The name 'c' is used for variables and parameters holding the requested
grace-period sequence number.  However it is no longer very meaningful
given the conversions from ->gpnum and (especially) ->completed to
->gp_seq. This commit therefore renames 'c' to 'gp_seq_req'.

Previous patch discussion is at:
https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/10396579/Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joel@joelfernandes.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

The rcu_data structure's ->gpwrap indicator is currently reset only
when the CPU in question detects a new grace period.  This is in theory
sufficient because any CPU that has been out of action for long enough
that its ->gpwrap indicator is set is guaranteed to see both the end
of an old grace period and the start of a new one.

However, the current code leaves a short window during which the ->gpwrap
indicator has been reset but the corresponding ->gp_seq counter has not
yet been brought up to date.  This is harmless because interrupts are
disabled, but it is likely to (at the very least) cause confusion.

This commit therefore moves the resetting of ->gpwrap to follow the
updating of ->gp_seq.  While in the area, it also resets ->gp_seq_needed.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

The new ->gq_seq grace-period sequence numbers must be shifted down,
which give artifacts when these numbers wrap.  This commit therefore
enables rcutorture and rcuperf to handle grace-period sequence numbers
even if they do wrap.  It does this by allowing a special subtraction
function to be specified, and this function subtracts before shifting.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

In the old days of ->gpnum and ->completed, the code requesting a new
grace period checked to see if that grace period had already started,
bailing early if so.  The new-age ->gp_seq approach instead checks
whether the grace period has already finished.  A compensating change
pushed the requested grace period down to the bottom of the tree, thus
reducing lock contention and even eliminating it in some cases.  But why
not further reduce contention, especially on large systems, by doing both,
especially given that the cost of doing both is extremely small?

This commit therefore adds a new rcu_seq_started() function that checks
whether a specified grace period has already started.  It then uses
this new function in place of rcu_seq_done() in the rcu_start_this_gp()
function's funnel locking code.
Reported-by: Joel Fernandes <joel@joelfernandes.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

The "cpustart" trace event shows a stale gp_seq. This is because it uses
rdp->gp_seq, which is updated only at the end of the __note_gp_changes()
function. This commit therefore instead uses rnp->gp_seq.

An alternative fix would be to update rdp->gp_seq earlier, but this would
break RCU's detection of the beginning of a new-to-this-CPU grace period.
Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@joelfernandes.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

Currently Tree RCU's clean-up code emits a "CleanupMore" trace event in
response to late-arriving grace-period requests even if the grace period
was already requested. This makes "CleanupMore" show up an extra time (in
addition to once for each rcu_node structure that was previously marked
with the request), and for no good reason.  This commit therefore avoids
emitting this trace message unless the the only request for this next
grace period arrived during or after the cleanup scan of the rcu_node
structures.
Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@joelfernandes.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

The old grace-period start code would acquire only the leaf's rcu_node
structure's ->lock if that structure believed that a grace period was
in progress.  The new code advances to the leaf's parent in this case,
needlessly acquiring then leaf's parent's ->lock.  This commit therefore
checks the grace-period state after marking the leaf with the need for
the specified grace period, and if the leaf believes that a grace period
is in progress, takes an early exit.
Reported-by: Joel Fernandes <joel@joelfernandes.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
[ paulmck: Add "Startedleaf" tracing as suggested by Joel Fernandes. ]

Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

Now that the rcu_data structure contains ->gp_seq_needed, create an
rcu_accelerate_cbs_unlocked() helper function that locklessly checks to
see if new callbacks' required grace period has already been requested.
If so, update the callback list locally and again locklessly.  (Though
interrupts must be and are disabled to avoid racing with conflicting
updates in interrupt handlers.)

