transactional SELECT and ALTER TABLE ... REBUILD PARTITION".

The goal of this patch is to decouple type of metadata
lock acquired for table by open_tables() from type of
table-level lock to be acquired on it.

To achieve this we change approach to how we determine what
type of metadata lock should be acquired on table to be open.
Now instead of inferring it at open_tables() time from flags
and type of table-level lock we rely on that type of metadata
lock is properly set at parsing time and is not changed
further.

sql/ha_ndbcluster.cc:
  Now one needs to properly initialize table list element's
  MDL_request object before calling mysql_rm_table_part2().
sql/lock.cc:
  lock_table_names() no longer initializes table list elements'
  MDL_request objects. Now proper initialization of these
  requests is a responsibility of the caller.
sql/lock.h:
  Removed MYSQL_OPEN_TAKE_UPGRADABLE_MDL flag which became
  unnecessary. Thanks to the fact that we don't reset type of
  requests for metadata locks between re-executions we now can
  figure out that upgradable locks are requested by simply
  looking at their type which were set in the parser. As result
  this flag became redundant.
sql/mdl.h:
  Added version of new operator which simplifies allocation of
  MDL_request objects on a MEM_ROOT.
sql/sp_head.cc:
  Added comment explaining why it is OK to infer type of
  metadata lock to request from type of table-level lock
  for prelocking.
  Added enum_mdl_type argument to sp_add_to_query_tables()
  to simplify its usage in trigger implementation.
sql/sp_head.h:
  Added enum_mdl_type argument to sp_add_to_query_tables()
  to simplify its usage in trigger implementation.
sql/sql_base.cc:
  - open_table_get_mdl_lock():
    Preserve type of MDL_request for table list element which
    was set in the parser by creating MDL_request objects on
    memory root if MYSQL_OPEN_FORCE_SHARED_MDL or
    MYSQL_OPEN_FORCE_SHARED_HIGH_PRIO_MDL flag were specified.
    Thanks to this and to the fact that we no longer reset
    type of requests for metadata locks between re-executions
    we no longer need to acquire exclusive metadata lock on
    table to be created in a special way. This lock is acquired
    by code handling acquiring of upgradable locks.
    Also changed signature/calling convention for this function
    to simplify its usage.
  - Accordingly special lock strategy for table list elements
    which was used for such locks became unnecessary and was
    removed. Other strategies were renamed.
  - Since we no longer have guarantee that MDL_request object
    which were not satisfied due to lock conflict belongs to
    table list element Open_table_context class and its methods
    were extended to remember pointer to MDL_request which has
    caused problem at request_backoff_action() time and use it
    in recover_from_failed_open(). Similar approach is used
    for cases when problem from which we need to recover is
    not related to MDL but to the table itself. In this case
    we store pointer to the element of table list.
  - Changed open_tables()/open_tables_check_upgradable_mdl()/
    open_tables_acquire_upgradable_mdl() not to rely on
    MYSQL_OPEN_TAKE_UPGRADABLE_MDL flag to understand when
    upgradable metadata locks should be acquired and not to
    infer type of MDL lock from type of table-level lock.
    Instead we assume that type of MDL to be acquired was set
    in the parser (we can do this as type of MDL_request is
    no longer reset between re-executions).
sql/sql_class.h:
  Since we no longer have guarantee that MDL_request object
  which were not satisfied due to lock conflict belongs to
  table list element Open_table_context class and its methods
  were extended to remember pointer to MDL_request which has
  caused problem at request_backoff_action() time and use it
  in recover_from_failed_open(). Similar approach is used
  for cases when problem from which we need to recover is
  not related to MDL but to the table itself. In this case
  we store pointer to the element of table list.
sql/sql_db.cc:
  Now one needs to properly initialize table list element's
  MDL_request object before calling mysql_rm_table_part2()
  or mysql_rename_tables().
sql/sql_lex.cc:
  st_select_lex/st_select_lex_node::add_table_to_list() method
  now has argument which allows specify type of metadata lock
  to be requested for table list element being added.
sql/sql_lex.h:
  - st_select_lex/st_select_lex_node::add_table_to_list()
    method now has argument which specifies type of metadata
    lock to be requested for table list element being added.
    This allows to explicitly set type of MDL lock to be
    acquired for a DDL statement in parser. It is also more
