MDEV-18224 MTR's internal check of the test case 'innodb.recovery_shutdown' failed due to extra #sql-ib*.ibd files

The test innodb.recovery_shutdown would occasionally fail,
because recovered incomplete transactions would be conflicting
with DROP TABLE, causing the background drop table queue to be invoked.

Add a slow shutdown before dropping the tables, so that the
recovered transactions will be rolled back. Starting with MDEV-14705,
normal shutdown would abort the rollback of recovered transactions.

The file will be closed on line 540

trx_rseg_header_create(): Return the block descriptor, and
remove the redundant trx_rsegf_get_new() call. Apparently
the idea of that call was some kind of encapsulation or
abstraction, to discourage the direct use of the constant TRX_RSEG.

This also removes the trx_purge_initiate_truncate() local
variable rseg_header, which was only used in debug builds.

Tests for MDEV-18892 failed, because of extra 'Prepare' and 'Close stmt'
entries in the output.

Filtering out PS related entries (where it is necessary).

row_ins_foreign_fill_virtual(): Construct update->old_vrow
with ROW_COPY_DATA instead of ROW_COPY_POINTERS. With the latter,
the object would be pointing to a buffer pool page frame. That page
frame can become stale and invalid as soon as
row_ins_foreign_check_on_constraint() invokes mtr_t::commit().

Most of the time, the pointer target is not going to be overwritten
by anything, and everything appears to work correctly.
Buffer pool page replacement is highly unlikely, and any pessimistic
operation that would overwrite the old location of the record is only
slightly more likely. It is not known whether there is an actual bug.
This came up while diagnosing MDEV-18879 in MariaDB 10.3.

Adding an intermediate volatile variable to avoid using co-processor registers
on some platforms (e.g. 32-bit x86).
This change makes test results stable accross all platforms.

MariaDB Server 10.0 and 10.1 support non-indexed virtual columns,
which are hidden from the storage engine. Starting with MDEV-5800
in MariaDB 10.2.2, the virtual columns are visible to storage engines.

calc_row_difference(): Follow up the MDEV-17199 fix, which forgot
to increment num_v when skipping virtual columns in tables that
were created before MariaDB 10.2.2. This caused a corruption of
the update vector when an updated persistent column is preceded
by virtual columns.

The macro innobase_is_v_fld() turns out to be equivalent with
the opposite of Field::stored_in_db(). Remove the macro and
invoke the member function directly.

innodb_base_col_setup_for_stored(): Simplify a condition to only
check Field::vcol_info.

innobase_create_index_def(): Replace some redundant code with
DBUG_ASSERT().

MariaDB before MDEV-5800 in version 10.2.2 did not support
indexed virtual columns. Non-persistent virtual columns were
hidden from storage engines. Only starting with MDEV-5800, InnoDB
would create internal metadata on virtual columns.

On TRUNCATE TABLE, an old .frm file from before MDEV-5800 may be
used as the table schema. When the table is being re-created by
InnoDB, the old schema must be used. That is, we may hide
the existence of virtual columns from InnoDB.

create_table_check_doc_id_col(): Remove the assertion that failed.
This function can actually correctly deal with virtual columns
that could have been created before MariaDB 10.2.2 introduced MDEV-5800.

create_table_info_t::create_table_def(): Do not create metadata for
virtual columns if the table definition was created before MariaDB 10.2.2.

os_file_fsync_posix(): If fsync() returns a fatal error,
do include errno in the error message.

In the future, we might handle fsync() or write or allocation failures
on InnoDB data files a little more gracefully: flag the affected index
or table as corrupted, and deny any subsequent writes to the table.

If a write to the undo log or redo log fails, an alternative to
killing the server could be to deny any writes to InnoDB tables
until the server has been restarted.

This patch contains a fix for the MDEV-17262/17243 issues and
new mtr test.

These issues (MDEV-17262/17243) have two reasons:

1) After an intermediate commit, a transaction loses its status
of "transaction that registered in the MySQL for 2pc coordinator"
(in the InnoDB) due to the fact that since version 10.2 the
write_row() function (which located in the ha_innodb.cc) does
not call trx_register_for_2pc(m_prebuilt->trx) during the processing
of split transactions. It is necessary to restore this call inside
the write_row() when an intermediate commit was made (for a split
transaction).

Similarly, we need to set the flag of the started transaction
(m_prebuilt->sql_stat_start) after intermediate commit.

The table->file->extra(HA_EXTRA_FAKE_START_STMT) called from the
wsrep_load_data_split() function (which located in sql_load.cc)
will also do this, but it will be too late. As a result, the call
to the wsrep_append_keys() function from the InnoDB engine may be
lost or function may be called with invalid transaction identifier.

