- 15 Jan, 2016 40 commits
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Vlastimil Babka authored
Following the previous patch, further reduction of /proc/pid/smaps cost is possible for private writable shmem mappings with unpopulated areas where the page walk invokes the .pte_hole function. We can use radix tree iterator for each such area instead of calling find_get_entry() in a loop. This is possible at the extra maintenance cost of introducing another shmem function shmem_partial_swap_usage(). To demonstrate the diference, I have measured this on a process that creates a private writable 2GB mapping of a partially swapped out /dev/shm/file (which cannot employ the optimizations from the prvious patch) and doesn't populate it at all. I time how long does it take to cat /proc/pid/smaps of this process 100 times. Before this patch: real 0m3.831s user 0m0.180s sys 0m3.212s After this patch: real 0m1.176s user 0m0.180s sys 0m0.684s The time is similar to the case where a radix tree iterator is employed on the whole mapping. Signed-off-by:
Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com> Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru> Acked-by:
Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Signed-off-by:
Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by:
Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Vlastimil Babka authored
The previous patch has improved swap accounting for shmem mapping, which however made /proc/pid/smaps more expensive for shmem mappings, as we consult the radix tree for each pte_none entry, so the overal complexity is O(n*log(n)). We can reduce this significantly for mappings that cannot contain COWed pages, because then we can either use the statistics tha shmem object itself tracks (if the mapping contains the whole object, or the swap usage of the whole object is zero), or use the radix tree iterator, which is much more effective than repeated find_get_entry() calls. This patch therefore introduces a function shmem_swap_usage(vma) and makes /proc/pid/smaps use it when possible. Only for writable private mappings of shmem objects (i.e. tmpfs files) with the shmem object itself (partially) swapped outwe have to resort to the find_get_entry() approach. Hopefully such mappings are relatively uncommon. To demonstrate the diference, I have measured this on a process that creates a 2GB mapping and dirties single pages with a stride of 2MB, and time how long does it take to cat /proc/pid/smaps of this process 100 times. Private writable mapping of a /dev/shm/file (the most complex case): real 0m3.831s user 0m0.180s sys 0m3.212s Shared mapping of an almost full mapping of a partially swapped /dev/shm/file (which needs to employ the radix tree iterator). real 0m1.351s user 0m0.096s sys 0m0.768s Same, but with /dev/shm/file not swapped (so no radix tree walk needed) real 0m0.935s user 0m0.128s sys 0m0.344s Private anonymous mapping: real 0m0.949s user 0m0.116s sys 0m0.348s The cost is now much closer to the private anonymous mapping case, unless the shmem mapping is private and writable. Signed-off-by:
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Vlastimil Babka authored
Currently, /proc/pid/smaps will always show "Swap: 0 kB" for shmem-backed mappings, even if the mapped portion does contain pages that were swapped out. This is because unlike private anonymous mappings, shmem does not change pte to swap entry, but pte_none when swapping the page out. In the smaps page walk, such page thus looks like it was never faulted in. This patch changes smaps_pte_entry() to determine the swap status for such pte_none entries for shmem mappings, similarly to how mincore_page() does it. Swapped out shmem pages are thus accounted for. For private mappings of tmpfs files that COWed some of the pages, swaped out status of the original shmem pages is naturally ignored. If some of the private copies was also swapped out, they are accounted via their page table swap entries, so the resulting reported swap usage is then a sum of both swapped out private copies, and swapped out shmem pages that were not COWed. No double accounting can thus happen. The accounting is arguably still not as precise as for private anonymous mappings, since now we will count also pages that the process in question never accessed, but another process populated them and then let them become swapped out. I believe it is still less confusing and subtle than not showing any swap usage by shmem mappings at all. Swapped out counter might of interest of users who would like to prevent from future swapins during performance critical operation and pre-fault them at their convenience. Especially for larger swapped out regions the cost of swapin is much higher than a fresh page allocation. So a differentiation between pte_none vs. swapped out is important for those usecases. One downside of this patch is that it makes /proc/pid/smaps more expensive for shmem mappings, as we consult the radix tree for each pte_none entry, so the overal complexity is O(n*log(n)). I have measured this on a process that creates a 2GB mapping and dirties single pages with a stride of 2MB, and time how long does it take to cat /proc/pid/smaps of this process 100 times. Private anonymous mapping: real 0m0.949s user 0m0.116s sys 0m0.348s Mapping of a /dev/shm/file: real 0m3.831s user 0m0.180s sys 0m3.212s The difference is rather substantial, so the next patch will reduce the cost for shared or read-only mappings. In a less controlled experiment, I've gathered pids of processes on my desktop that have either '/dev/shm/*' or 'SYSV*' in smaps. This included the Chrome browser and some KDE processes. Again, I've run cat /proc/pid/smaps on each 100 times. Before this patch: real 0m9.050s user 0m0.518s sys 0m8.066s After this patch: real 0m9.221s user 0m0.541s sys 0m8.187s This suggests low impact on average systems. Note that this patch doesn't attempt to adjust the SwapPss field for shmem mappings, which would need extra work to determine who else could have the pages mapped. Thus the value stays zero except for COWed swapped out pages in a shmem mapping, which are accounted as usual. Signed-off-by:
Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru> Acked-by:
Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com> Acked-by:
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Vlastimil Babka authored
This series is based on Jerome Marchand's [1] so let me quote the first paragraph from there: There are several shortcomings with the accounting of shared memory (sysV shm, shared anonymous mapping, mapping to a tmpfs file). The values in /proc/<pid>/status and statm don't allow to distinguish between shmem memory and a shared mapping to a regular file, even though their implications on memory usage are quite different: at reclaim, file mapping can be dropped or written back on disk while shmem needs a place in swap. As for shmem pages that are swapped-out or in swap cache, they aren't accounted at all. The original motivation for myself is that a customer found (IMHO rightfully) confusing that e.g. top output for process swap usage is unreliable with respect to swapped out shmem pages, which are not accounted for. The fundamental difference between private anonymous and shmem pages is that the latter has PTE's converted to pte_none, and not swapents. As such, they are not accounted to the number of swapents visible e.g. in /proc/pid/status VmSwap row. It might be theoretically possible to use swapents when swapping out shmem (without extra cost, as one has to change all mappers anyway), and on swap in only convert the swapent for the faulting process, leaving swapents in other processes until they also fault (so again no extra cost). But I don't know how many assumptions this would break, and it would be too disruptive change for a relatively small benefit. Instead, my approach is to document the limitation of VmSwap, and provide means to determine the swap usage for shmem areas for those who are interested and willing to pay the price, using /proc/pid/smaps. Because outside of ipcs, I don't think it's possible to currently to determine the usage at all. The previous patchset [1] did introduce new shmem-specific fields into smaps output, and functions to determine the values. I take a simpler approach, noting that smaps output already has a "Swap: X kB" line, where currently X == 0 always for shmem areas. I think we can just consider this a bug and provide the proper value by consulting the radix tree, as e.g. mincore_page() does. In the patch changelog I explain why this is also not perfect (and cannot be without swapents), but still arguably much better than showing a 0. The last two patches are adapted from Jerome's patchset and provide a VmRSS breakdown to RssAnon, RssFile and RssShm in /proc/pid/status. Hugh noted that this is a welcome addition, and I agree that it might help e.g. debugging process memory usage at albeit non-zero, but still rather low cost of extra per-mm counter and some page flag checks. [1] http://lwn.net/Articles/611966/ This patch (of 6): The documentation for /proc/pid/status does not mention that the value of VmSwap counts only swapped out anonymous private pages, and not swapped out pages of the underlying shmem objects (for shmem mappings). This is not obvious, so document this limitation. Signed-off-by:
Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Signed-off-by:
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Yaowei Bai authored
Make memmap_valid_within return bool due to this particular function only using either one or zero as its return value. No functional change. Signed-off-by:
Yaowei Bai <baiyaowei@cmss.chinamobile.com> Signed-off-by:
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Geliang Tang authored
To make the intention clearer, use list_{next,first}_entry instead of list_entry. Signed-off-by:Geliang Tang <geliangtang@163.com> Signed-off-by:
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Michal Hocko authored
__alloc_pages_slowpath is looping over ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS requests if __GFP_NOFAIL is requested. This is fragile because we are basically relying on somebody else to make the reclaim (be it the direct reclaim or OOM killer) for us. The caller might be holding resources (e.g. locks) which block other other reclaimers from making any progress for example. Remove the retry loop and rely on __alloc_pages_slowpath to invoke all allowed reclaim steps and retry logic. We have to be careful about __GFP_NOFAIL allocations from the PF_MEMALLOC context even though this is a very bad idea to begin with because no progress can be gurateed at all. We shouldn't break the __GFP_NOFAIL semantic here though. It could be argued that this is essentially GFP_NOWAIT context which we do not support but PF_MEMALLOC is much harder to check for existing users because they might happen deep down the code path performed much later after setting the flag so we cannot really rule out there is no kernel path triggering this combination. Signed-off-by:
Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Acked-by:
David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp> Acked-by:
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Michal Hocko authored
__alloc_pages_high_priority doesn't do anything special other than it calls get_page_from_freelist and loops around GFP_NOFAIL allocation until it succeeds. It would be better if the first part was done in __alloc_pages_slowpath where we modify the zonelist because this would be easier to read and understand. Opencoding the function into its only caller allows to simplify it a bit as well. This patch doesn't introduce any functional changes. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by:
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Yaowei Bai authored
