- 12 Jul, 2024 7 commits
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Kirill Smelkov authored
In 9daf6a2a (Fix UNICODE decoding) I fixed protocol 0 UNICODE decoding by implementing "raw-unicode-escape" decoder and switching unpickler to use that to match 1-to-1 what Python unpickler does. In 57f875fd (encoder: Fix protocol 0 UNICODE emission) I further fixed protocol 0 UNICODE encoding by implementing "raw-unicode-escape" encoder and switching pickler to use that, trying to match 1-to-1 what Python pickler does. However there is a difference in between Python unicode and unicode on Go side: in Python unicode is immutable array of UCS code points. On Go side, unicode is immutable array of bytes, that, similarly to Go string are treated as being mostly UTF-8. We did not pick e.g. []rune to represent unicode on Go side because []rune is not immutable and so cannot be used as map keys. So Go unicode can be either valid UTF-8 or invalid UTF-8. For valid UTF-8 case everything is working as intended: our raw-unicode-escape decoder, because it works in terms of UCS, can produce only valid UTF-8, while our raw-unicode-escape encoder also matches 1-to-1 what python does because for valid UTF-8 utf8.DecodeRuneInString gives good rune and the encoder further works in terms of UCS. However for the case of invalid UTF-8, there is a difference in between what Python and Go raw-unicode-escape encoders do: for Python this case is simply impossible because there input is []UCS. For the Go case, in 57f875fd I extended the encoder to do: // invalid UTF-8 -> emit byte as is case r == utf8.RuneError: out = append(out, s[0]) which turned out to be not very thoughtful and wrong because original raw-unicode-escape also emits UCS < 0x100 as those plain bytes and so if we also emit invalid UTF-8 as is then the following two inputs would be encoded into the same representation "\x93": unicode("\x93") // invalid UTF-8 unicode("\xc2\x93) // UTF-8 of \u93 which would break `decode/encode = identity` invariant and corrupt the data because when loaded back it will be "\xc2\x93" instead of original "\x93". -> Fix it by rejecting to encode such invalid UTF-8 via protocol 0 UNICODE. Unfortunately rejection is the only reasonable choice because raw-unicode-escape codec does not allow \xAA to be present in the output stream and so there is simply no way to represent arbitrary bytes there. Better to give explicit error instead of corrupting the data. For protocols ≥ 1 arbitrary unicode - both valid and invalid UTF-8 - can still be loaded and saved because *BINUNICODE opcodes come with bytestring argument and there is no need to decode/encode those bytestrings.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
For example currently if result of decoding is expected to be unicode, but is actually string the following confusing error is generated with exactly the same have and want: --- FAIL: TestDecode/unicode(non-utf8)/"X\x01\x00\x00\x00\x93." (0.00s) ogorek_test.go:504: decode: have: "\x93" want: "\x93" This happens because by default Printf("%#v") does not emit object type even if it was derived type from builtin string - either our Bytes or unicode, and emits the same string representation irregardless of which type it is. I think out-of-the box behaviour of %#v is unreasonable, but it is there for a long time and so instead of trying to argue with Go upstream, which after many years of arguing I think is not practical, teach our Bytes and unicode types how to represent themselves under %#v with indicating their type in the output. After the fix the error from above becomes --- FAIL: TestDecode/unicode(non-utf8)/"X\x01\x00\x00\x00\x93." (0.00s) ogorek_test.go:504: decode: have: "\x93" want: ogórek.unicode("\x93") which is more clear because want is different from have. Adjusted behaviour is not test-only, because user applications might want to do the same %#v at application level and there it would be also confusing not to see a type.