2) If a transaction with the LOAD DATA statement is divided into
logical mini-transactions (of the 10K rows) and binlog is rotated,
then in rare cases due to the wsrep handler re-registration at the
boundary of the split, the last portion of data may be lost. Since
splitting of the LOAD DATA into mini-transactions is technical,
I believe that we should not allow these mini-transactions to fall
into separate binlogs. Therefore, it is necessary to prohibit the
rotation of binlog in the middle of processing LOAD DATA statement.

https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-17262 and
https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-17243

In the function make_cond_for_table_from_pred a call of ix_fields()
missed checking of the return code. As a result an extracted constant
condition could be not well formed and this caused an assertion failure.

Idea is that many users do not install galera library and do not want
to unnecessary run galera and wsrep suites. Furthermore, failures on
these suites disturb development as buildbot shows red failing column
and causes unnecessary work for those who do not care galera tests.
There will be other way to run these suites on buildbot.

Includes:

MDEV-17302 Add support for ALTER USER command in prepared statement

and

MDEV-17673 main.cte_recursive fails in bb-10.4-ps branch in --ps

  Set correct SELECT_LEX linkage for recursive CTEs.
  Do not delegate this job to TABLE_LIST::set_as_with_table,
  because it is only run on prepare, while With_element::move_anchors_ahead
  is run both on prepare and execute (fix by Igor)

note: Inherit String from Sql_alloc,
to get operators new and new[] in sync

in rocksdb gcc was complaining that non-lvalue was cast to const.

When there is a huge transaction in the undo log, the purge threads
may get stuck in trx_purge_attach_undo_recs() for a long time,
causing the server to hang on a normal shutdown (innodb_fast_shutdown>0).

Apparently the innodb_purge_batch_size does not work correctly, or the
n_pages_handled is not being incremented correctly. We do not fix that
for now, but we will instead check if shutdown has been initiated,
allowing the purge threads to shut down without delays.

MDEV-16958 Assertion `field_length < 5' failed in Field_year::val_str or data corruption upon SELECT with UNION and aggregate functions

If an IN-subquery is used in a table-less select the current code
should never consider it as candidate for semi-join optimizations.
Yet the function check_and_do_in_subquery_rewrites() improperly
checked the property "to be a table-less select". As a result
such select in IN subquery was used in INSERT .. SELECT then
the IN subquery by mistake was registered as a semi-join subquery
and convert_subq_to_sj() was called for it. However the code of
this function does not assume that the parent select of the subquery
could be a table-less select.

There were two newly enabled warnings:
1. cast for a function pointers. Affected sql_analyse.h, mi_write.c
   and ma_write.cc, mf_iocache-t.cc, mysqlbinlog.cc, encryption.cc, etc

2. memcpy/memset of nontrivial structures. Fixed as:
* the warning disabled for InnoDB
* TABLE, TABLE_SHARE, and TABLE_LIST got a new method reset() which
  does the bzero(), which is safe for these classes, but any other
  bzero() will still cause a warning
* Table_scope_and_contents_source_st uses `TABLE_LIST *` (trivial)
  instead of `SQL_I_List<TABLE_LIST>` (not trivial) so it's safe to
  bzero now.
* added casts in debug_sync.cc and sql_select.cc (for JOIN)
* move assignment method for MDL_request instead of memcpy()
* PARTIAL_INDEX_INTERSECT_INFO::init() instead of bzero()
* remove constructor from READ_RECORD() to make it trivial
* replace some memcpy() with c++ copy assignments

The symptom of the bug was that one got the following in
the aria recovery log:
"Table 'xxx', id 57, has create_rename_lsn (1,0x12dee) more recent than LOGREC_FILE_ID's LSN (1,0x12dc4), ignoring open request"

After this all future redo entries was marked with
"For table of short id 57, table skipped, so skipping record"

Analyze:
When ending batch insert, create_rename_lsn for the table
is updated to signal that earlier redo entries for the
table can't be applied. The problem was that future redo
entries was also ignored as redo code assumed they where
for the old table.

Fixed by calling translog_dessign_id, which causes
future redo entries to be seen as belonging to the
updated table.

On startup, if the InnoDB doublewrite buffer can be used to
recover a corrupted page, raising an ERROR about a recoverable
error seems inappropriate. Issue Note instead, and adjust
tests accordingly.

Also, correctly validate the tablespace ID in the files.

Tests for MDEV-18667 ASAN heap-use-after-free in make_date_time / Arg_comparator::compare_string / Item_func_nullif::compare

The patch for MDEV-14926 fixed MDEV-18667 as well. Adding tests only.