Hardcoding index to zonelists array in gfp_zonelist() is not a good idea, let's enumerate it to improve readability. No functional change. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_NUMA=n build] [n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com: fix warning in comparing enumerator] Signed-off-by:
Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com> Signed-off-by:
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Yaowei Bai authored
Since commit a0b8cab3 ("mm: remove lru parameter from __pagevec_lru_add and remove parts of pagevec API") there's no user of this function anymore, so remove it. Signed-off-by:
Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com> Signed-off-by:
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Yaowei Bai authored
Make memblock_is_memory() and memblock_is_reserved return bool to improve readability due to these particular functions only using either one or zero as their return value. No functional change. Signed-off-by:
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Yaowei Bai authored
Make is_file_hugepages() return bool to improve readability due to this particular function only using either one or zero as its return value. This patch also removed the if condition to make is_file_hugepages return directly. No functional change. Signed-off-by:
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yalin wang authored
Move node_id zone_idx shrink flags into trace function, so thay we don't need caculate these args if the trace is disabled, and will make this function have less arguments. Signed-off-by:
yalin wang <yalin.wang2010@gmail.com> Reviewed-by:
Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Acked-by:
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Joonsoo Kim authored
Now, we have tracepoint in test_pages_isolated() to notify pfn which cannot be isolated. But, in alloc_contig_range(), some error path doesn't call test_pages_isolated() so it's still hard to know exact pfn that causes allocation failure. This patch change this situation by calling test_pages_isolated() in almost error path. In allocation failure case, some overhead is added by this change, but, allocation failure is really rare event so it would not matter. In fatal signal pending case, we don't call test_pages_isolated() because this failure is intentional one. There was a bogus outer_start problem due to unchecked buddy order and this patch also fix it. Before this patch, it didn't matter, because end result is same thing. But, after this patch, tracepoint will report failed pfn so it should be accurate. Signed-off-by:
Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com> Acked-by:
Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Signed-off-by:
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Joonsoo Kim authored
cma allocation should be guranteeded to succeed. But sometimes it can fail in the current implementation. To track down the problem, we need to know which page is problematic and this new tracepoint will report it. Signed-off-by:
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Joonsoo Kim authored
This is preparation step to report test failed pfn in new tracepoint to analyze cma allocation failure problem. There is no functional change in this patch. Signed-off-by:
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Nathan Zimmer authored
When running the SPECint_rate gcc on some very large boxes it was noticed that the system was spending lots of time in mpol_shared_policy_lookup(). The gamess benchmark can also show it and is what I mostly used to chase down the issue since the setup for that I found to be easier. To be clear the binaries were on tmpfs because of disk I/O requirements. We then used text replication to avoid icache misses and having all the copies banging on the memory where the instruction code resides. This results in us hitting a bottleneck in mpol_shared_policy_lookup() since lookup is serialised by the shared_policy lock. I have only reproduced this on very large (3k+ cores) boxes. The problem starts showing up at just a few hundred ranks getting worse until it threatens to livelock once it gets large enough. For example on the gamess benchmark at 128 ranks this area consumes only ~1% of time, at 512 ranks it consumes nearly 13%, and at 2k ranks it is over 90%. To alleviate the contention in this area I converted the spinlock to an rwlock. This allows a large number of lookups to happen simultaneously. The results were quite good reducing this consumtion at max ranks to around 2%. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: tidy up code comments] Signed-off-by:
Nathan Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com> Acked-by:
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Chen Gang authored
__phys_to_pfn and __pfn_to_phys are symmetric, PHYS_PFN and PFN_PHYS are semmetric: - y = (phys_addr_t)x << PAGE_SHIFT - y >> PAGE_SHIFT = (phys_add_t)x - (unsigned long)(y >> PAGE_SHIFT) = x [akpm@linux-foundation.org: use macro arg name `x'] [arnd@arndb.de: include linux/pfn.h for PHYS_PFN definition] Signed-off-by:
Chen Gang <gang.chen.5i5j@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by:
Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Signed-off-by:
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yalin wang authored
Move trace_reclaim_flags() into trace function, so that we don't need caculate these flags if the trace is disabled. Signed-off-by:
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Chen Gang authored
Simplify may_expand_vm(). [akpm@linux-foundation.org: further simplification, per Naoya Horiguchi] Signed-off-by:
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Alexey Klimov authored
