From: Andrey Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>

Each namespace has an owning user namespace and now there is not way
to discover these relationships.

Pid and user namepaces are hierarchical. There is no way to discover
parent-child relationships too.

Why we may want to know relationships between namespaces?

One use would be visualization, in order to understand the running
system.  Another would be to answer the question: what capability does
process X have to perform operations on a resource governed by namespace
Y?

One more use-case (which usually called abnormal) is checkpoint/restart.
In CRIU we are going to dump and restore nested namespaces.

There [1] was a discussion about which interface to choose to determing
relationships between namespaces.

Eric suggested to add two ioctl-s [2]:
> Grumble, Grumble.  I think this may actually a case for creating ioctls
> for these two cases.  Now that random nsfs file descriptors are bind
> mountable the original reason for using proc files is not as pressing.
>
> One ioctl for the user namespace that owns a file descriptor.
> One ioctl for the parent namespace of a namespace file descriptor.

Here is an implementaions of these ioctl-s.

$ man man7/namespaces.7
...
Since  Linux  4.X,  the  following  ioctl(2)  calls are supported for
namespace file descriptors.  The correct syntax is:

      fd = ioctl(ns_fd, ioctl_type);

where ioctl_type is one of the following:

NS_GET_USERNS
      Returns a file descriptor that refers to an owning user names‐
      pace.

NS_GET_PARENT
      Returns  a  file descriptor that refers to a parent namespace.
      This ioctl(2) can be used for pid  and  user  namespaces.  For
      user namespaces, NS_GET_PARENT and NS_GET_USERNS have the same
      meaning.

In addition to generic ioctl(2) errors, the following  specific  ones
can occur:

EINVAL NS_GET_PARENT was called for a nonhierarchical namespace.

EPERM  The  requested  namespace  is outside of the current namespace
      scope.

[1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/7/6/158
[2] https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/7/9/101

Changes for v2:
* don't return ENOENT for init_user_ns and init_pid_ns. There is nothing
  outside of the init namespace, so we can return EPERM in this case too.
  > The fewer special cases the easier the code is to get
  > correct, and the easier it is to read. // Eric

Changes for v3:
* rename ns->get_owner() to ns->owner(). get_* usually means that it
  grabs a reference.

Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: "Michael Kerrisk (man-pages)" <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Cc: "W. Trevor King" <wking@tremily.us>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>

There are two new ioctl-s:
One ioctl for the user namespace that owns a file descriptor.
One ioctl for the parent namespace of a namespace file descriptor.

The test checks that these ioctl-s works and that they handle a case
when a target namespace is outside of the current process namespace.
Signed-off-by: Andrei Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Pid and user namepaces are hierarchical. There is no way to discover
parent-child relationships.

In a future we will use this interface to dump and restore nested
namespaces.
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Each namespace has an owning user namespace and now there is not way
to discover these relationships.

Understending namespaces relationships allows to answer the question:
what capability does process X have to perform operations on a resource
governed by namespace Y?

After a long discussion, Eric W. Biederman proposed to use ioctl-s for
this purpose.

The NS_GET_USERNS ioctl returns a file descriptor to an owning user
namespace.
It returns EPERM if a target namespace is outside of a current user
namespace.

v2: rename parent to relative

v3: Add a missing mntput when returning -EAGAIN --EWB
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Link: https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/7/6/158Signed-off-by: Andrei Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Return -EPERM if an owning user namespace is outside of a process
current user namespace.

v2: In a first version ns_get_owner returned ENOENT for init_user_ns.
    This special cases was removed from this version. There is nothing
    outside of init_user_ns, so we can return EPERM.
v3: rename ns->get_owner() to ns->owner(). get_* usually means that it
grabs a reference.
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>

In 99.99% of the cases only root in a user namespace can mount /dev/pts
and in those cases the owner of /dev/pts/ptmx will remain root.root

In the oddball case where someone else has CAP_SYS_ADMIN this code
modifies the /dev/pts mount code to use current_fsuid and current_fsgid
as the values to use when creating the /dev/ptmx inode.  As is done
when any other file is created.