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Kamil Kisiel authored
fuzz: Export tests pickles to fuzz/corpus with stable filenames
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Kirill Smelkov authored
In 9d1344ba (fuzz: Automatically export all tests pickles into fuzz/corpus) I added code that automatically exports all test pickles to fuzz corpus, so that fuzzing starts from all the tricky cases we already put into tests. However exported files were named as test-i-j.pickle, where i is sequential number of test entry in global test vector. This way if we insert some new entry in the middle, or change entries order it causes lots of renaming inside fuzz/corpus/ on next `go generate`. -> Fix that by emitting vectors as test-<sha1-of-pickle>.pickle so that file name depends only on pickle content are remains stable independently of entry position in the list of tests. Besides changes to fuzz_test.go this patch brings: 1) rm fuzz/corpus/test-*.pickle 2) `go generate` The result inside fuzz/corpus/ is pure renaming + removal of duplicates. For example test-15-4.pickle is removed because the same data was in test-14-4.pickle and now resides in test-ee4459c0c165c4cbc3672ee5ef5438e00121b229.pickle.
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Kamil Kisiel authored
decoder: Fix integer overflow in BYTEARRAY8 handling
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Rerunning recent go-fuze resulted in adding some new test vectors.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Rerunning fuzzing afresh found the following crash because uint64 len > max(int64) was cast to int resulting in negative number: "\x960000000\xbd" panic: bytes.Buffer.Grow: negative count goroutine 1 [running]: bytes.(*Buffer).Grow(0xc000012140?, 0xc00010abf8?) /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go1.22/src/bytes/buffer.go:166 +0xb4 github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).bufLoadBytesData(0xc000072000, 0xbd30303030303030) /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:788 +0xd5 github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).bufLoadBinData8(0xc000072000) /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:776 +0x105 github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).loadBytearray8(0xc000072000) /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:1270 +0x34 github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).Decode(0xc000072000) /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:311 +0x1a2c github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz({0x7fd052187000, 0x9, 0x9}) /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:15 +0xf6 go-fuzz-dep.Main({0xc00010af38, 0x1, 0x5bc338?}) go-fuzz-dep/main.go:36 +0x14c main.main() github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:15 +0x35 exit status 2 -> Fix it by first comparing uint64 len without casting and further casting to int only after we cap the len to be in safe range.
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- 07 Jul, 2024 1 commit
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Kirill Smelkov authored
* Switch from Travis CI to GitHub Actions Travis CI no longer works for ogórek and https://travis-ci.org/kisielk/og-rek returns "not found". -> Switch to GitHub Actions to fix CI. We loose CI coverage for "go tip" as specifying "tip" Go version in actions/setup-go is not supported out of the box: https://github.com/actions/setup-go/issues/21 Maybe in 201x it was relevant to test wrt go tip, but nowdays I think this is no longer much needed. * CI += go1.16 - go1.22 Add CI coverage for all releases past go1.15 that we had before.
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- 10 Mar, 2021 1 commit
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Pickle protocol 5 adds out-of-band data and BYTEARRAY8 opcode (see [1] and [2]). We add support for BYTEARRAY8 here. Handling out-of-band data would require more setup from users - on both decoding and encoding side, and it is likely that currently no practical use-case exists to work with pickles with out-of-band data on Go side. This way we behave as if no out-of-band data was provided when seeing all protocol 5 opcodes besides BYTEARRAY8. Hopefully fixes: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/62 [1] https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0574 [2] https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/91f4380cedba /reviewed-by @kisielk /reviewed-on https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/pull/63
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- 16 Sep, 2020 2 commits
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Ogórek can be already used from another module (but at outdated version), but let's be explicit about that. Go.mod was created by `go mod init github.com/kisielk/og-rek`. There is no external dependencies.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Go1.14 and Go1.15 are the current stable Go releases. Go1.12 and Go1.14 fill in the gap in testing coverage in between -go1.11 and current go releases. Maybe we can eventually drop older go release from travis coverage.
