsing files immediately if $(CC) or $(LD) is not found.
"make *config" will fail more nicely.

  $ make CROSS_COMPILE=foo defconfig
  *** Default configuration is based on 'x86_64_defconfig'
  scripts/Kconfig.include:34: compiler 'foogcc' not found
  make[1]: *** [scripts/kconfig/Makefile;82: defconfig] Error 1
  make: *** [Makefile;557: defconfig] Error 2
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>

syncconfig is responsible for keeping auto.conf up-to-date, so if it
fails for any reason, the build must be terminated immediately.

However, since commit 9390dff6 ("kbuild: invoke syncconfig if
include/config/auto.conf.cmd is missing"), Kbuild continues running
even after syncconfig fails.

You can confirm this by intentionally making syncconfig error out:

  diff --git a/scripts/kconfig/confdata.c b/scripts/kconfig/confdata.c
  index 08ba146..307b9de 100644
  --- a/scripts/kconfig/confdata.c
  +++ b/scripts/kconfig/confdata.c
  @@ -1023,6 +1023,9 @@ int conf_write_autoconf(int overwrite)
          FILE *out, *tristate, *out_h;
          int i;

  +       if (overwrite)
  +               return 1;
  +
          if (!overwrite && is_present(autoconf_name))
                  return 0;

Then, syncconfig fails, but Make would not stop:

  $ make -s mrproper allyesconfig defconfig
  $ make
  scripts/kconfig/conf  --syncconfig Kconfig

  *** Error during sync of the configuration.

  make[2]: *** [scripts/kconfig/Makefile;69: syncconfig] Error 1
  make[1]: *** [Makefile;557: syncconfig] Error 2
  make: *** [include/config/auto.conf.cmd] Deleting file 'include/config/tristate.conf'
  make: Failed to remake makefile 'include/config/auto.conf'.
    SYSTBL  arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_32.h
    SYSHDR  arch/x86/include/generated/asm/unistd_32_ia32.h
    SYSHDR  arch/x86/include/generated/asm/unistd_64_x32.h
    SYSTBL  arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h
  [ continue running ... ]

The reason is in the behavior of a pattern rule with multi-targets.

  %/auto.conf %/auto.conf.cmd %/tristate.conf: $(KCONFIG_CONFIG)
          $(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(srctree)/Makefile syncconfig

GNU Make knows this rule is responsible for making all the three files
simultaneously. As far as examined, auto.conf.cmd is the target in
question when this rule is invoked. It is probably because auto.conf.cmd
is included below the inclusion of auto.conf.

The inclusion of auto.conf is mandatory, while that of auto.conf.cmd
is optional. GNU Make does not care about the failure in the process
of updating optional include files.

I filed this issue (https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?56301) in case this
behavior could be improved somehow in future releases of GNU Make.
Anyway, it is quite easy to fix our Makefile.

Given that auto.conf is already a mandatory include file, there is no
reason to stick auto.conf.cmd optional. Make it mandatory as well.

Cc: linux-stable <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 5.0+
Fixes: 9390dff6 ("kbuild: invoke syncconfig if include/config/auto.conf.cmd is missing")
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>