This is a code simplification, and it allows running without a root
user entirely.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

devpts does not and never will have anything to sync
so don't bother calling sync_filesystems on remount.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Now that all of the work of setting up a superblock has been moved to
devpts_fill_super simplify devpts_mount by calling mount_nodev instead
of rolling mount_nodev by hand.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

The code makes more sense here and things are just clearer.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

The current error codes returned when a the per user per user
namespace limit are hit (EINVAL, EUSERS, and ENFILE) are wrong.  I
asked for advice on linux-api and it we made clear that those were
the wrong error code, but a correct effor code was not suggested.

The best general error code I have found for hitting a resource limit
is ENOSPC.  It is not perfect but as it is unambiguous it will serve
until someone comes up with a better error code.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

v2: Fixed the very obvious lack of setting ucounts
    on struct mnt_ns reported by Andrei Vagin, and the kbuild
    test report.
Reported-by: Andrei Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

The same kind of recursive sane default limit and policy
countrol that has been implemented for the user namespace
is desirable for the other namespaces, so generalize
the user namespace refernce count into a ucount.
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Add a structure that is per user and per user ns and use it to hold
the count of user namespaces.  This makes prevents one user from
creating denying service to another user by creating the maximum
number of user namespaces.

Rename the sysctl export of the maximum count from
/proc/sys/userns/max_user_namespaces to /proc/sys/user/max_user_namespaces
to reflect that the count is now per user.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Export the export the maximum number of user namespaces as
/proc/sys/userns/max_user_namespaces.
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Limit per userns sysctls to only be opened for write by a holder
of CAP_SYS_RESOURCE.

Add all of the necessary boilerplate for having per user namespace
sysctls.
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Add the necessary boiler plate to move freeing of user namespaces into
work queue and thus into process context where things can sleep.

This is a necessary precursor to per user namespace sysctls.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Passing nsproxy into sysctl_table_root.lookup was a premature
optimization in attempt to avoid depending on current.  The
directory /proc/self/sys has not appeared and if and when
it does this code will need to be reviewed closely and reworked
anyway.  So remove the premature optimization.
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Pull more block fixes from Jens Axboe:
 "As mentioned in the pull the other day, a few more fixes for this
  round, all related to the bio op changes in this series.

  Two fixes, and then a cleanup, renaming bio->bi_rw to bio->bi_opf.  I
  wanted to do that change right after or right before -rc1, so that
  risk of conflict was reduced.  I just rebased the series on top of
  current master, and no new ->bi_rw usage has snuck in"

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block:
  block: rename bio bi_rw to bi_opf
  target: iblock_execute_sync_cache() should use bio_set_op_attrs()
  mm: make __swap_writepage() use bio_set_op_attrs()
  block/mm: make bdev_ops->rw_page() take a bool for read/write

Pull drm zpos property support from Dave Airlie:
 "This tree was waiting on some media stuff I hadn't had time to get a
  stable branchpoint off, so I just waited until it was all in your tree
  first.

  It's been around a bit on the list and shouldn't affect anything
  outside adding the generic API and moving some ARM drivers to using
  it"

* tag 'drm-for-v4.8-zpos' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linux:
  drm: rcar: use generic code for managing zpos plane property
  drm/exynos: use generic code for managing zpos plane property
  drm: sti: use generic zpos for plane
  drm: add generic zpos property

Since commit 63a4cc24, bio->bi_rw contains flags in the lower
portion and the op code in the higher portions. This means that
old code that relies on manually setting bi_rw is most likely
going to be broken. Instead of letting that brokeness linger,
rename the member, to force old and out-of-tree code to break
at compile time instead of at runtime.

No intended functional changes in this commit.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

The original commit missed this function, it needs to mark it a
write flush.

Cc: Mike Christie <mchristi@redhat.com>
Fixes: e742fc32 ("target: use bio op accessors")
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Cleaner than manipulating bio->bi_rw flags directly.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Commit abf54548 changed it from an 'rw' flags type to the
newer ops based interface, but now we're effectively leaking
some bdev internals to the rest of the kernel. Since we only
care about whether it's a read or a write at that level, just
pass in a bool 'is_write' parameter instead.