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- 28 Sep, 2018 8 commits
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Add brief overview on to how to use ogórek, and how Python and Go types are mapped with each other. For completeness give overview of pickle protocols and overview of persistent references. (Documentation put into separate doc.go as suggested by Kamil)
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Rerun `go generate` since new tests vectors have been added in recent bytes/bytearray patches.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Starting from 2013 (from 555efd8f "first draft of dumb pickle encoder") wrt []byte ogórek state was: 1. []byte was encoded as string 2. there was no way to decode a pickle object into []byte then, as - []byte encoding was never explicitly tested, - nor I could find any usage of such encodings via searching through all Free / Open-Source software ogórek uses - I searched via "Uses" of NewEncoder on godoc: https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/-/blob/encode.go#L48:6=&tab=references:external it is likely that []byte encoding support was added just for the sake of it and convenience and then never used. It is also likely that the original author does not use ogórek encoder anymore: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/pull/52#issuecomment-423639026 For those reasons I tend to think that it should be relatively safe to change how []byte is handled: - the need to change []byte handling is that currently []byte is a kind of exception: we can only encode it and not decode something into it. Currently encode/decode roundtrip for []byte gives string, which breaks the property of encode/decode being identity for all other basic types. - on the similar topic, on encoding strings are assumed UTF-8 and are encoded as UNICODE opcodes for protocol >= 3. Passing arbitrary bytes there seems to be not good. - on to how change []byte - sadly it cannot be used as Python's bytes counterpart. In fact in the previous patch we actually just added ogórek.Bytes as a counterpart for Python bytes. We did not used []byte for that because - contrary to Python bytes - []byte cannot be used as a dict key. - the most natural counterpart for Go's []byte is thus Python's bytearray: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray-objects which is "a mutable counterpart to bytes objects" So add Python's bytearray decoding into []byte, and correspondingly change []byte encoding to be encoded as bytearray. P.S. This changes encoder semantic wrt []byte. If some ogórek use breaks somewhere because of it, we could add an encoder option to restore backward compatible behaviour. However since I suspect noone was actually encoding []byte into pickles, I prefer we wait for someone to speak-up first instead of loading EncoderConfig with confusion options that nobody will ever use.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
In the next patch decoding a pickle will depend on whether current protocol is <= 2 or >= 3. For this let's teach PROTO opcode handler to recall last seen protocol version. For testing - prepare tests infrastructure for cases where protocol version affects decoding semantic: if a test pickle in tests table comes with \x80\xff prefix, on decode tests this prefix will be changed to concrete \x80 ver with all versions protperly iterated as specified in TestPickle.protov. We will also need this functionality in the next patch.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
In Python bytes is immutable and read-only array of bytes. It is also hashable and so is different from go []byte in that it can be used as a dict key. Thus the closes approximation for Python bytes in Go is some type derived from Go's string - it will be different from string and at the same time will inherit from string it immutability property and being able to be used as map key. So - add ogórek.Bytes type to represent Python bytes - add support to decode BINBYTES* pickle opcodes (these are protocol 3 opcodes) - add support to encode ogórek.Bytes via those BINBYTES* opcodes - for protocols <= 2, where there is no opcodes to directly represent bytes, adopt the same approach as Python - by pickling bytes as _codecs.encode(byt.decode('latin1'), 'latin1') this way unpickling it on Python3 will give bytes, while unpickling it on Python2 will give str: In [1]: sys.version Out[1]: '3.6.6 (default, Jun 27 2018, 14:44:17) \n[GCC 8.1.0]' In [2]: byt = b'\x01\x02\x03' In [3]: _codecs.encode(byt.decode('latin1'), 'latin1') Out[3]: b'\x01\x02\x03' --- In [1]: sys.version Out[1]: '2.7.15+ (default, Aug 31 2018, 11:56:52) \n[GCC 8.2.0]' In [2]: byt = b'\x01\x02\x03' In [3]: _codecs.encode(byt.decode('latin1'), 'latin1') Out[3]: '\x01\x02\x03' - correspondingly teach decoder to recognize particular calls to _codecs.encode as being representation for bytes and decode it appropriately. - since we now have to emit byt.decode('latin1') as UNICODE - add, so far internal, `type unicode(string)` that instructs ogórek encoder to always emit the string with UNICODE opcodes (regular string is encoded to unicode pickle object only for protocol >= 3). - For []byte encoding preserve the current status - even though dispatching in Encoder.encode changes, the end result is the same - []byte was and stays currently encoded as just regular string. This was added in 555efd8f "first draft of dumb pickle encoder", and even though that might be not a good choice, changing it is a topic for another patch.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Previously, we were quoting UNICODE opcode argument with strconv.QuoteToASCII(). However that function, in addition to \u and \U escapes, can produce e.g. \n, \r, \xAA etc escapes. And all of the latter variants are not treated as special escapes of a unicode literal by Python, thus leading to data being wrongly received. Fix it by doing exactly the same that Python pickle encoder does - the UNICODE argument comes are "raw-unicode-escape" encoded. This patch contains only codec tests - not end-to-end pickle tests, because currently Encoder.encodeUnicode() is called only from under Encoder.encodeString(), and there only from under if e.config.Protocol >= 3 We will indirectly add tests for encodeUnicode @ protocol=0 in the next patches, while adding support for Python bytes.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
I initially added pyquote only as debugging tool (in b429839d "tests: Show pickles in a way that can be copy-pasted into Python"), and later it started to be used in the Encoder (see 18004fbd "Move pyquote into main codebase"). However there is no explicit tests for pyquote. Add some pyquote tests.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Both object and objectDecodedBack are interace{}. So it could turn out, if e.g. they are both of the same non-comparable type (e.g. []byte), comparing them directly will panic.
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- 26 Sep, 2018 7 commits
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Kirill Smelkov authored
I was (re-)running fuzz tests again, and in addition to what was already known (e.g. self-referencing structures) found two new issues: - long as dict keys (https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/55), and - encoding global with '\n' in module name (fixed in previous patch). Update the corpus with points go-fuzz found, so that next runs could restart with having all the previous interesting input vectors available.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Caught via fuzzing: "\x8c\x030\n02\x93." 0: \x8c SHORT_BINUNICODE '0\n0' 5: 2 DUP 6: \x93 STACK_GLOBAL 7: . STOP panic: protocol 0: decode back error: err pickle: "c0\n0\n0\n0\n." goroutine 1 [running]: github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz(0x7f2f1009a000, 0x8, 0x200000, 0x3) /tmp/go-fuzz-build645492341/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:47 +0x8b8 go-fuzz-dep.Main(0x525e10) /tmp/go-fuzz-build645492341/goroot/src/go-fuzz-dep/main.go:49 +0xad main.main() /tmp/go-fuzz-build645492341/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:10 +0x2d exit status 2 i.e. '0\n0' module name was emitted as-is as part ot text-based GLOBAL which completely broke pickle stream. For the reference Python decodes such globals with \n in name just ok: In [10]: s = b"S'decimal\\nq'\nS'Decimal'\n\x93." In [11]: pickle.loads(s) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ModuleNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-11-764e4625bc41> in <module>() ----> 1 pickle.loads(s) ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'decimal\nq' In [12]: import sys In [15]: d = sys.modules['decimal'] In [16]: sys.modules['decimal\nq'] = d In [17]: pickle.loads(s) Out[17]: decimal.Decimal
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Kirill Smelkov authored
I put "err" into format string instead of argument. Apologize for that...
