Allow DROP TABLE `#mysql50##sql-...._.` to drop tables that were
being rebuilt by ALGORITHM=INPLACE

NOTE: If the server is killed after the table-rebuilding ALGORITHM=INPLACE
commits inside InnoDB but before the .frm file has been replaced, then
the recovery will involve something else than DROP TABLE.

NOTE: If the server is killed in a true inplace ALTER TABLE commits
inside InnoDB but before the .frm file has been replaced, then we
are really out of luck. To properly handle that situation, we would
need a transactional mysql.ddl_fixup table that directs recovery to
rename or remove files.

prepare_inplace_alter_table_dict(): Use the altered_table->s->table_name
for generating the new_table_name.

table_name_t::part_suffix: The start of the partition name suffix.

table_name_t::dbend(): Return the end of the schema name.

table_name_t::dblen(): Return the length of the schema name, in bytes.

table_name_t::basename(): Return the name without the schema name.

table_name_t::part(): Return the partition name, or NULL if none.

row_drop_table_for_mysql(): Assert for #sql, not #sql-ib.

fseg_alloc_free_page_low(): Remove a bogus and redundant assertion about
fil_space_t::purpose. The debug function fsp_space_modify_check()
is asserting something similar, but more accurately.

Update the .result file. Old EXPLAIN output was incorrect due to
hitting MDEV-14563.

MDEV-14401: Stored procedure that declares a handler that catches ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK error causes thd->is_error() assertion

This was missing bug fix from MySQL wsrep i.e. Galera.
Problem was that if stored procedure declares a handler that
catches deadlock error, then the error may have been
cleared in method sp_rcontext::handle_sql_condition().
Use wsrep_conflict_state correctly to determine is the
error already sent to client.

Add test case for both this bug and MDEV-12837: WSREP: BF
lock wait long. Test requires both fixes to pass.

Problem was a merge error from MySQL wsrep i.e. Galera.

wsrep_on_check
	New check function. Galera can't be enabled
	if innodb-lock-schedule-algorithm=VATS.

innobase_kill_query
	In Galera async kill we could own lock mutex.

innobase_init
	If Variance-Aware-Transaction-Sheduling Algorithm (VATS) is
	used on Galera we fall back to First-Come-First-Served (FCFS)
	with notice to user.

Changed innodb-lock-schedule-algorithm as read-only parameter
as it was designed to be.

lock_reset_lock_and_trx_wait
	Use ib::hex() to print out transaction ID.

lock_rec_other_has_expl_req,
lock_rec_other_has_conflicting,
RecLock::add_to_waitq
lock_rec_lock_slow
lock_table_other_has_incompatible
lock_rec_insert_check_and_lock
lock_prdt_other_has_conflicting

	Change pointer to conflicting lock to normal pointer as this
	pointer contents could be changed later.

RecLock::create
	Conclicting lock pointer is moved to last parameter with
	default value NULL. This conflicting transaction could
	be selected as victim in Galera if requesting transaction
	is BF (brute force) transaction. In this case contents
	of conflicting lock pointer will be changed. Use ib::hex() to print
	transaction ids.

Backported patch from 10.3 that allows one to remove short .frm files

Increase the number of status variabels that can be handled

dict_stats_process_entry_from_defrag_pool(): Release the mutex

Follow-up fix to MDEV-13201 Assertion `srv_undo_sources || ...` failed on shutdown during DDL operation

Introduce the debug flag trx_t::persistent_stats to suppress the
assertion for the updates of persistent statistics during fast
shutdown.

dict_stats_exec_sql(): Do execute the statement even though shutdown
has been initiated.

dict_stats_exec_sql(): Expect the caller to always provide a transaction.
Remove some redundant assertions. The caller must hold dict_sys->mutex,
but holding dict_operation_lock is only necessary for accessing
data dictionary tables, which we are not accessing.

dict_stats_save_index_stat(): Acquire dict_sys->mutex
for invoking dict_stats_exec_sql().

dict_stats_save(), dict_stats_update_for_index(), dict_stats_update(),
dict_stats_drop_index(), dict_stats_delete_from_table_stats(),
dict_stats_delete_from_index_stats(), dict_stats_drop_table(),
dict_stats_rename_in_table_stats(), dict_stats_rename_in_index_stats(),
dict_stats_rename_table(): Use a single caller-provided
transaction that is started and committed or rolled back by the caller.

