SELECT and ALTER TABLE ...  REBUILD PARTITION".

ALTER TABLE on InnoDB table (including partitioned tables)
acquired exclusive locks on rows of table being altered.
In cases when there was concurrent transaction which did
locking reads from this table this sometimes led to a
deadlock which was not detected by MDL subsystem nor by
InnoDB engine (and was reported only after exceeding
innodb_lock_wait_timeout).

This problem stemmed from the fact that ALTER TABLE acquired
TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ lock on table being altered. This lock
was interpreted as a write lock and thus for table being
altered handler::external_lock() method was called with
F_WRLCK as an argument. As result InnoDB engine treated
ALTER TABLE as an operation which is going to change data
and acquired LOCK_X locks on rows being read from old
version of table.

In case when there was a transaction which already acquired
SR metadata lock on table and some LOCK_S locks on its rows
(e.g. by using it in subquery of DML statement) concurrent
ALTER TABLE was blocked at the moment when it tried to
acquire LOCK_X lock before reading one of these rows.
The transaction's attempt to acquire SW metadata lock on
table being altered led to deadlock, since it had to wait
for ALTER TABLE to release SNW lock. This deadlock was not
detected and got resolved only after timeout expiring
because waiting were happening in two different subsystems.

Similar deadlocks could have occured in other situations.
This patch tries to solve the problem by changing ALTER TABLE
implementation to use TL_READ_NO_INSERT lock instead of
TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ. After this step handler::external_lock()
is called with F_RDLCK as an argument and InnoDB engine
correctly interprets ALTER TABLE as operation which only
reads data from original version of table. Thanks to this
ALTER TABLE acquires only LOCK_S locks on rows it reads.
This, in its turn, causes inter-subsystem deadlocks to go
away, as all potential lock conflicts and thus deadlocks will
be limited to metadata locking subsystem:

- When ALTER TABLE reads rows from table being altered it
  can't encounter any locks which conflict with LOCK_S row
  locks. There should be no concurrent transactions holding
  LOCK_X row locks. Such a transaction should have been
  acquired SW metadata lock on table first which would have
  conflicted with ALTER's SNW lock.
- Vice versa, when DML which runs concurrently with ALTER
  TABLE tries to lock row it should be requesting only LOCK_S
  lock which is compatible with locks acquired by ALTER,
  as otherwise such DML must own an SW metadata lock on table
  which would be incompatible with ALTER's SNW lock.

mysql-test/r/innodb_mysql_lock2.result:
  Added test for bug #51263 "Deadlock between transactional
  SELECT and ALTER TABLE ... REBUILD PARTITION".
mysql-test/suite/rpl_ndb/r/rpl_ndb_binlog_format_errors.result:
  Since CREATE TRIGGER no longer acquires write lock on table
  it is no longer interpreted as an operation which modifies
  table data and therefore no longer fails if invoked for
  SBR-only engine in ROW mode.
mysql-test/suite/rpl_ndb/t/rpl_ndb_binlog_format_errors.test:
  Since CREATE TRIGGER no longer acquires write lock on table
  it is no longer interpreted as an operation which modifies
  table data and therefore no longer fails if invoked for
  SBR-only engine in ROW mode.
mysql-test/t/innodb_mysql_lock2.test:
  Added test for bug #51263 "Deadlock between transactional
  SELECT and ALTER TABLE ... REBUILD PARTITION".
sql/ha_partition.cc:
  When ALTER TABLE creates a new partition to be filled from
  other partition lock it in F_WRLCK mode instead of using
  mode which was used for locking the whole table (it is
  F_RDLCK now).
sql/lock.cc:
  Replaced conditions which used TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ
  lock type with equivalent conditions using
  TL_WRITE_ALLOW_WRITE. This should allow to get rid
  of TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ lock type eventually.
sql/mdl.cc:
  Updated outdated comment to reflect current situation.
sql/sql_base.cc:
  Replaced conditions which used TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ
  lock type with equivalent conditions using
  TL_WRITE_ALLOW_WRITE. This should allow to get rid
  of TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ lock type eventually.
sql/sql_table.cc:
  mysql_admin_table():
    Use TL_WRITE_ALLOW_WRITE lock type instead of
    TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ to determine that we need to acquire
    upgradable metadata lock. This should allow to completely
    get rid of TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ in long term.
  mysql_recreate_table():
    ALTER TABLE now requires TL_READ_NO_INSERT thr_lock.c lock
    instead of TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ.
sql/sql_trigger.cc:
  Changed CREATE/DROP TRIGGER implementation to use
  TL_READ_NO_INSERT lock instead of TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ lock.
  The latter is no longer necessary since:
  a) We now can rely on metadata locks to achieve proper
     isolation between two DDL statements or DDL and DML
     statements.
  b) This statement does not change any data in table so there
     is no need to inform storage engine about it.
sql/sql_yacc.yy:
  Changed implementation of ALTER TABLE (and CREATE/DROP INDEX
  as a consequence) to use TL_READ_NO_INSERT lock instead of
  TL_WRITE_ALLOW_READ lock. This is possible since:
  a) We now can rely on metadata locks to achieve proper
     isolation between two DDL statements or DDL and DML
     statements.
  b) This statement only reads data in table being open.
     We write data only to the new version of table and
     then replace with it old version of table under
     X metadata lock.
  
  Thanks to this change InnoDB will no longer acquire LOCK_X
  locks on rows being read by ALTER TABLE (instead LOCK_S
  locks will be acquired) and thus cause of bug #51263
  "Deadlock between transactional SELECT and ALTER TABLE ...
  REBUILD PARTITION" is removed.
  
  Did the similar change for CREATE TRIGGER (see comments
  for sql_trigger.cc for details).