Then we can also move op_is_write() and friends back under
CONFIG_BLOCK protection.
Reviewed-by: Mike Christie <mchristi@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Pull documentation fixes from Jonathan Corbet:
 "Three fixes for the docs build, including removing an annoying warning
  on 'make help' if sphinx isn't present"

* tag 'doc-4.8-fixes' of git://git.lwn.net/linux:
  DocBook: use DOCBOOKS="" to ignore DocBooks instead of IGNORE_DOCBOOKS=1
  Documenation: update cgroup's document path
  Documentation/sphinx: do not warn about missing tools in 'make help'

Pull binfmt_misc update from James Bottomley:
 "This update is to allow architecture emulation containers to function
  such that the emulation binary can be housed outside the container
  itself.  The container and fs parts both have acks from relevant
  experts.

  To use the new feature you have to add an F option to your binfmt_misc
  configuration"

From the docs:
 "The usual behaviour of binfmt_misc is to spawn the binary lazily when
  the misc format file is invoked.  However, this doesn't work very well
  in the face of mount namespaces and changeroots, so the F mode opens
  the binary as soon as the emulation is installed and uses the opened
  image to spawn the emulator, meaning it is always available once
  installed, regardless of how the environment changes"

* tag 'binfmt-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/binfmt_misc:
  binfmt_misc: add F option description to documentation
  binfmt_misc: add persistent opened binary handler for containers
  fs: add filp_clone_open API

In most cases, EPERM is returned on immutable inode, and there're only a
few places returning EACCES. I noticed this when running LTP on
overlayfs, setxattr03 failed due to unexpected EACCES on immutable
inode.

So converting all EACCES to EPERM on immutable inode.
Acked-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Eryu Guan <guaneryu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Pull more vfs updates from Al Viro:
 "Assorted cleanups and fixes.

  In the "trivial API change" department - ->d_compare() losing 'parent'
  argument"

* 'for-linus-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
  cachefiles: Fix race between inactivating and culling a cache object
  9p: use clone_fid()
  9p: fix braino introduced in "9p: new helper - v9fs_parent_fid()"
  vfs: make dentry_needs_remove_privs() internal
  vfs: remove file_needs_remove_privs()
  vfs: fix deadlock in file_remove_privs() on overlayfs
  get rid of 'parent' argument of ->d_compare()
  cifs, msdos, vfat, hfs+: don't bother with parent in ->d_compare()
  affs ->d_compare(): don't bother with ->d_inode
  fold _d_rehash() and __d_rehash() together
  fold dentry_rcuwalk_invalidate() into its only remaining caller

Merge tag 'xfs-rmap-for-linus-4.8-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dgc/linux-xfs

Pull more xfs updates from Dave Chinner:
 "This is the second part of the XFS updates for this merge cycle, and
  contains the new reverse block mapping feature for XFS.

  Reverse mapping allows us to track the owner of a specific block on
  disk precisely.  It is implemented as a set of btrees (one per
  allocation group) that track the owners of allocated extents.
  Effectively it is a "used space tree" that is updated when we allocate
  or free extents.  i.e. it is coherent with the free space btrees we
  already maintain and never overlaps with them.

  This reverse mapping infrastructure is the building block of several
  upcoming features - reflink, copy-on-write data, dedupe, online
  metadata and data scrubbing, highly accurate bad sector/data loss
  reporting to users, and significantly improved reconstruction of
  damaged and corrupted filesystems.  There's a lot of new stuff coming
  along in the next couple of cycles,a nd it all builds in the rmap
  infrastructure.

  As such, it's a huge chunk of new code with new on-disk format
  features and internal infrastructure.  It warns at mount time as an
  experimental feature and that it may eat data (as we do with all new
  on-disk features until they stabilise).  We have not released
  userspace suport for it yet - userspace support currently requires
  download from Darrick's xfsprogs repo and build from source, so the
  access to this feature is really developer/tester only at this point.
  Initial userspace support will be released at the same time kernel
  with this code in it is released.