Before usage page pointer initialized by NULL is reinitialized by follow_page_mask(). Drop useless init of page pointer in the beginning of loop. Signed-off-by:
Alexey Klimov <klimov.linux@gmail.com> Acked-by:
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Vladimir Davydov authored
Mark those kmem allocations that are known to be easily triggered from userspace as __GFP_ACCOUNT/SLAB_ACCOUNT, which makes them accounted to memcg. For the list, see below: - threadinfo - task_struct - task_delay_info - pid - cred - mm_struct - vm_area_struct and vm_region (nommu) - anon_vma and anon_vma_chain - signal_struct - sighand_struct - fs_struct - files_struct - fdtable and fdtable->full_fds_bits - dentry and external_name - inode for all filesystems. This is the most tedious part, because most filesystems overwrite the alloc_inode method. The list is far from complete, so feel free to add more objects. Nevertheless, it should be close to "account everything" approach and keep most workloads within bounds. Malevolent users will be able to breach the limit, but this was possible even with the former "account everything" approach (simply because it did not account everything in fact). [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by:
Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com> Acked-by:
Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Acked-by:
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Vladimir Davydov authored
Make vmalloc family functions allocate vmalloc area pages with alloc_kmem_pages so that if __GFP_ACCOUNT is set they will be accounted to memcg. This is needed, at least, to account alloc_fdmem allocations. Signed-off-by:
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Vladimir Davydov authored
Currently, if we want to account all objects of a particular kmem cache, we have to pass __GFP_ACCOUNT to each kmem_cache_alloc call, which is inconvenient. This patch introduces SLAB_ACCOUNT flag which if passed to kmem_cache_create will force accounting for every allocation from this cache even if __GFP_ACCOUNT is not passed. This patch does not make any of the existing caches use this flag - it will be done later in the series. Note, a cache with SLAB_ACCOUNT cannot be merged with a cache w/o SLAB_ACCOUNT, because merged caches share the same kmem_cache struct and hence cannot have different sets of SLAB_* flags. Thus using this flag will probably reduce the number of merged slabs even if kmem accounting is not used (only compiled in). Signed-off-by:
Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Acked-by:
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Vladimir Davydov authored
Black-list kmem accounting policy (aka __GFP_NOACCOUNT) turned out to be fragile and difficult to maintain, because there seem to be many more allocations that should not be accounted than those that should be. Besides, false accounting an allocation might result in much worse consequences than not accounting at all, namely increased memory consumption due to pinned dead kmem caches. So this patch switches kmem accounting to the white-policy: now only those kmem allocations that are marked as __GFP_ACCOUNT are accounted to memcg. Currently, no kmem allocations are marked like this. The following patches will mark several kmem allocations that are known to be easily triggered from userspace and therefore should be accounted to memcg. Signed-off-by:
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Vladimir Davydov authored
This reverts commit 8f4fc071 ("gfp: add __GFP_NOACCOUNT"). Black-list kmem accounting policy (aka __GFP_NOACCOUNT) turned out to be fragile and difficult to maintain, because there seem to be many more allocations that should not be accounted than those that should be. Besides, false accounting an allocation might result in much worse consequences than not accounting at all, namely increased memory consumption due to pinned dead kmem caches. So it was decided to switch to the white-list policy. This patch reverts bits introducing the black-list policy. The white-list policy will be introduced later in the series. Signed-off-by:
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Vladimir Davydov authored
Currently, all kmem allocations (namely every kmem_cache_alloc, kmalloc, alloc_kmem_pages call) are accounted to memory cgroup automatically. Callers have to explicitly opt out if they don't want/need accounting for some reason. Such a design decision leads to several problems: - kmalloc users are highly sensitive to failures, many of them implicitly rely on the fact that kmalloc never fails, while memcg makes failures quite plausible. - A lot of objects are shared among different containers by design. Accounting such objects to one of containers is just unfair. Moreover, it might lead to pinning a dead memcg along with its kmem caches, which aren't tiny, which might result in noticeable increase in memory consumption for no apparent reason in the long run. - There are tons of short-lived objects. Accounting them to memcg will only result in slight noise and won't change the overall picture, but we still have to pay accounting overhead. For more info, see - http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20151105144002.GB15111%40dhcp22.suse.cz - http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20151106090555.GK29259@esperanza Therefore this patchset switches to the white list policy. Now kmalloc users have to explicitly opt in by passing __GFP_ACCOUNT flag. Currently, the list of accounted objects is quite limited and only includes those allocations that (1) are known to be easily triggered from userspace and (2) can fail gracefully (for the full list see patch no. 6) and it still misses many object types. However, accounting only those objects should be a satisfactory approximation of the behavior we used to have for most sane workloads. This patch (of 6): Revert 499611ed ("kernfs: do not account ino_ida allocations to memcg"). Black-list kmem accounting policy (aka __GFP_NOACCOUNT) turned out to be fragile and difficult to maintain, because there seem to be many more allocations that should not be accounted than those that should be. Besides, false accounting an allocation might result in much worse consequences than not accounting at all, namely increased memory consumption due to pinned dead kmem caches. So it was decided to switch to the white-list policy. This patch reverts bits introducing the black-list policy. The white-list policy will be introduced later in the series. Signed-off-by:
