Various places in the server replication code was incorrectly quoting
strings, which could lead to incorrect SQL on the slave/mysqlbinlog.

We set correct cmp_context during preparation to avoid changing it later by Item_field::equal_fields_propagator.
(see mysql bugs #57135 #57692 during merging)

The bug was the result of the incomplete fix for bug lp bug 1008293.

Virtual columns of ENUM and SET data types were not supported properly
in the original patch that introduced virtual columns into MariaDB 5.2.
The problem was that for any  virtual column the patch used the 
interval_id field of the definition of the column in the frm file as
a reference to the virtual column expression.
The fix stores the optional interval_id of the virtual column in the
extended header of the virtual column expression. 

One of the reported problems manifested itself in the scenario when one
thread tried to to get statistics on a key cache while the second thread
had not finished initialization of the key cache structure yet. 
The problem was resolved by forcing serialization of such operations
on key caches.

To serialize function calls to perform certain operations over a key cache
a new mutex associated with the key cache now is used. It is stored in the
field op_lock of the KEY_CACHE structure. It is locked when the operation
is performed. Some of the serialized key cache operations utilize calls 
for other key cache operations. To avoid recursive locking of op_lock
the new functions that perform the operations of key cache initialization,
destruction and re-partitioning with an additional parameter were introduced.
The parameter says whether the operation over op_lock are to be performed or
are to be omitted. The old functions for the operations of key cache 
initialization, destruction,and  re-partitioning  now just call the
corresponding new functions with the additional parameter set to true
requesting to use op_lock while all other calls of these new function
have this parameter set to false. 

Another problem reported in the bug entry concerned the operation of
assigning an index to a key cache. This operation can be called
while the key cache structures are not initialized yet. In this
case any call of flush_key_blocks() should return without any actions.

No test case is provided with this patch.

- Add the VIA_SYM token into keyword_sp list, which makes it allowed for
  use as keyword and SP label.

with false condition, gets confused and throws wrong errors

The problem is that some fix_fields do not call Item_func::fix_fields and do not collect with subselect_information.

This is a backport of the (unchaged) fix for MySQL bug #11764372, 57197.

Analysis:

When the outer query finishes its main execution and computes GROUP BY,
it needs to construct a new temporary table (and a corresponding JOIN) to
execute the last DISTINCT operation. At this point JOIN::exec calls
JOIN::join_free, which calls JOIN::cleanup -> TMP_TABLE_PARAM::cleanup
for both the outer and the inner JOINs. The call to the inner
TMP_TABLE_PARAM::cleanup sets copy_field = NULL, but not copy_field_end.

The final execution phase that computes the DISTINCT invokes:
evaluate_join_record -> end_write -> copy_funcs
The last function copies the results of all functions into the temp table.
copy_funcs walks over all functions in join->tmp_table_param.items_to_copy.
In this case items_to_copy contains both assignments to user variables.
The process of copying user variables invokes Item_func_set_user_var::check
which in turn re-evaluates the arguments of the user variable assignment.
This in turn triggers re-evaluation of the subquery, and ultimately
copy_field.

However, the previous call to TMP_TABLE_PARAM::cleanup for the subquery
already set copy_field to NULL but not its copy_field_end. This results
in a null pointer access, and a crash.

Fix:
Set copy_field_end and save_copy_field_end to null when deleting
copy fields in TMP_TABLE_PARAM::cleanup().

The problem is that some fix_fields do not call Item_func::fix_fields and do not collect with subselect_information.

sql/slave.cc:
  add mutex protection, like in sql_parse.cc

The problem is that we can't check null_value field of non-basic constant without the item execution.:

  in greedy_search with LEFT JOINs and unique keys
- Backport the fix for BUG#806524 from MariaDB 5.3

The not_null_tables() of Item_func_not_all and Item_in_optimizer was inherited from
Item_func by mistake. It made the optimizer think that  subquery
predicates with ALL/ANY/IN were null-rejecting. This could trigger invalid
conversions of outer joins into inner joins.

