While fixing https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48 there were
corresponding test-vector additions. Regenerate the fuzz test corpus.

UNICODE is text-based opcode, which is used at protocol 0 and follows
'raw-unicode-escape' encoded argument till EOL.

- for decoding we must explicitly implement Python's
  'raw-unicode-escape' codec decoding, which is used by Python's pickle
  for UNICODE argument.

Updates and hopefully fixes: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48

STRING is text-based opcode which is used at protocol 0 and follows
\-escaped argument till EOL.

- for encoding we must not use Go's %q, since that will use \u and \U
  when seeing corresponding bytes, and since Python does not interpret
  \u or \U in string literals, the data received at Python side will be
  different.

- for decoding we must explicitly implement Python's 'string-escape'
  codec decoding which is used by Python's pickle for STRING opcode
  argument.

Updates: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48

We added pyquote in b429839d (tests: Show pickles in a way that can be
copy-pasted into Python). However in the next patch this functionality
will be needed for the encoder to fix encoding of strings at protocol 0.
Thus we need this function to be not test-only.

Plain code movement here, no semantic change.

Even though we tried to catch whether dict keys are ok to be used via
reflect.TypeOf(key).Comparable() (see da5f0342 "decoder: Fix crashes
found by fuzzer (#32)"), that turned out to be not enough. For example
if key is a struct, e.g. of the following type

	type Ref struct {
		Pid interface{}
	}

it will be comparable. But the comparision, depending on dynamic .Pid
type, might panic. This is what was actually cauht by fuzz-testing
recently:

	https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/50 (second part of the report)

So instead of recursively walking a key type and checking each subfield
with reflect.TypeOf().Comparable(), switch for using panic/recover for
detecting the "unhashable key" situation.

This slows down decoding a bit (only cumulative figure for all-test-vectors decoding):

	name          old time/op    new time/op    delta
	DecodeLong-4     361ns ± 0%     362ns ± 0%    ~     (p=0.238 n=5+4)
	Decode-4        93.2µs ± 0%    95.6µs ± 0%  +2.54%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
	Encode-4        16.5µs ± 0%    16.6µs ± 0%    ~     (p=0.841 n=5+5)

but that is the price of correctness. And with manually recursively walking key
type I doubt it would be faster.

The defer overhead should be less once https://github.com/golang/go/issues/14939 is fixed.

Updates: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/30

In 06e06939 (encoder: Allow to specify pickle protocol version) I added
ability to add to tests error cases - object inputs that on encoding
should produce error.

For decoding we should skip those cases as there pickle.data = "", and
if not skipped it leads to

	--- FAIL: BenchmarkDecode
	    ogorek_test.go:803: unexpected # of decode steps: got 100  ; want 102

Updates coming via `go generate` since main tests table was amended.

Appologize for the breakage there.

When encoding tests fails, the "want" and "have" pickles are printed. It
is handy to copy-paste those pickles into Python console and check them
further there.

Pickle printing currently uses %q. However in Go fmt's %q can use \u and
\U if byte sequence form a valid UTF-8 character. That poses a problem:
in Python str (py2) or bytes (py3) literal \uXXXX are not processed as
unicode-escapes and enter the string as is. This result in different
pickle data pasted into Python and further confusion.

Entering data into Python as unicode literals (where \u works) and then
adding .encode('utf-8') also does not generally work - as pickle data is
generally arbitrary it can be a not valid UTF-8, for example:

	"\x80\u043c\u0438\u0440"	(= "\x80мир"   = "\x80\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb8\xd1\x80")

end unicode-encoding them in python also gives different data:

	In [1]: u"\x80\u043c\u0438\u0440".encode('utf-8')
	Out[1]: '\xc2\x80\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb8\xd1\x80'

(note leading extra \xc2)

For this reason let's implement quoting - that Python can understand -
ourselves. This dumping functionality was very handy during recent
encoder fixes debugging.

- we can use STACK_GLOBAL only if protocol >= 4.
- for earlier protocols we have to use text-based GLOBAL.

Similarly to dict, for struct encoding switch from protocol 1 opcodes
into always using protocol 0 opcodes, which is by the way 1 byte
shorter.

For the reference - for structs, unlike maps, the order of emitted keys
is well-defined - it is the order of fields as they are defined in the
struct. This way we can precisely test encoder output on structs with
more than 1 field.

- we can use EMPTY_DICT only if protocol >= 1

Also: similarly to list (33d1926f), since we are now using EMPTY_DICT
only optionally, it is logical to swit to

	MARK + ... + DICT

from

	EMPTY_DICT (or MARK + DICT @proto=0) + MARK + ... + SETITEMS

which is at least 1 byte longer.