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Geliang Tang authored
Add a new helper function get_first_slab() that get the first slab from a kmem_cache_node. Signed-off-by:
Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Acked-by:
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Geliang Tang authored
Simplify the code with list_for_each_entry(). Signed-off-by:
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Geliang Tang authored
Simplify the code with list_first_entry_or_null(). Signed-off-by:
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Andrew Morton authored
A little cleanup - the invocation site provdes the semicolon. Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by:
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Joseph Qi authored
lksb flags are defined both in dlmapi.h and dlmcommon.h. So clean them up from dlmcommon.h. Signed-off-by:
Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@huawei.com> Reviewed-by:
Jiufei Xue <xuejiufei@huawei.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.de> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Signed-off-by:
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Junxiao Bi authored
Found this when do patch review, remove to make it clear and save a little cpu time. Signed-off-by:
Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.de> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@huawei.com> Signed-off-by:
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Joseph Qi authored
In ocfs2_orphan_del, currently it finds and deletes entry first, and then access orphan dir dinode. This will have a problem once ocfs2_journal_access_di fails. In this case, entry will be removed from orphan dir, but in deed the inode hasn't been deleted successfully. In other words, the file is missing but not actually deleted. So we should access orphan dinode first like unlink and rename. Signed-off-by:
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xuejiufei authored
When two processes are migrating the same lockres, dlm_add_migration_mle() return -EEXIST, but insert a new mle in hash list. dlm_migrate_lockres() will detach the old mle and free the new one which is already in hash list, that will destroy the list. Signed-off-by:
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xuejiufei authored
We have found that migration source will trigger a BUG that the refcount of mle is already zero before put when the target is down during migration. The situation is as follows: dlm_migrate_lockres dlm_add_migration_mle dlm_mark_lockres_migrating dlm_get_mle_inuse <<<<<< Now the refcount of the mle is 2. dlm_send_one_lockres and wait for the target to become the new master. <<<<<< o2hb detect the target down and clean the migration mle. Now the refcount is 1. dlm_migrate_lockres woken, and put the mle twice when found the target goes down which trigger the BUG with the following message: "ERROR: bad mle: ". Signed-off-by:
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Goldwyn Rodrigues authored
DLM does not cache locks. So, blocking lock and unlock will only make the performance worse where contention over the locks is high. Signed-off-by:
Goldwyn Rodrigues <rgoldwyn@suse.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.de> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Reviewed-by:
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jiangyiwen authored
The following case will lead to slot overwritten. N1 N2 mount ocfs2 volume, find and allocate slot 0, then set osb->slot_num to 0, begin to write slot info to disk mount ocfs2 volume, wait for super lock write block fail because of storage link down, unlock super lock got super lock and also allocate slot 0 then unlock super lock mount fail and then dismount, since osb->slot_num is 0, try to put invalid slot to disk. And it will succeed if storage link restores. N2 slot info is now overwritten Once another node say N3 mount, it will find and allocate slot 0 again, which will lead to mount hung because journal has already been locked by N2. so when write slot info failed, invalidate slot in advance to avoid overwrite slot. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by:Yiwen Jiang <jiangyiwen@huawei.com> Reviewed-by:
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Xue jiufei authored
dlm_grab() may return NULL when the node is doing unmount. When doing code review, we found that some dlm handlers may return error to caller when dlm_grab() returns NULL and make caller BUG or other problems. Here is an example: Node 1 Node 2 receives migration message from node 3, and send migrate request to others start unmounting receives migrate request from node 1 and call dlm_migrate_request_handler() unmount thread unregisters domain handlers and removes dlm_context from dlm_domains dlm_migrate_request_handlers() returns -EINVAL to node 1 Exit migration neither clearing the migration state nor sending assert master message to node 3 which cause node 3 hung. Signed-off-by: -
Joseph Qi authored
Since iput will take care the NULL check itself, NULL check before calling it is redundant. So clean them up. Signed-off-by:
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