dict_stats_process_entry_from_recalc_pool(): Let the caller provide
a transaction object.

ha_innobase::open(): Pass a transaction to dict_stats_init().

ha_innobase::create(), ha_innobase::discard_or_import_tablespace():
Pass a transaction to dict_stats_update().

ha_innobase::rename_table(): Pass a transaction to
dict_stats_rename_table(). We do not use the same transaction
as the one that updated the data dictionary tables, because
we already released the dict_operation_lock. (FIXME: there is
a race condition; a lock wait on SYS_* tables could occur
in another DDL transaction until the data dictionary transaction
is committed.)

ha_innobase::info_low(): Pass a transaction to dict_stats_update()
when calculating persistent statistics.

alter_stats_norebuild(), alter_stats_rebuild(): Update the
persistent statistics as well. In this way, a single transaction
will be used for updating the statistics of a whole table, even
for partitioned tables.

ha_innobase::commit_inplace_alter_table(): Drop statistics for
all partitions when adding or dropping virtual columns, so that
the statistics will be recalculated on the next handler::open().
This is a refactored version of Oracle Bug#22469660 fix.

RecLock::add_to_waitq(), lock_table_enqueue_waiting():
Do not allow a lock wait to occur for updating statistics
in a data dictionary transaction, such as DROP TABLE. Instead,
return the previously unused error code DB_QUE_THR_SUSPENDED.

row_merge_lock_table(), row_mysql_lock_table(): Remove dead code
for handling DB_QUE_THR_SUSPENDED.

row_drop_table_for_mysql(), row_truncate_table_for_mysql():
Drop the statistics as part of the data dictionary transaction.
After TRUNCATE TABLE, the statistics will be recalculated on
subsequent ha_innobase::open(), similar to how the logic after
the above-mentioned Oracle Bug#22469660 fix in
ha_innobase::commit_inplace_alter_table() works.

btr_defragment_thread(): Use a single transaction object for
updating defragmentation statistics.

dict_stats_save_defrag_stats(), dict_stats_save_defrag_stats(),
dict_stats_process_entry_from_defrag_pool(),
dict_defrag_process_entries_from_defrag_pool(),
dict_stats_save_defrag_summary(), dict_stats_save_defrag_stats():
Add a parameter for the transaction.

dict_stats_empty_table(): Make public. This will be called by
row_truncate_table_for_mysql() after dropping persistent statistics,
to clear the memory-based statistics as well.

Part #2: Don't use the new code for the clustered PK, it is handled
in the special way right above.

TABLE_SHARE::init_from_binary_frm_image() calls handler_file->index_flags()
before it has set TABLE_SHARE::primary_key (it is 0 while it should be
MAX_KEY in my example).
This causes MyRocks to report wrong index flags (it thinks it's a PK while
it is not), which causes invalid query plans later on.

Do the only thing that seems feasible: adjust field->part_of key to have
correct value in ha_rocksdb::open.

Part#1: Set field->part_of_key correctly for PK fields.

MDEV-14587 dict_stats_process_entry_from_defrag_pool() fails to call dict_table_close() when index==NULL

dict_stats_process_entry_from_defrag_pool(): Simplify the logic,
and always call dict_table_close() when dict_table_open() returned
a non-NULL handle.

MDEV-13670/MDEV-14550 Error log flood :  "InnoDB: page_cleaner: 1000ms intended loop took N ms. The settings might not be optimal."

Silence the error log output that was introduced in MySQL 5.7
(MariaDB 10.2.2) if log_warnings=2 or less.

We should still figure out what these messages really indicate
and how to solve the problems.

pc_sleep_if_needed(): Add a parameter for the current time,
so that there will be fewer successive calls to ut_time_ms()
with no I/O between them.

buf_flush_page_cleaner_coordinator(): Exit the first loop
whenever shutdown has been requested. At the start of the loop,
call ut_time_ms() only once. Do not display the message if
log_warnings=2 or less.

The function dict_stats_update_if_needed() replaced
row_update_statistics_if_needed(). Adjust the comments accordingly.

Problem was that Binlog_checkpoint can happen at random times.
Fixed by not write binlog_checkpoint for the rpl_log test.

