MDEV-34689 Redo log corruption at high load

Issue: During mtr_t:commit, if there is not enough space available in
redo log buffer, we flush the buffer. During flush, the LSN lock is
released allowing other concurrent mtr to commit. After flush we
reacquire the lock but use the old LSN obtained before check. It could
lead to redo log corruption. As the LSN moves backwards with the
possibility of data loss and unrecoverable server if the server aborts
for any reason or if server is shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown=2.
With normal shutdown, recovery fails to map the checkpoint LSN to
correct offset.

In debug mode it hits log0log.cc:863: lsn_t log_t::write_buf()
Assertion `new_buf_free == ((lsn - first_lsn) & write_size_1)' failed.

In release mode, after normal shutdown, restart fails.
[ERROR] InnoDB: Missing FILE_CHECKPOINT(8416546) at 8416546
[ERROR] InnoDB: Log scan aborted at LSN 8416546

Backup fails reading the corrupt redo log.
[00] 2024-07-31 20:59:10 Retrying read of log at LSN=7334851
[00] FATAL ERROR: 2024-07-31 20:59:11 Was only able to copy log from
7334851 to 7334851, not 8416446; try increasing innodb_log_file_size

Unless a backup is tried or the server is shutdown or killed
immediately, the corrupt redo part is eventually truncated and there
may not be any visible issues seen in release mode.

This issue was introduced by the following commit.

commit a635c406
    MDEV-27774 Reduce scalability bottlenecks in mtr_t::commit()

Fix: If we need to release latch and flush redo before writing mtr
logs, make sure to get the latest system LSN after reacquiring the
redo system latch.

storage/innobase/mtr/mtr0mtr.cc

@@ -1042,13 +1042,19 @@ std::pair<lsn_t,byte*> log_t::append_prepare(size_t size, bool ex) noexcept
   size_t b{spin ? lock_lsn() : buf_free.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)};
   write_to_buf++;
 
-  const lsn_t l{lsn.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)}, end_lsn{l + size};
+  lsn_t l{lsn.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)}, end_lsn{l + size};
 
   if (UNIV_UNLIKELY(pmem
                     ? (end_lsn -
                        get_flushed_lsn(std::memory_order_relaxed)) > capacity()
                     : b + size >= buf_size))
+  {
     b= append_prepare_wait<spin>(b, ex, l);
+    /* While flushing log, we had released the lsn lock and LSN could have
+    progressed in the meantime. */
+    l= lsn.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    end_lsn= l + size;
+  }
 
   size_t new_buf_free= b + size;
   if (pmem && new_buf_free >= file_size)