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Kirill Smelkov authored
While fixing https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48 there were corresponding test-vector additions. Regenerate the fuzz test corpus.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
UNICODE is text-based opcode, which is used at protocol 0 and follows 'raw-unicode-escape' encoded argument till EOL. - for decoding we must explicitly implement Python's 'raw-unicode-escape' codec decoding, which is used by Python's pickle for UNICODE argument. Updates and hopefully fixes: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48
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Kirill Smelkov authored
STRING is text-based opcode which is used at protocol 0 and follows \-escaped argument till EOL. - for encoding we must not use Go's %q, since that will use \u and \U when seeing corresponding bytes, and since Python does not interpret \u or \U in string literals, the data received at Python side will be different. - for decoding we must explicitly implement Python's 'string-escape' codec decoding which is used by Python's pickle for STRING opcode argument. Updates: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48
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Kirill Smelkov authored
We added pyquote in b429839d (tests: Show pickles in a way that can be copy-pasted into Python). However in the next patch this functionality will be needed for the encoder to fix encoding of strings at protocol 0. Thus we need this function to be not test-only. Plain code movement here, no semantic change.
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- 25 Sep, 2018 8 commits
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Even though we tried to catch whether dict keys are ok to be used via reflect.TypeOf(key).Comparable() (see da5f0342 "decoder: Fix crashes found by fuzzer (#32)"), that turned out to be not enough. For example if key is a struct, e.g. of the following type type Ref struct { Pid interface{} } it will be comparable. But the comparision, depending on dynamic .Pid type, might panic. This is what was actually cauht by fuzz-testing recently: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/50 (second part of the report) So instead of recursively walking a key type and checking each subfield with reflect.TypeOf().Comparable(), switch for using panic/recover for detecting the "unhashable key" situation. This slows down decoding a bit (only cumulative figure for all-test-vectors decoding): name old time/op new time/op delta DecodeLong-4 361ns ± 0% 362ns ± 0% ~ (p=0.238 n=5+4) Decode-4 93.2µs ± 0% 95.6µs ± 0% +2.54% (p=0.008 n=5+5) Encode-4 16.5µs ± 0% 16.6µs ± 0% ~ (p=0.841 n=5+5) but that is the price of correctness. And with manually recursively walking key type I doubt it would be faster. The defer overhead should be less once https://github.com/golang/go/issues/14939 is fixed. Updates: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/30
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Kirill Smelkov authored
In 06e06939 (encoder: Allow to specify pickle protocol version) I added ability to add to tests error cases - object inputs that on encoding should produce error. For decoding we should skip those cases as there pickle.data = "", and if not skipped it leads to --- FAIL: BenchmarkDecode ogorek_test.go:803: unexpected # of decode steps: got 100 ; want 102
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Updates coming via `go generate` since main tests table was amended.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Appologize for the breakage there.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
When encoding tests fails, the "want" and "have" pickles are printed. It is handy to copy-paste those pickles into Python console and check them further there. Pickle printing currently uses %q. However in Go fmt's %q can use \u and \U if byte sequence form a valid UTF-8 character. That poses a problem: in Python str (py2) or bytes (py3) literal \uXXXX are not processed as unicode-escapes and enter the string as is. This result in different pickle data pasted into Python and further confusion. Entering data into Python as unicode literals (where \u works) and then adding .encode('utf-8') also does not generally work - as pickle data is generally arbitrary it can be a not valid UTF-8, for example: "\x80\u043c\u0438\u0440" (= "\x80мир" = "\x80\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb8\xd1\x80") end unicode-encoding them in python also gives different data: In [1]: u"\x80\u043c\u0438\u0440".encode('utf-8') Out[1]: '\xc2\x80\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb8\xd1\x80' (note leading extra \xc2) For this reason let's implement quoting - that Python can understand - ourselves. This dumping functionality was very handy during recent encoder fixes debugging.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
- we can use STACK_GLOBAL only if protocol >= 4. - for earlier protocols we have to use text-based GLOBAL.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Similarly to dict, for struct encoding switch from protocol 1 opcodes into always using protocol 0 opcodes, which is by the way 1 byte shorter. For the reference - for structs, unlike maps, the order of emitted keys is well-defined - it is the order of fields as they are defined in the struct. This way we can precisely test encoder output on structs with more than 1 field.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
- we can use EMPTY_DICT only if protocol >= 1 Also: similarly to list (33d1926f), since we are now using EMPTY_DICT only optionally, it is logical to swit to MARK + ... + DICT from EMPTY_DICT (or MARK + DICT @proto=0) + MARK + ... + SETITEMS which is at least 1 byte longer. For the reference - SETITEMS is also from protocol 1, while DICT is from protocol 0.
