EXPLAIN INSERT ... SELECT tried to use SELECT's execution path. This
caused a collection of problems:
- SELECT_DESCRIBE flag was not put into select_lex->options, which
  means it was not in JOIN::select_options either (except for the first
  member of the UNION).
- This caused UNION members to be executed. They would attempt to write
  join output rows to the output.
- (Actual cause of the crash) second join sibling would call
  result->send_eof() when finished execution. Then,
  Explain_query::print_explain would attempt to write to query output
  again, and cause an assertion due to non-empty query output.

[EXPLAIN] INSERT .. SELECT creates a select_insert object.
select_insert calls handler->start_bulk_insert() during
initialization.

For MyISAM/Aria this requires that a matching call to
handler->end_bulk_insert() call is made.

Regular INSERT .. SELECT accomplishes this by calling either
select_result->send_eof() or select_result->abort_result_set().

EXPLAIN INSERT ... SELECT didn't call either, which resulted in
improper de-initializaiton of handler object. Make it call
abort_result_set(), which invokes handler->end_bulk_insert().

Corrected variable name in dead code for consistency.

Patch contributed by Michal Hrusecky.

Fixed unclean prototype declaration. According to ISO/IEC 9899:TC2:
...
10. The special case of an unnamed parameter of type void as the only item in
    the list specifies that the function has no parameters.
...
14. An identifier list declares only the identifiers of the parameters of the
    function. An empty list in a function declarator that is part of a
    definition of that function specifies that the function has no parameters.
    The empty list in a function declarator that is not part of a definition of
    that function specifies that no information about the number or types of the
    parameters is supplied. 124)
...
6.11.6 Function declarators

The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not prototype-format
parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
...

Patch contributed by Michal Hrusecky.

Use sync_with_master_gtid.inc instead of --sync_with_master. The latter is
not correct because the test case uses RESET MASTER; this invalidates the
existing binlog positions on the slave.

In this particular case, there was a small window where --sync_with_master
could trigger too early (on the old position), causing the test case to miss
one event.

Post fix: initialize a variable

The crash was caused by range optimizer using RANGE_OPT_PARAM::min_key
(and max_key) to store keys. Buffer size was a good upper bound for
range analysis and partition pruning, but not for EITS selectivity
calculations.

Fixed by making these buffers variable-size. The sizes are calculated
from [pseudo]indexes used for range analysis.

MDEV-7990: ERROR 1526 when procedure executed for second time ALTER TABLE partition ... pMAX values less than MAXVALUE

Made dipper copy of the lists, so now one execution has no influence on the
other.

Adjust the test case to try and avoid some sporadic failures on loaded test
hosts.

The wait for SQL thread to stop may complete before worker threads
have completed.

The code was using the wrong variable when comparing the binlog name
for the UNTIL position. This could cause the comparison to fail after
binlog rotation, in turn causing the UNTIL clause to not trigger slave
stop.

Expression in macro protected by ()

Reduce the number of rounds and operations to avoid testcase timeout.

Add parenthesis in macro definitions to prevent order of operation problems

If a transaction T1 needs to wait for a transaction T2, T2's commit will
skip the normal binlog_commit_wait_usec delay, in order not to needlessly
stall throughput.

This works by checking if T2 is already ready to commit. If so, it is woken
up. If not, we set a flag in T2 so that when it gets ready to commit, it
will do so immediately.

But there was a potential race due to insufficient locking, if T2 gets ready
to commit just at the point where T1 does the check. If the race hits, the
wakeup (and early commit) of T2 might be lost.

The race is only theoretical (from code inspection, no known test case), but
seems best to fix it anyway, by properly locking LOCK_prepare_ordered around
the check.

MDEV-8725: Assertion `!(thd->rgi_slave && thd-> rgi_slave->did_mark_start_commit)' failed in ha_rollback_trans

The assertion is there to catch cases where we rollback while
mark_start_commit() is active. This can allow following event groups
to be replicated too early, causing conflicts.

But in this case, we have an _explicit_ ROLLBACK event in the binlog,
which should not assert.