For the reference - SETITEMS is also from protocol 1, while DICT is from
protocol 0.

More corpus files appeared while running fuzz testing today for ~ 1 hour.

Should be better in 302c79ea (fuzz: Hook encoder into the loop), but it
is hopefully never too late.

Found via fuzzing:

	"I-7\n."

	panic: protocol 1: decode·encode != identity:
	have: 4294967289
	want: -7

	goroutine 1 [running]:
	github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz(0x7f99bd8b4000, 0x5, 0x200000, 0x3)
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:50 +0x604
	go-fuzz-dep.Main(0x524df8)
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/goroot/src/go-fuzz-dep/main.go:49 +0xad
	main.main()
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:10 +0x2d
	exit status 2

I've checked other handlers, like BININT1 and BININT2, and since there
everywhere argument is unsigned, there is no similar problem.

We needed previous patch on proper readLine EOF detection, because else
the testcase for P0("I-7\n.") would be breaking:

    --- FAIL: TestDecode/int(-7)/"I-7\n." (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:401: no ErrUnexpectedEOF on [:2] truncated stream: v = <nil>  err = &strconv.NumError{Func:"ParseInt", Num:"-", Err:(*errors.errorString)(0xc00000e1b0)}

Currently we use bufio.Reader.ReadLine which accepts either \n or \r\n
as line ending. That is however not correct:

- we should not accept e.g. "S'abc'\r\n." pickle, because it is
  invalid:

	In [32]: pickle.loads(b"S'abc'\r\n.")
	---------------------------------------------------------------------------
	UnpicklingError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
	<ipython-input-32-b1da1988bae1> in <module>()
	----> 1 pickle.loads(b"S'abc'\r\n.")

	UnpicklingError: the STRING opcode argument must be quoted

- we should not accept e.g. "L123L\r\n.", because it is also invalid:

	In [33]: pickle.loads(b"L123L\r\n.")
	---------------------------------------------------------------------------
	ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
	<ipython-input-33-7231ec07f5c4> in <module>()
	----> 1 pickle.loads(b"L123L\r\n.")

	ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '123L\r\n'

- treating \r as part of EOL in e.g. UNICODE pickle would just drop encoded
  information:

	# python
	In [34]: pickle.loads(b"Vabc\r\n.")
	Out[34]: 'abc\r'

  while ogórek currently decodes it as just 'abc' (no trailing \r).

For this reason let's fix Decoder.readLine to treat only \n as EOL.

Besides this fix, we now get another property: previously, when internally
using bufio.Reader.ReadLine we were not able to distinguish two situations:

- a line was abruptly ended without any EOL characters at all,
- a line was properly ended with EOL character.

Now after we switched to internally using bufio.Reader.ReadSlice, we will be
able to properly detect EOF and return that as error. This property will be
needed in the following patch.

This way whatever/whenever we add a tricky test pickle into main tests
table, it should be automatically also be present as a starting point in
the fuzz corpus. This should hopefully improve fuzzing coverage.

Continuing 5dbc8a1b (decoder: Don't allow mark to be returned as pickle
result) I discovered that the mark object can be still exposed to user,
but not directly. For example the following pickle:

	"(\x85." // MARK + TUPLE1

was creating Tuple{mark} and returning it just ok to the user.

As marker must be used only internally it is invalid to do so. Python
also forbids this:

        In [3]: s = b"(\x85."

        In [4]: dis(s)
            0: (    MARK
            1: \x85     TUPLE1
            2: .        STOP
        highest protocol among opcodes = 2

        In [5]: pickle.loads(s)
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        UnpicklingError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
        <ipython-input-5-764e4625bc41> in <module>()
        ----> 1 pickle.loads(s)

        UnpicklingError: unexpected MARK found

So let's close all (hopefully) holes where mark object could be returned to
user in a similar way.

New test vectors caught by decode·encode idempotency fuzzing.

A pickle is considered as invalid if it tries to return MARK as the
result by both Python2 and Python3, e.g.:

        In [2]: pickle.loads(b"(.")
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        UnpicklingError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
        <ipython-input-2-0c142c82b126> in <module>()
        ----> 1 pickle.loads(b"(.")

        UnpicklingError: unexpected MARK found

However until now, despite mark is unexported ogórek type, we were
allowing for it to be returned just ok.

The problem was caught by decode/encode roundtrip fuzz tests, e.g.

