MDEV-33974 Enable GNU libstdc++ debugging

Starting with GCC 10, let us enable _GLIBCXX_DEBUG as well as
_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS which have an impact on the GNU libstdc++.
On GCC 8, we observed a compilation failure related to some
missing type conversion.

Even though clang on GNU/Linux would default to using libstdc++
and enabling the debugging seems to work with clang-18, we will
not enable this on clang, in case it would lead to compilation
errors.

For the clang libc++ before clang-15 there was _LIBCPP_DEBUG,
but according to
llvm/llvm-project@f3966eaf869b7bdd9113ab9d5b78469eb0f5f028 and
llvm/llvm-project@13ea1343231fa4ae12fe9fba4c789728465783d7 and
llvm/llvm-project@ff573a42cd1f1d05508f165dc3e645a0ec17edb5 it
looks like that for proper results, a specially built debug version
of libc++ would have to be used in order to enable equivalent checks.

This should help catch bugs like the one that
commit 455a15fd fixed.

Reviewed by: Sergei Golubchik

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -276,8 +276,6 @@ IF(SECURITY_HARDENED AND NOT WITH_ASAN AND NOT WITH_UBSAN AND NOT WITH_TSAN AND
   MY_CHECK_AND_SET_COMPILER_FLAG("-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2" RELEASE RELWITHDEBINFO)
 ENDIF()
 
-INCLUDE(wsrep)
-
 OPTION(WITH_DBUG_TRACE "Enable DBUG_ENTER()/DBUG_RETURN()/DBUG_PRINT()" ON)
 IF(WITH_DBUG_TRACE)
   FOREACH(LANG C CXX)
@@ -288,7 +286,12 @@ ENDIF()
 # Always enable debug sync for debug builds.
 SET(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} -DENABLED_DEBUG_SYNC")
 SET(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG} -DENABLED_DEBUG_SYNC")
- 
+
+IF(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC AND NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS "10")
+  # Enable extra checks when using a recent enough version of GNU libstdc++
+  SET(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} -D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG -D_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS")
+ENDIF()
+
 OPTION(ENABLE_GCOV "Enable gcov (debug, Linux builds only)" OFF)
 IF (ENABLE_GCOV)
   MY_CHECK_AND_SET_COMPILER_FLAG("-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage -lgcov" DEBUG)
@@ -349,6 +352,8 @@ ELSEIF(TRASH_FREED_MEMORY MATCHES "AUTO" AND NOT WIN32 AND NOT WITH_VALGRIND AND
   SET(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} -DTRASH_FREED_MEMORY")
 ENDIF()
 
+INCLUDE(wsrep)
+
 # Set commonly used variables
 IF(WIN32)
   SET(DEFAULT_MYSQL_HOME "C:/Program Files/MariaDB ${MYSQL_BASE_VERSION}")