Otherwise, call rcu_accelerate_cbs() as before.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

Now that everything has been converted to use ->gp_seq instead of
->gpnum and ->completed, this commit removes ->gpnum and ->completed.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes the rcu_fqs tracepoint use ->gp_seq instead of ->gpnum.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes the rcu_quiescent_state_report tracepoint use ->gp_seq
instead of ->gpnum.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes the rcu_unlock_preempted_task tracepoint use ->gp_seq
instead of ->gpnum.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes the rcu_preempt_task tracepoint use ->gp_seq instead
of ->gpnum.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes the rcu_grace_period_init tracepoint use gp_seq instead
of ->gpnum.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes the rcu_future_grace_period tracepoint use gp_seq
instead of ->gpnum and ->completed.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes the rcu_grace_period tracepoint use gp_seq instead
of ->gpnum or ->completed.  It also introduces a "cpuofl-bgp" string to
less obscurely indicate when a CPU has gone offline while a grace period
is waiting on it.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes rcu_nocb_wait_gp() check rdp->gp_seq_needed to see
if the current CPU already knows about the needed grace period having
already been requested.  If so, it avoids acquiring the corresponding
leaf rcu_node structure's ->lock, thus decreasing contention.  This
optimization is intended for cases where either multiple leader rcuo
kthreads are running on the same CPU or these kthreads are running on
a non-offloaded (e.g., housekeeping) CPU.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
[ paulmck: Move lock release past "if" as suggested by Joel Fernandes. ]
[ paulmck: Fix caching of furthest-future requested grace period. ]

One problem with the ->need_future_gp[] array is that the grace-period
assignment of each element changes as the grace periods complete.
This means that it is necessary to hold a lock when checking this
array to learn if a given grace period has already been requested.
This increase lock contention, which is the opposite of helpful.
This commit therefore replaces the ->need_future_gp[] with a single
->gp_seq_needed value and keeps it updated in the rcu_data structure.

This will enable reliable lockless checking of whether or not a given
grace period has already been requested.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

SRCU has long used ->srcu_gp_seq, and now RCU uses ->gp_seq.  This
commit therefore moves the rcutorture_get_gp_data() function from
a ->gpnum / ->completed pair to ->gp_seq.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes the RCU CPU stall-warning code in print_other_cpu_stall(),
print_cpu_stall(), and check_cpu_stall() use ->gp_seq instead of ->gpnum
and ->completed.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit converts the grace-period request code paths from ->completed
and ->gpnum to ->gp_seq.  The need_future_gp_element() macro encapsulates
the shift operation required to use ->gp_seq as an index to the
->need_future_gp[] array.  The rcu_cbs_completed() function is removed
in favor of the rcu_seq_snap() function.  The rcu_start_this_gp()
gets some temporary consistency checks and uses rcu_seq_done(),
rcu_seq_current(), rcu_seq_state(), and rcu_gp_in_progress() in place
of the earlier open-coded comparisons of ->gpnum and ->completed.
The rcu_future_gp_cleanup() function replaces use of ->completed
with ->gp_seq.  The rcu_accelerate_cbs() function replaces a call to
rcu_cbs_completed() with one to rcu_seq_snap().  The rcu_advance_cbs()
function replaces an access to >completed with one to ->gp_seq and adds
some temporary warnings.  The rcu_nocb_wait_gp() function replaces a
call to rcu_cbs_completed() with one to rcu_seq_snap() and an open-coded
comparison with rcu_seq_done().