	"(Q."

panic: protocol 1: decode·encode != identity:
have: ogórek.Ref{Pid:map[interface {}]interface {}{}}
want: ogórek.Ref{Pid:ogórek.mark{}}

goroutine 1 [running]:
github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz(0x7fbe6c15f000, 0x3, 0x200000, 0x3)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build697921479/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:87 +0x604
go-fuzz-dep.Main(0x524d78)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build697921479/goroot/src/go-fuzz-dep/main.go:49 +0xad
main.main()
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build697921479/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:10 +0x2d
exit status 2

We can enhance our fuzz-testing coverage by hooking Encoder also into
the loop: if input data is suceessfully decoded, we have an object that
can be passed back to Encoder to generate a pickle. We can't tell that
that pickle must be the same as original input data, since pickle
machine allows multiple representations of the same data. However we can
assert that when that pickle is decoded back it should be the same as
encoded object.

This catches several problems:

- marker is currently returned as pickle result (see next patch).
- text-based STRING and UNICODE are not properly decoded (no fix yet).
- self-referencing data structures kill Encoder (no fix yet).

Add more files go-fuzz put to corpus while discovering the crash fixed
in previous commit.

BINSTRING opcode follows 4-byte length of the data and the data itself.

Upon seeing the BINSTRING len header we were preallocating destination
buffer with len as optimization (see 14aaa14f "decoder: Preallocate .buf
capacity when we know (approximate) size of output to it"). However this
way it is easy for a malicious pickle to specify

	BINSTRING biglength (4GB)

and no data, and then the goroutine that processes such input will
allocate 4GB immediately, which in turn might cause out-of-memory DOS.

The other places where we currently grow Decoder.buf all either have 1
or 2 byte length (thus limited to 64K), or the length of the data that
was already read from input stream.

The problem was found by rerunning fuzz tests:

	"T0000"

fatal error: runtime: out of memory

runtime stack:
runtime.throw(0x514fff, 0x16)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/panic.go:608 +0x72
runtime.sysMap(0xc004000000, 0x34000000, 0x5f83d8)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/mem_linux.go:156 +0xc7
runtime.(*mheap).sysAlloc(0x5dfd40, 0x34000000, 0x43c0e3, 0x7ffc94fe56b8)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/malloc.go:619 +0x1c7
runtime.(*mheap).grow(0x5dfd40, 0x18182, 0x0)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/mheap.go:920 +0x42
runtime.(*mheap).allocSpanLocked(0x5dfd40, 0x18182, 0x5f83e8, 0x203000)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/mheap.go:848 +0x337
runtime.(*mheap).alloc_m(0x5dfd40, 0x18182, 0x7ffc94fe0101, 0x40a87f)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/mheap.go:692 +0x119
runtime.(*mheap).alloc.func1()
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/mheap.go:759 +0x4c
runtime.(*mheap).alloc(0x5dfd40, 0x18182, 0x7ffc94010101, 0x4135f5)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/mheap.go:758 +0x8a
runtime.largeAlloc(0x30303030, 0x440101, 0xc00005e240)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/malloc.go:1019 +0x97
runtime.mallocgc.func1()
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/malloc.go:914 +0x46
runtime.systemstack(0x44eea9)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/asm_amd64.s:351 +0x66
runtime.mstart()
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/proc.go:1229

goroutine 1 [running]:
runtime.systemstack_switch()
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/asm_amd64.s:311 fp=0xc000034310 sp=0xc000034308 pc=0x44efa0
runtime.mallocgc(0x30303030, 0x4edc00, 0x1, 0xc0000343e8)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/malloc.go:913 +0x896 fp=0xc0000343b0 sp=0xc000034310 pc=0x40ae26
runtime.makeslice(0x4edc00, 0x30303030, 0x30303030, 0xc000018108, 0x4, 0x4)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/slice.go:70 +0x77 fp=0xc0000343e0 sp=0xc0000343b0 pc=0x43b1d7
bytes.makeSlice(0x30303030, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/bytes/buffer.go:231 +0x9d fp=0xc000034420 sp=0xc0000343e0 pc=0x4b204d
bytes.(*Buffer).grow(0xc000084030, 0x30303030, 0x0)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/bytes/buffer.go:144 +0x2e4 fp=0xc000034470 sp=0xc000034420 pc=0x4b1604
bytes.(*Buffer).Grow(0xc000084030, 0x30303030)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/bytes/buffer.go:163 +0x86 fp=0xc000034498 sp=0xc000034470 pc=0x4b18b6
github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).loadBinString(0xc000084000, 0x203054, 0x0)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:646 +0x143 fp=0xc000034520 sp=0xc000034498 pc=0x4d5103
github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).Decode(0xc000084000, 0xc000080000, 0xc000084000, 0xf7eb9fa, 0x586dc)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:227 +0xf94 fp=0xc0000346d8 sp=0xc000034520 pc=0x4d09b4
github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz(0x7fbccd400000, 0x5, 0x200000, 0xc000034748)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:12 +0xb0 fp=0xc000034710 sp=0xc0000346d8 pc=0x4cf640
go-fuzz-dep.Main(0x519cf0)
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/go-fuzz-dep/main.go:49 +0xad fp=0xc000034780 sp=0xc000034710 pc=0x4642fd
main.main()
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:10 +0x2d fp=0xc000034798 sp=0xc000034780 pc=0x4db1ad
runtime.main()
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/proc.go:201 +0x207 fp=0xc0000347e0 sp=0xc000034798 pc=0x428ec7
runtime.goexit()
        /tmp/go-fuzz-build515164548/goroot/src/runtime/asm_amd64.s:1333 +0x1 fp=0xc0000347e8 sp=0xc0000347e0 pc=0x450f01
exit status 2