  The new rmap enabled code regresses 3 xfstests - all are ENOSPC
  related corner cases, one of which Darrick posted a fix for a few
  hours ago.  The other two are fixed by infrastructure that is part of
  the upcoming reflink patchset.  This new ENOSPC infrastructure
  requires a on-disk format tweak required to keep mount times in
  check - we need to keep an on-disk count of allocated rmapbt blocks so
  we don't have to scan the entire btrees at mount time to count them.

  This is currently being tested and will be part of the fixes sent in
  the next week or two so users will not be exposed to this change"

* tag 'xfs-rmap-for-linus-4.8-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dgc/linux-xfs: (52 commits)
  xfs: move (and rename) the deferred bmap-free tracepoints
  xfs: collapse single use static functions
  xfs: remove unnecessary parentheses from log redo item recovery functions
  xfs: remove the extents array from the rmap update done log item
  xfs: in btree_lshift, only allocate temporary cursor when needed
  xfs: remove unnecesary lshift/rshift key initialization
  xfs: remove the get*keys and update_keys btree ops pointers
  xfs: enable the rmap btree functionality
  xfs: don't update rmapbt when fixing agfl
  xfs: disable XFS_IOC_SWAPEXT when rmap btree is enabled
  xfs: add rmap btree block detection to log recovery
  xfs: add rmap btree geometry feature flag
  xfs: propagate bmap updates to rmapbt
  xfs: enable the xfs_defer mechanism to process rmaps to update
  xfs: log rmap intent items
  xfs: create rmap update intent log items
  xfs: add rmap btree insert and delete helpers
  xfs: convert unwritten status of reverse mappings
  xfs: remove an extent from the rmap btree
  xfs: add an extent to the rmap btree
  ...

Pull qstr constification updates from Al Viro:
 "Fairly self-contained bunch - surprising lot of places passes struct
  qstr * as an argument when const struct qstr * would suffice; it
  complicates analysis for no good reason.

  I'd prefer to feed that separately from the assorted fixes (those are
  in #for-linus and with somewhat trickier topology)"

* 'work.const-qstr' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
  qstr: constify instances in adfs
  qstr: constify instances in lustre
  qstr: constify instances in f2fs
  qstr: constify instances in ext2
  qstr: constify instances in vfat
  qstr: constify instances in procfs
  qstr: constify instances in fuse
  qstr constify instances in fs/dcache.c
  qstr: constify instances in nfs
  qstr: constify instances in ocfs2
  qstr: constify instances in autofs4
  qstr: constify instances in hfs
  qstr: constify instances in hfsplus
  qstr: constify instances in logfs
  qstr: constify dentry_init_security

Pull mailcap fixlets from Mauro Carvalho Chehab:
 "A small fixup for my and Shuah's entries in .mailcap.

  Basically, those entries were with a syntax that makes
  get_maintainer.pl to do the wrong thing"

* tag 'media/v4.8-6' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mchehab/linux-media:
  .mailmap: Correct entries for Mauro Carvalho Chehab and Shuah Khan

Pull virtio/vhost updates from Michael Tsirkin:

 - new vsock device support in host and guest

 - platform IOMMU support in host and guest, including compatibility
   quirks for legacy systems.

 - misc fixes and cleanups.

* tag 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mst/vhost:
  VSOCK: Use kvfree()
  vhost: split out vringh Kconfig
  vhost: detect 32 bit integer wrap around
  vhost: new device IOTLB API
  vhost: drop vringh dependency
  vhost: convert pre sorted vhost memory array to interval tree
  vhost: introduce vhost memory accessors
  VSOCK: Add Makefile and Kconfig
  VSOCK: Introduce vhost_vsock.ko
  VSOCK: Introduce virtio_transport.ko
  VSOCK: Introduce virtio_vsock_common.ko
  VSOCK: defer sock removal to transports
  VSOCK: transport-specific vsock_transport functions
  vhost: drop vringh dependency
  vop: pull in vhost Kconfig
  virtio: new feature to detect IOMMU device quirk
  balloon: check the number of available pages in leak balloon
  vhost: lockless enqueuing
  vhost: simplify work flushing