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- 21 Sep, 2018 6 commits
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Kirill Smelkov authored
More corpus files appeared while running fuzz testing today for ~ 1 hour.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Should be better in 302c79ea (fuzz: Hook encoder into the loop), but it is hopefully never too late.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Found via fuzzing: "I-7\n." panic: protocol 1: decode·encode != identity: have: 4294967289 want: -7 goroutine 1 [running]: github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz(0x7f99bd8b4000, 0x5, 0x200000, 0x3) /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:50 +0x604 go-fuzz-dep.Main(0x524df8) /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/goroot/src/go-fuzz-dep/main.go:49 +0xad main.main() /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:10 +0x2d exit status 2 I've checked other handlers, like BININT1 and BININT2, and since there everywhere argument is unsigned, there is no similar problem. We needed previous patch on proper readLine EOF detection, because else the testcase for P0("I-7\n.") would be breaking: --- FAIL: TestDecode/int(-7)/"I-7\n." (0.00s) ogorek_test.go:401: no ErrUnexpectedEOF on [:2] truncated stream: v = <nil> err = &strconv.NumError{Func:"ParseInt", Num:"-", Err:(*errors.errorString)(0xc00000e1b0)}
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Currently we use bufio.Reader.ReadLine which accepts either \n or \r\n as line ending. That is however not correct: - we should not accept e.g. "S'abc'\r\n." pickle, because it is invalid: In [32]: pickle.loads(b"S'abc'\r\n.") --------------------------------------------------------------------------- UnpicklingError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-32-b1da1988bae1> in <module>() ----> 1 pickle.loads(b"S'abc'\r\n.") UnpicklingError: the STRING opcode argument must be quoted - we should not accept e.g. "L123L\r\n.", because it is also invalid: In [33]: pickle.loads(b"L123L\r\n.") --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ValueError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-33-7231ec07f5c4> in <module>() ----> 1 pickle.loads(b"L123L\r\n.") ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '123L\r\n' - treating \r as part of EOL in e.g. UNICODE pickle would just drop encoded information: # python In [34]: pickle.loads(b"Vabc\r\n.") Out[34]: 'abc\r' while ogórek currently decodes it as just 'abc' (no trailing \r). For this reason let's fix Decoder.readLine to treat only \n as EOL. Besides this fix, we now get another property: previously, when internally using bufio.Reader.ReadLine we were not able to distinguish two situations: - a line was abruptly ended without any EOL characters at all, - a line was properly ended with EOL character. Now after we switched to internally using bufio.Reader.ReadSlice, we will be able to properly detect EOF and return that as error. This property will be needed in the following patch.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
This way whatever/whenever we add a tricky test pickle into main tests table, it should be automatically also be present as a starting point in the fuzz corpus. This should hopefully improve fuzzing coverage.
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Kirill Smelkov authored
Continuing 5dbc8a1b (decoder: Don't allow mark to be returned as pickle result) I discovered that the mark object can be still exposed to user, but not directly. For example the following pickle: "(\x85." // MARK + TUPLE1 was creating Tuple{mark} and returning it just ok to the user. As marker must be used only internally it is invalid to do so. Python also forbids this: In [3]: s = b"(\x85." In [4]: dis(s) 0: ( MARK 1: \x85 TUPLE1 2: . STOP highest protocol among opcodes = 2 In [5]: pickle.loads(s) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- UnpicklingError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-5-764e4625bc41> in <module>() ----> 1 pickle.loads(s) UnpicklingError: unexpected MARK found So let's close all (hopefully) holes where mark object could be returned to user in a similar way.
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