- we can use BINSTRING* only if protocol >= 1;
- at protocol 0 we thus have to use text STRING;
- if protocol >= 3 we have to emit the string as unicode pickle object
  the same way as Python3 does. If we don't do - Python3 won't be
  generally able to load our pickle:

	In [1]: s = b'U\x06\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb8\xd1\x80q\x00.'

  	In [2]: from pickletools import dis

  	In [3]: dis(s)
  	    0: U    SHORT_BINSTRING 'миÑ\x80'
  	    8: q    BINPUT     0
  	   10: .    STOP
  	highest protocol among opcodes = 1

  	In [4]: import pickle

  	In [5]: pickle.loads(s)
  	---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  	UnicodeDecodeError                        Traceback (most recent call last)
  	<ipython-input-5-764e4625bc41> in <module>()
  	----> 1 pickle.loads(s)

  	UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xd0 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)

We already decode unicode pickle objects into string, this way
decode(encode(string)) remains always idempotent.

- we can use BINPERSID only if protocol >= 1
- we can use text PERSID only if protocol < 4 and Ref string does not
  contain \n - else encoding have to fail.

Tests for Ref encoding at protocols 3 & 4 will follow after string
encoding is fixed.

- we can use EMPTY_LIST only if protocol >= 1

Also: since we are now using EMPTY_LIST only optionally, it is logical
to switch to

	MARK + ... + LIST

instead of

	EMPTY_LIST (or MARK + LIST @proto=0) + MARK + ... + APPENDS

which is at least 1 byte longer.

For the reference - APPENDS is also from protocol 1, while LIST is from
protocol 0.

- we can use EMPTY_TUPLE only if protocol >= 1
- also: if protocol >= 2 we can now use TUPLE{1,2,3} opcodes.

Corresponding TODO in the code was added in 4fd6be93 (encoder: Adjust it
so that decode(encode(v)) == v)

We can use BINFLOAT opcode only starting from protocol >= 1.
At protocol 0 we must use ASCII FLOAT.

We can use BININT* opcodes only starting from protocol >= 1.
At protocol 0 we must use ASCII INT.

Starting from protocol 2 1-byte NEWTRUE/NEWFALSE opcodes are more
efficient compared to 5-bytes e.g. "I01\n.".

It is not only about efficiency, as protocol 4 _forbids_ use of variable
length ASCII-only opcodes - whose data length is determined by doing
forward scan for '\n'.

Without encodeBool changes and only with the tests added it would fail
this way:

    --- FAIL: TestEncode/True/proto=2 (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:383: encode:
            have: "\x80\x02I01\n."
            want: "\x80\x02\x88."
    --- FAIL: TestEncode/True/proto=3 (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:383: encode:
            have: "\x80\x03I01\n."
            want: "\x80\x03\x88."
    --- FAIL: TestEncode/True/proto=4 (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:383: encode:
            have: "\x80\x04I01\n."
            want: "\x80\x04\x88."
    --- FAIL: TestEncode/False/proto=2 (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:383: encode:
            have: "\x80\x02I00\n."
            want: "\x80\x02\x89."
    --- FAIL: TestEncode/False/proto=3 (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:383: encode:
            have: "\x80\x03I00\n."
            want: "\x80\x03\x89."
    --- FAIL: TestEncode/False/proto=4 (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:383: encode:
            have: "\x80\x04I00\n."
            want: "\x80\x04\x89."

There are many pickle protocol versions - 0 to 4. Python2 for example
understands only versions 0 - 2. However we currently unconditionally
emit opcodes from higher versions, for example STACK_GLOBAL - from
version 4 - when encoding a Class, which leads to inability to decode
pickles generated by ogórek on Python2.