The failures are  missing entries in the slow query log.  The reason for the failure  are sleep() calls  with short duration 10ms, which is less than the default system timer resolution for various WaitForXXXObject functions  (15.6 ms) and thus can't work reliably.
The fix is to make sleeps tiny bit longer (20ms from 10ms) in the test.

let x = `SELECT <something>`

The fix is to detect the condition "no active connection",  to report error and die.
Note, that the check for no active connection was already in place for ordinary commands, 
and was missing only for assign-variable command.

Optimization of aggregate functions detected constant under max() and evalueted it, but condition in the WHWRE clause (which is always FALSE) was not taken into account

The patch backports two patches from mysql 5.6:
- BUG#12640437: USING SQL_BUFFER_RESULT RESULTS IN A DIFFERENT QUERY OUTPUT
- Bug#12578908: SELECT SQL_BUFFER_RESULT OUTPUTS TOO MANY ROWS WHEN GROUP IS OPTIMIZED AWAY

Original comment:
-----------------
3714 Jorgen Loland	2012-03-01
      BUG#12640437 - USING SQL_BUFFER_RESULT RESULTS IN A DIFFERENT 
                     QUERY OUTPUT
      
      For all but simple grouped queries, temporary tables are used to
      resolve grouping. In these cases, the list of grouping fields is
      stored in the temporary table and grouping is resolved
      there (e.g. by adding a unique constraint on the involved
      fields). Because of this, grouping is already done when the rows
      are read from the temporary table.
      
      In the case where a group clause may be optimized away, grouping
      does not have to be resolved using a temporary table. However, if
      a temporary table is explicitly requested (e.g. because the
      SQL_BUFFER_RESULT hint is used, or the statement is
      INSERT...SELECT), a temporary table is used anyway. In this case,
      the temporary table is created with an empty group list (because
      the group clause was optimized away) and it will therefore not
      create groups. Since the temporary table does not take care of
      grouping, JOIN::group shall not be set to false in 
      make_simple_join(). This was fixed in bug 12578908. 
      
      However, there is an exception where make_simple_join() should
      set JOIN::group to false even if the query uses a temporary table
      that was explicitly requested but is not strictly needed. That
      exception is if the loose index scan access method (explain
      says "Using index for group-by") is used to read into the 
      temporary table. With loose index scan, grouping is resolved 
      by the access method. This is exactly what happens in this bug.

This is a backport of the fix for MySQL bug #13723054 in 5.6.

Original comment:
      The crash is caused by arbitrary memory area owerwriting in case of
      BLOB fields during attempt to copy BLOB field key image into record
      buffer(record buffer is too small to get BLOB key part image).
      note:
      QUICK_GROUP_MIN_MAX_SELECT can not work with BLOB fields
      because it uses record buffer as temporary buffer for key values
      however this case is filtered out by covering_keys() check
      in get_best_group_min_max() as BLOBs always require key length
      modificator in the key declaration and if the key has a BLOB
      then it can not be covered key.
      The fix is to use 'max_used_key_length' key length instead of 0.

Analysis:
Spcifically the crash in this bug was a result of the call to key_copy()
that copied the whole key, inlcuding the BLOB field which is not used
for index access. Copying the blob field overwrote memory as far as the
function parameter 'key_info'. As a result the contents of key_info was
all 0, which resulted in a crash when this key_info was accessed few
lines below in key_cmp().

MDEV-214 lp:967242 Wrong result with JOIN, AND in ON condition, multi-part key, GROUP BY, subquery and OR in WHERE

The problem was in the code (update_const_equal_items()) which marked
index parts constant independently of the place where the equality was used.
In the test suite it marked t2_1.c part constant despite the fact that
it connected by OR with other expression.

Solution is to mark constant only top equalities connected with AND.

Fix is to set  maybe_null  flag for Item_func_last_day.

remove a redundant line in Makefile.am

(for example, one of them sets client capabilities by copying server capabilities)

We cannot fix them - let's tolerate them

This can result in bad deadlocks (e.g loader lock), seen in latest crash reports.

since password characters can contain quotes or spaces.

The proper quoting method for command line arguments used here was  extracted from
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/twistylittlepassagesallalike/archive/2011/04/23/everyone-quotes-arguments-the-wrong-way.aspx

Additionally, mysql_install_db.exe now passes root password to "mysqld.exe --bootstrap"
 in hexadecimal form, to handle potential special chars inside password string literal.