It is not possible for the current verifier to track ALU32 and JMP ops
correctly. This can result in the verifier aborting with errors even though
the program should be verifiable. BPF codes that hit this can work around
it by changin int variables to 64-bit types, marking variables volatile,
etc. But this is all very ugly so it would be better to avoid these tricks.

But, the main reason to address this now is do_refine_retval_range() was
assuming return values could not be negative. Once we fixed this code that
was previously working will no longer work. See do_refine_retval_range()
patch for details. And we don't want to suddenly cause programs that used
to work to fail.

The simplest example code snippet that illustrates the problem is likely
this,

 53: w8 = w0                    // r8 <- [0, S32_MAX],
                                // w8 <- [-S32_MIN, X]
 54: w8 <s 0                    // r8 <- [0, U32_MAX]
                                // w8 <- [0, X]

The expected 64-bit and 32-bit bounds after each line are shown on the
right. The current issue is without the w* bounds we are forced to use
the worst case bound of [0, U32_MAX]. To resolve this type of case,
jmp32 creating divergent 32-bit bounds from 64-bit bounds, we add explicit
32-bit register bounds s32_{min|max}_value and u32_{min|max}_value. Then
from branch_taken logic creating new bounds we can track 32-bit bounds
explicitly.

The next case we observed is ALU ops after the jmp32,

 53: w8 = w0                    // r8 <- [0, S32_MAX],
                                // w8 <- [-S32_MIN, X]
 54: w8 <s 0                    // r8 <- [0, U32_MAX]
                                // w8 <- [0, X]
 55: w8 += 1                    // r8 <- [0, U32_MAX+1]
                                // w8 <- [0, X+1]

In order to keep the bounds accurate at this point we also need to track
ALU32 ops. To do this we add explicit ALU32 logic for each of the ALU
ops, mov, add, sub, etc.

Finally there is a question of how and when to merge bounds. The cases
enumerate here,

1. MOV ALU32   - zext 32-bit -> 64-bit
2. MOV ALU64   - copy 64-bit -> 32-bit
3. op  ALU32   - zext 32-bit -> 64-bit
4. op  ALU64   - n/a
5. jmp ALU32   - 64-bit: var32_off | upper_32_bits(var64_off)
6. jmp ALU64   - 32-bit: (>> (<< var64_off))

Details for each case,

For "MOV ALU32" BPF arch zero extends so we simply copy the bounds
from 32-bit into 64-bit ensuring we truncate var_off and 64-bit
bounds correctly. See zext_32_to_64.

For "MOV ALU64" copy all bounds including 32-bit into new register. If
the src register had 32-bit bounds the dst register will as well.

For "op ALU32" zero extend 32-bit into 64-bit the same as move,
see zext_32_to_64.

For "op ALU64" calculate both 32-bit and 64-bit bounds no merging
is done here. Except we have a special case. When RSH or ARSH is
done we can't simply ignore shifting bits from 64-bit reg into the
32-bit subreg. So currently just push bounds from 64-bit into 32-bit.
This will be correct in the sense that they will represent a valid
state of the register. However we could lose some accuracy if an
ARSH is following a jmp32 operation. We can handle this special
case in a follow up series.

For "jmp ALU32" mark 64-bit reg unknown and recalculate 64-bit bounds
from tnum by setting var_off to ((<<(>>var_off)) | var32_off). We
special case if 64-bit bounds has zero'd upper 32bits at which point
we can simply copy 32-bit bounds into 64-bit register. This catches
a common compiler trick where upper 32-bits are zeroed and then
32-bit ops are used followed by a 64-bit compare or 64-bit op on
a pointer. See __reg_combine_64_into_32().

For "jmp ALU64" cast the bounds of the 64bit to their 32-bit
counterpart. For example s32_min_value = (s32)reg->smin_value. For
tnum use only the lower 32bits via, (>>(<<var_off)). See
__reg_combine_64_into_32().
Signed-off-by: John Fastabend <john.fastabend@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/158560419880.10843.11448220440809118343.stgit@john-Precision-5820-Tower