We fix this by delaying the mark_start_commit() in the explicit
ROLLBACK case. It seems safest to delay this in ROLLBACK case anyway,
and there should be no reason to try to optimise this corner case.

MDEV-6219: Server crashes in Bitmap<64u>::merge (this=0x180, map2=...) on 2nd execution of PS with INSERT .. SELECT, derived_merge

Problem: Not all permanent Item_direct_view_ref was in permanent list of used items of the view.

Solution: Detect creating permenent view/derived table reference and put them in the permanent list at once.

Test failed because it hit net_write_timeout. It might happen in
different circumstances, and that's not what the testcase tests,
so the timeout is now set to a bigger value.

- Make semi-join optimizer not to choose LooseScan
  when 1) the index is not covered and 2) full index
  scan will be required.

- Make sure that the code in make_join_select() that may change
  full index scan into a range scan is not invoked when the table
  uses full scan.

Test did not clean up after itself properly

of more than 45G with a key_cache_block_size of 1024 or less.

The problem was that some of the arguments to my_multi_malloc() got to be
more than 4G.

Fix:
- Inntroduced my_multi_malloc_large() that can handle big regions.
- Changed MyISAM and Aria key caches to use my_multi_malloc_large().

I didn't change the default my_multi_malloc() as this would be a too big
patch and we don't allocate 4G blocks anywhere else.

5.5 without InnoDB/XtraDB changes

5.5 with our InnoDB changes

This bug is essentially another variant of MDEV-7458.

If a transaction conflict caused a deadlock kill of T2 in record_gtid()
during commit, the code would do a rollback _before_ running
rgi->unmark_start_commit(). This creates a race where following transactions
could start too early (before T2 has completed its transaction retry). This
in turn could lead to replication failure, if there was a conflict that
caused eg. duplicate key error or similar.

The fix is to remove these rollbacks (in Query_log_event::do_apply_event()
and Xid_log_event::do_apply_event(). They seem out-of-place; code in
log_event.cc generally does not roll back on error, this is handled higher
up.

In addition, because of the extreme difficulty of reproducing bugs like
MDEV-7458 and MDEV-8302, this patch adds some extra precations to try to
detect (in debug builds) or prevent (in release builds) similar bugs.
ha_rollback_trans() will now call unmark_start_commit() if needed (and
assert in debug build when a caller does rollback without unmark first).

We also add an extra check for thd->killed() so that we avoid doing
mark_start_commit() if we already have a pending deadlock kill.

And we add a missing unmark_start_commit() call in the error case, found by
the above assertion.

Conflicts:
	client/mysql_upgrade.c
	mysql-test/r/func_misc.result
	mysql-test/suite/binlog/r/binlog_stm_mix_innodb_myisam.result
	mysql-test/suite/innodb/r/innodb-fk.result
	mysql-test/t/subselect_sj_mat.test
	sql/item.cc
	sql/item_func.cc
	sql/log.cc
	sql/log_event.cc
	sql/rpl_utility.cc
	sql/slave.cc
	sql/sql_class.cc
	sql/sql_class.h
	sql/sql_select.cc
	storage/innobase/dict/dict0crea.c
	storage/innobase/dict/dict0dict.c
	storage/innobase/handler/ha_innodb.cc
	storage/xtradb/dict/dict0crea.c
	storage/xtradb/dict/dict0dict.c
	storage/xtradb/handler/ha_innodb.cc
	vio/viosslfactories.c

The problem was with Materialized_cursor and temporary table it uses.
Temorary table's fields had Field::orig_table pointing to the tables
that were used in the query that produced data for the cursor.
When "FETCH INTO sp_var" statement is executed, those original tables
were already closed.  However, copying from Materialized_cursor's table
into SP variable may cause field_conv() to be invoked which calls
field->type() which may access field->orig_table (for certain field types).

Fixed by setting Materialized_cursor->table->field[i]->orig_table to point
to Materialized_cursor->table.  (this is how it is done for regular base
tables)

THD::>save_prep_leaf_list was set to true by multi-table update
statements with mergeable selects and never reset.

Make every statement reset it at start.

THD::>save_prep_leaf_list was set to true by multi-table update
statements with mergeable selects and never reset.

Make every statement reset it at start.