AWS supports three different modes for encrypting S3 data:

1. Server-Side Encryption with Amazon S3-Managed Keys (SSE-S3)
2. Server-Side Encryption with Customer Master Keys (CMKs) Stored in AWS
Key Management Service (SSE-KMS)
3. Server-Side Encryption with Customer-Provided Keys (SSE-C)

Previously, SSE-S3 and SSE-C were supported via the
`backup.upload.encryption` and `backup.upload.encryption_key`
configuration options.

SSE-KMS was previously not supported in backups because there was no way
to specify which customer-managed key to use. However, we did support
SSE-KMS with consolidated object storage enabled for other CI artifacts,
attachments, LFS, etc. Note that SSE-C is NOT supported here.

In consolidated object storage, the `storage_options` Hash provides the
`server_side_encryption` and `server_side_encryption_kms_key_id`
parameters that allow admins to configure SSE-KMS. We reuse this
configuration in backups to support SSE-KMS.

Relates to #338764

Changelog: added