The temporary warnings will be removed when the various ->gpnum and
->completed fields are removed.  Their purpose is to locate code who
might still be using ->gpnum and ->completed.  (Much easier that way
than trying to trace down the causes of too-short grace periods and
grace-period hangs!)
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit switches the quiescent-state no-backtracking checks from
->gpnum and ->completed to ->gp_seq.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit switches the interrupt-disabled detection mechanism to
->gp_seq.  This mechanism is used as part of RCU CPU stall warnings,
and detects cases where the stall is due to a CPU having interrupts
disabled.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes rcu_gp_in_progress() use ->gp_seq instead of
->completed and ->gpnum.  The READ_ONCE() invocations are buried
in rcu_seq_current().
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes rcu_try_advance_all_cbs() use ->gp_seq.  It uses
rcu_seq_ctr() in order to shift away the state bits, so that the
low-order bits of the result may safely be used to index ->nocb_gp_wq[].
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes rcu_try_advance_all_cbs() use ->gp_seq, with the
exception of tracing, which will be converted later.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit makes rcu_implicit_dynticks_qs() use ->gp_seq, with the
exception of tracing, which will be converted later.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit converts rcu_gpnum_ovf() to use ->gp_seq instead of ->gpnum.
Same size unsigned long, so same approach.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit moves __note_gp_changes(), note_gp_changes(), and
__rcu_pending() to ->gp_seq, creating new rcu_seq_completed_gp() and
rcu_seq_new_gp() functions for this purpose.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
[ paulmck: Reinstate "cpuend: trace as suggested by Joel Fernandes. ]

This commit converts get_state_synchronize_rcu(), cond_synchronize_rcu(),
get_state_synchronize_sched(), and cond_synchronize_sched() from ->gpnum
and ->completed to ->gp_seq.  Note that this also introduces a full
memory barrier in the already-done paths off cond_synchronize_rcu() and
cond_synchronize_sched(), as work with LKMM indicates that the earlier
smp_load_acquire() were insufficiently strong in some situations where
these two functions were called just as the grace period ended.  In such
cases, these two functions would not gain the benefit of memory ordering
at the end of the grace period.

Please note that the performance impact is negligible, as you shouldn't
be using either function anywhere near a fastpath in any case.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit switches the functions reporting quiescent states from
use of ->gpnum to ->gp_seq.  In either case, the point is to handle
races where a given grace period ends before a quiescent state can
be reported.  Failing to catch these races would result in too-short
grace periods, hence the checking.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit switches rcu_check_gp_kthread_starvation() from printing
->gpnum and ->completed to printing ->gp_seq upon detecting a starving
RCU grace-period kthread during an RCU CPU stall warning.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

The rcutorture test invokes rcu_batches_started(),
rcu_batches_completed(), rcu_batches_started_bh(),
rcu_batches_completed_bh(), rcu_batches_started_sched(), and
rcu_batches_completed_sched() to do grace-period consistency checks,
and rcuperf uses the _completed variants for statistics.
These functions use ->gpnum and ->completed.  This commit therefore
replaces them with rcu_get_gp_seq(), rcu_bh_get_gp_seq(), and
rcu_sched_get_gp_seq(), adjusting rcutorture and rcuperf to make
use of them.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit moves rcu_gp_slow() to ->gp_seq.  This function only uses
the grace-period number to modulate delay, so rcu_seq_ctr(rsp->gp_seq)
gets the same effect, at least in cases where the delay is to happen
more than four times per wrap of an unsigned long.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This commit adds grace-period sequence numbers (->gp_seq) to the
rcu_state, rcu_node, and rcu_data structures, and updates them.
It also checks for consistency between rsp->gpnum and rsp->gp_seq.
These ->gp_seq counters will eventually replace the existing ->gpnum
and ->completed counters, allowing a single memory access to determine
whether or not a grace period is in progress and if so, which one.
This in turn will enable changes that will reduce ->lock contention on
the leaf rcu_node structures.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

Merge branches 'expedited.2018.07.12a', 'fixes.2018.07.12a', 'srcu.2018.06.25b' and 'torture.2018.06.25b' into HEAD

expedited.2018.07.12a: Expedited grace-period updates.
fixes.2018.07.12a: Pre-gp_seq miscellaneous fixes.
srcu.2018.06.25b: SRCU updates.
torture.2018.06.25b: Pre-gp_seq torture-test updates.

At the end of rcu_gp_cleanup(), if another grace period is needed, but
not via rcu_accelerate_cbs(), the ->gp_flags field is written twice,
once when making the new grace-period request, and once when clearing
all other types of requests.  This commit therefore adds an else-clause
to avoid this double write.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>