Similarly protocol 0 states that only text opcodes should be used,
however we currently unconditionally emit e.g. BININT (from protocol 1)
when encoding integers.

Changing to always using protocol 0 opcodes would be not good, since many
opcodes for efficiently encoding either integers, booleans, unicode etc
are available only in protocol versions 2 and 4.

For this reason, similarly to Python[1], let's allow users to specify
desired pickle protocol when creating Encoder with config. For backward
compatibility and common sense the protocol version that plain
NewEncoder selects is 2.

This commit adds only above-described user interface and testing
infrastructure for verifying what was the result of encoding an object
at particular protocol version.

For now only a few of pickle test vectors are right wrt what the encoder
should be or currently generates. Thus in the next patches we'll be
step-by-step fixing encoder on this topic.

[1] https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html#pickle.dump

For now all decoding all those pickles is tested to give the same
object, as in e.g.

	"(I1\nI2\ntp0\n.", // MARK + TUPLE + INT

and

	"I1\nI2\n\x86."),  // TUPLE2 + INT

But having a way to specify several pickles to a test case will become
even more handy when later adding precise tests for Encoder - there we
will need to assert that at such and such protocol encoding gives such
and such pickles. And there are 5 protocol versions to test...

Previously there were two separate tables - for decode and encode tests.

The table for encode tests was very small. TestDecode, which was
operating on data from decode table, was also performing checks that
decode(encode(object)) is idempotent - the work which is already too by
TestEncode. However the coverage of input objects from decode table was
not a strict superset of encode table objects.

For the reasons above let's stop this divergence. Let's have a common
table that define tests where for every test case there can be:

	- an "in" object,
	- a pickle, and
	- an "out" object

where

	1. pickle must decode to "out" object, and
	2. encoding "in" object must give some pickle that decodes to "out" object.

	NOTE: In the usual case "in" object == "out" object and they can only
	differ if "in" object contains a Go struct.

This will allow us to cover all existing decode and encode tests logic.

However the coverage of each logic is now higher - for example Encoder
tests are now run on every object from main table, not only for 3 cases
like it was before.

Similarly to TestDecode. No integration with main tests table yet.

We are going to integrate encoding tests with the main tests data table
in several steps.

Only code movement here, no other change.

We are going to modify the main tests table and for every case (e.g.
int(1) add pickles with various encoding that all represent the same
object when decoded. The main TestDecode driver will iterate over all
those input data and hand it over for particular testing to testDecode
worker.

Use t.Run for spawning each case - it is less typing (we do not need to
manually print test.name on errors, etc), and it allows to select which
subtests to run via e.g. `go test -run Decode/int`

Having that long data makes the table clumsy and harder to understand.
By moving such data definition out of the table, we make it a bit easier
to understand.

In the case of "long line", the pickle input and the line itself were
almost duplicating each other, so instead of having two long lines
explicitly pasted, let's have the test input be defined as

+	{"too long line", "V" + longLine + "\n.", longLine},

In the case of Graphite messages, one long Graphite object was also
duplicated in encode_test.go .

Just a cleanup, no semantic change.

It will be handy to use testing.T.Run in the upcoming patches that add
more decode/encode tests. However since testing.T.Run was was added in
Go1.7 the code won't work with Go1.6 .

Since Go1.6 was released in the beginning of 2016 - more than 2.5 years
ago, and upstream Go policy is to support only current stable (currently
Go1.11) and two previous releases (currently Go1.10 and Go1.9), as of
today Go1.6 is both not supported and outdated. So let's drop explicit
support for it in the name of progress.

By above logic we could also drop support for 1.7 and 1.8, but since
there is no pressing particular need to do so I'm not dropping them for
now.

Currently we often use constructs like

	_, err := e.w.Write([]byte{opNone})
	return err

however with added Encoder.emit helper it can become only

	return e.emit(opNone)

which is more clearly readable.

We can do similarly for formatted output:

-	_, err := fmt.Fprintf(e.w, "%c%dL\n", opLong, b)
-	return err
+	return e.emitf("%c%dL\n", opLong, b)

Due to much boilerplate in one place (encodeInt) the return of
fmt.Fprintf was not even checked. We change the code there with

-		_, err = e.w.Write([]byte{opInt})
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(e.w, "%d\n", i)
+		return e.emitf("%c%d\n", opInt, i)

which is now hopefully more visible for what is going on and is easier
to catch potential mistake by eyes.

A corresponding test for "int64 encoded as string" will be added later.