    future-proof than inferring type of MDL request from type
    of table-level lock.
  - Added Yacc_state::m_mdl_type member which specifies which
    type of metadata lock should be requested for tables to be
    added to table list by a grammar rule in cases when the same
    rule is used in several statements requiring different kinds
    of metadata locks.
sql/sql_parse.cc:
  - st_select_lex::add_table_to_list() method now has argument
    which specifies type of metadata lock to be requested for
    table list element being added. This allows to explicitly
    set type of MDL lock to be acquired for a DDL statement in
    parser. It is also more future-proof than inferring type of
    MDL request from type of table-level lock.
  - EXCLUSIVE_DOWNGRADABLE_MDL lock strategy has a new name -
    OTLS_DOWNGRADE_IF_EXISTS.
  - Adjusted LOCK TABLES implementation to the fact that we no
    longer infer type of metadata lock to be acquired from table
    level lock and that type of MDL request is set at parsing.
    And thus MYSQL_OPEN_TAKE_UPGRADABLE_MDL flag became
    unnecessary.
sql/sql_prepare.cc:
  TABLE_LIST's lock strategy SHARED_MDL was renamed to OTLS_NONE
  as now it means that metadata lock should not be changed during
  call to open_table() (if it has been already acquired) and is
  also used for exclusive metadata lock.
sql/sql_show.cc:
  st_select_lex::add_table_to_list() method now has argument
  which specifies type of metadata lock to be requested for
  table list element being added.
sql/sql_table.cc:
  - Adjusted mysql_admin_table()'s code to the fact that
    open_tables() no longer determines what kind of metadata
    lock should be obtained basing on type of table-level
    lock and flags. Instead type of metadata lock for table
    to be open should be set before calling open_tables().
  - Changed mysql_alter_table() code to the facts:
    a) that now it is responsibility of caller to properly
    initalize MDL_request in table list elements before calling
    lock_table_names()
    b) and that MYSQL_OPEN_TAKE_UPGRADABLE_MDL is no longer
    necessary since type of metadata lock to be obtained
    at open_tables() time is set during parsing.
  - Changed code of mysql_recreate_table() to properly set
    type of metadata and table-level lock to be obtained
    by mysql_alter_table() which it calls.
sql/sql_trigger.cc:
  Instead of relying on MYSQL_OPEN_TAKE_UPGRADABLE_MDL flag to
  force open_tables() to take an upgradable lock we now specify
  exact type of lock to be taken when constructing table list
  element for table to be open for CREATE/DROP TRIGGER.
sql/sql_view.cc:
  We no longer use TABLE_LIST::EXCLUSIVE_MDL strategy to force
  open_tables() to take an exclusive metadata lock on view to
  be created. Instead we rely on parser setting proper type of
  metadata lock to request and open_tables() acquiring it.
  This became possible thanks to the fact that we no longer
  reset type of MDL_request between statement re-executions.
sql/sql_yacc.yy:
  Instead of inferring type of MDL_request for table to be
  open from type of table-level lock and flags passed to
  open_tables() we now explicitly specify them at parsing.
  This became possible thanks to the fact that we no longer
  reset type of MDL_request between statement re-executions.
  In future this should allow to decouple type of metadata
  lock from type of table-level lock.
  The only exception to this approach is statements implemented
  through mysql_admin_table() which re-uses same table list
  element several times with different types of table-level
  and metadata locks.
  We now also properly initialize MDL_request objects for table
  list elements which are later passed to lock_table_names()
  function.
sql/table.cc:
  Do not reset type of MDL_request between statement
  re-executions. This became unnecessesary as we no longer
  change type of MDL_request residing in table list element.
  In its turn this change allows to set type of MDL_request
  only once - at parsing time.
sql/table.h:
  Got rid of TABLE_LIST::EXCLUSIVE_MDL lock strategy.
  Now we can specify that we need to acquire exclusive lock
  on table to be processed by open_tables() through setting
  an appropriate type of MDL_request at parsing time (this
  became possible thanks to the fact that we no longer reset
  types of MDL_request's belonging to table list elements
  between statement re-execution).
  Strategy SHARED_MDL was renamed to OTLS_NONE as now it
  means that metadata lock should not be changed during call
  to open_table() (if it has been already acquired) and is
  also used for exclusive metadata lock.
  Strategy EXCLUSIVE_DOWNGRADABLE_MDL was renamed to
  OTLS_DOWNGRADE_IF_EXISTS.