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# Best practices for data layout and access patterns
Certain patterns of data access, and especially data updates, can exacerbate strain
on the database. Avoid them if possible.
This document lists some patterns to avoid, with recommendations for alternatives.
## High-frequency updates, especially to the same row
Avoid single database rows that are updated by many transactions at the same time.
- If many processes attempt to update the same row simultaneously, they queue up
as each transaction locks the row for writing. As this can significantly increase
transaction timings, the Rails connection pools can saturate, leading to
application-wide downtime.
- For each row update, PostgreSQL inserts a new row version and deletes the old one.
In high-traffic scenarios, this approach can cause vacuum and WAL (write-ahead log)
pressure, reducing database performance.
This pattern often happens when an aggregate is too expensive to compute for each
request, so a running tally is kept in the database. If you need such an aggregate,
consider keeping a running total in a single row, plus a small working set of
recently added data, such as individual increments:
- When introducing new data, add it to the working set. These inserts do not
cause lock contention.
- When calculating the aggregate, combine the running total with a live aggregate
from the working set, providing an up-to-date result.
- Add a periodic job that incorporates the working set into the running total and
clears it in a transaction, bounding the amount of work needed by a reader.
## Wide tables
PostgreSQL organizes rows into 8 KB pages, and operates on one page at a time.
By minimizing the width of rows in a table, we improve the following:
- Sequential and bitmap index scan performance, because fewer pages must be
scanned if each contains more rows.
- Vacuum performance, because vacuum can process more rows in each page.
- Update performance, because during a (non-HOT) update, each index must be
updated for every row update.
Mitigating wide tables is one part of the database team's