Other things:
- Removed not used variable "$keep_gtid_events"
- Added option for show_binlog_events to skip binlog_checkpoint

Originally only symbols withing [] where resolved. Now we resolve
symbols also withing (+...)

To make it easier to see where the resolved symbol comes from, we
resolve the symbol 'in place' instead of just printing the resolved
symbol alone.

srv_purge_wakeup(): If thd_destructor_proxy has initiated the first
step of shutdown, ensure that all purge threads terminate.

logs_empty_and_mark_files_at_shutdown(): Add a debug assertion.
(The purge threads should have been shut down already before this step.)

(possibly intermittent) checksum mismatch.

is detected.

The checksum mismatch can be due to partial write, thus retry the read

Window is a reserved keyword according to SQL Standard 2016. However, we
can make the grammar slightly flexible by allowing WINDOW keyword everywhere
except table aliases. Change yacc grammar to separate between all keywords
and table_alias keywords.

1. Removing data type specific constants from enum_item_param_state,
   adding SHORT_DATA_VALUE instead.
2. Replacing tests for Item_param::state for the removed constants to
   tests for Type_handler::cmp_type() against {INT|REAL|TIME|DECIAML}_RESULT.
   Deriving Item_param::PValue from Type_handler_hybrid_field_type,
   to store the data type handler of the current value of the parameter.

3. Moving Item_param::decimal_value and Item_param::str_value_ptr
   to Item_param::PValue. Adding Item_param::PValue::m_string
   and changing Item_param to use it to store string values,
   instead of Item::str_value. The intent is to replace Item_param::value
   to a st_value based implementation in the future, to avoid duplicate code.
   Adding a sub-class Item::PValue_simple, to implement
   Item_param::PValue::swap() easier.
   Remaming Item_basic_value::fix_charset_and_length_from_str_value()
   to fix_charset_and_length() and adding the "CHARSET_INFO" pointer
   parameter, instead of getting it directly from item->str_value.charset().
   Changing Item_param to pass value.m_string.charset() instead
   of str_value.charset().
   Adding a String argument to the overloaded
   fix_charset_and_length_from_str_value() and changing Item_param
   to pass value.m_string instead of str_value.

4. Replacing the case in Item_param::save_in_field() to a call
   for Type_handler::Item_save_in_field().

5. Adding new methods into Item_param::PValue:
   val_real(), val_int(), val_decimal(), val_str().
   Changing the corresponding Item_param methods
   to use these new Item_param::PValue methods
   internally. Adding a helper method
   Item_param::can_return_value() and removing
   duplicate code in Item_param::val_xxx().

6. Removing value.set_handler() from Item_param::set_conversion()
   and Type_handler_xxx::Item_param_set_from_value().
   It's now done inside Item_param::set_param_func(),
   Item_param::set_value() and Item_param::set_limit_clause_param().

7. Changing Type_handler_int_result::Item_param_set_from_value()
   to set max_length using attr->max_length instead of
   MY_INT64_NUM_DECIMAL_DIGITS, to preserve the data type
   of the assigned expression more precisely.

8. Adding Type_handler_hybrid_field_type::swap(),
   using it in Item_param::PValue::swap().

9. Moving the data-type specific code from
   Item_param::query_val_str(), Item_param::eq(),
   Item_param::clone_item() to
   Item_param::value_query_type_str(),
   Item_param::value_eq(), Item_param::value_clone_item(),
   to split the "state" dependent code and
   the data type dependent code.
   Later we'll split the data type related code further
   and add new methods in Type_handler. This will be done
   after we replace Item_param::PValue to st_value.

10. Adding asserts into set_int(), set_double(), set_decimal(),
   set_time(), set_str(), set_longdata() to make sure that
   the value set to Item_param corresponds to the previously
   set data type handler.

11. Adding tests into t/ps.test and suite/binlog/t/binlog_stm_ps.test,
   to cover Item_param::print() and Item_param::append_for_log()
   for LIMIT clause parameters.
   Note, the patch does not change the behavior covered by the new
   tests. Adding for better code coverage.

12. Adding tests for more precise integer data type in queries like this:
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
     'CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 AS SELECT 999999999 AS a,? AS b'
      USING 999999999;
    The explicit integer literal and the same integer literal
    passed as a PS parameter now produce columns of the same data type.
    Re-recording old results in ps.result, gis.result, func_hybrid_type.result
    accordingly.