MDEV-22829 SIGSEGV in _ma_reset_history on LOCK

MDEV-22048 Assertion `binlog_table_maps == 0 ||
           locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES' failed in
           THD::reset_for_next_command

Problem was that FLUSH TABLES where trying to read latest sequence state
which conflicted with a running ALTER SEQUENCE. Removed the reading
of the state, when opening a table for FLUSH, as it's not needed in this
case.

Other thing:
- Fixed a potential issue with concurrently running ALTER SEQUENCE where
  the later ALTER could potentially read old data

MDEV-22649 SIGSEGV in ha_partition::create_partitioning_metadata on ALTER
MDEV-22804 SIGSEGV in ha_partition::create_partitioning_metadata

MCOL-3875 Columnstore write cache

The main change is to change thr_lock function get_status to
return a value that indicates we have to abort the lock.

Other thing:
- Made start_bulk_insert() and end_bulk_insert() protected so that the
  insert cache can use these

The reson for the change was to make it easier to find true errors
when searching in trace logs.
"error:" should mainly be used when we have a real error

MDEV-22689 MSAN use-of-uninitialized-value in decode_bytes()

This was not a user visible issue as the huffman code lookup tables would
automatically ignore any of the unitialized bits

Fixed by adding a end-zero byte to the bit-stream buffer.

Other things:
- Fixed a (for this case) wrong assert in strmov() for myisamchk
  and aria_chk by removing the strmov()

- IF EXISTS ends with a list of all not existing object, instead of a
  separate note for every not existing object
- Produce a "Note" for all wrongly dropped objects
  (like trying to do DROP SEQUENCE for a normal table)
- Do not write existing tables that could not be dropped to binlog

Other things:
MDEV-22820 Bogus "Unknown table" warnings produced upon attempt to drop
           parent table referenced by FK
This was caused by an older version of this commit patch and later fixed

- Produce a "Note" for all wrongly dropped objects
  (Like doing DROP VIEW on a table).
- IF EXISTS ends with a list of all not existing objects, instead of a
  separate note for every not existing object.

Other things:
 - Fixed bug where one could do CREATE TEMPORARY SEQUENCE multiple times
   and create multiple temporary sequences with the same name.

The used code is largely based on code from Tencent

The problem is that in some rare cases there may be a conflict between .frm
files and the files in the storage engine. In this case the DROP TABLE
was not able to properly drop the table.

Some MariaDB/MySQL forks has solved this by adding a FORCE option to
DROP TABLE. After some discussion among MariaDB developers, we concluded
that users expects that DROP TABLE should always work, even if the
table would not be consistent. There should not be a need to use a
separate keyword to ensure that the table is really deleted.

The used solution is:
- If a .frm table doesn't exists, try dropping the table from all storage
  engines.
- If the .frm table exists but the table does not exist in the engine
  try dropping the table from all storage engines.
- Update storage engines using many table files (.CVS, MyISAM, Aria) to
  succeed with the drop even if some of the files are missing.
- Add HTON_AUTOMATIC_DELETE_TABLE to handlerton's where delete_table()
  is not needed and always succeed. This is used by ha_delete_table_force()
  to know which handlers to ignore when trying to drop a table without
  a .frm file.

The disadvantage of this solution is that a DROP TABLE on a non existing
table will be a bit slower as we have to ask all active storage engines
if they know anything about the table.

Other things:
- Added a new flag MY_IGNORE_ENOENT to my_delete() to not give an error
  if the file doesn't exist. This simplifies some of the code.
- Don't clear thd->error in ha_delete_table() if there was an active
  error. This is a bug fix.
- handler::delete_table() will not abort if first file doesn't exists.
  This is bug fix to handle the case when a drop table was aborted in
  the middle.
- Cleaned up mysql_rm_table_no_locks() to ensure that if_exists uses
  same code path as when it's not used.
- Use non_existing_Table_error() to detect if table didn't exists.
  Old code used different errors tests in different position.
- Table_triggers_list::drop_all_triggers() now drops trigger file if
  it can't be parsed instead of leaving it hanging around (bug fix)
- InnoDB doesn't anymore print error about .frm file out of sync with
  InnoDB directory if .frm file does not exists. This change was required
  to be able to try to drop an InnoDB file when .frm doesn't exists.
- Fixed bug in mi_delete_table() where the .MYD file would not be dropped
  if the .MYI file didn't exists.
- Fixed memory leak in Mroonga when deleting non existing table
- Fixed memory leak in Connect when deleting non existing table

Bugs fixed introduced by the original version of this commit:
MDEV-22826 Presence of Spider prevents tables from being force-deleted from
           other engines

The test case that was added for MDEV-21217
(commit b68f1d84)
should have only two possible outcomes for the locking SELECT statement:

(1) The statement is blocked, and the test will eventually fail
with a lock wait timeout. This is what I observed when the
code fix for MDEV-21217 was missing.

(2) The lock conflict will ensure that the statement will execute
after the rollback has completed, and an empty table will be observed.
This is the expected outcome with the recovery fix.

What occasionally happens (in some of our CI environments only, so far)
is that the locking SELECT will return all 1,000 rows of the table that
had been inserted by the transaction that was never supposed to be
committed. One possibility is that the transaction was unexpectedly
committed when the server was killed.

Let us disable the test until the reason of the failure has been
determined and addressed.

when allowing access via perfschema callbacks, update
the cached GRANT_INFO to match

With RETURNING it can happen that the user has some privileges on
the table (namely, DELETE), but later needs different privileges
on individual columns (namely, SELECT).

Do the same as in check_grant_column() - ER_COLUMNACCESS_DENIED_ERROR,
not an assert.

trx_roll_must_shutdown(): Correct the condition that detects
the start of shutdown.

An InnoDB check for the validity of index pages would occasionally fail
in the test encryption.innodb_encryption_discard_import.

An analysis of a "rr replay" failure trace revealed that the problem
basically is a combination of two old anomalies, and a recently
implemented optimization in MariaDB 10.5.

MDEV-15528 allows InnoDB to discard buffer pool pages that were freed.

PageBulk::init() will disable the InnoDB validity check, because
during native ALTER TABLE (rebuilding tables or creating indexes)
we could write inconsistent index pages to data files.

In the occasional test failure, page 8:6 would have been written
from the buffer pool to the data file and subsequently freed.

However, fil_crypt_thread may perform dummy writes to pages that
have been freed. In case we are causing an inconsistent page to
be re-encrypted on page flush, we should disable the check.

In the analyzed "rr replay" trace, a fil_crypt_thread attempted
to access page 8:6 twice after it had been freed.
On the first call, buf_page_get_gen(..., BUF_PEEK_IF_IN_POOL, ...)
returned NULL. The second call succeeded, and shortly thereafter,
the server intentionally crashed due to writing the corrupted page.

Item_func_div::fix_length_and_dec_temporal() set the return data type to
integer in case of @div_precision_increment==0 for temporal input with FSP=0.
This caused Item_func_div to call int_op(), which is not implemented,
so a crash on DBUG_ASSERT(0) happened.

Fixing fix_length_and_dec_temporal() to set the result type to DECIMAL.

when Item::print() is called with the QT_PARSABLE flag, WHERE i NOT IN
(SELECT ...) gets printed as WHERE !i IN (SELECT ...) instead of WHERE
!(i in (SELECT ...)) because Item_in_optimizer returns DEFAULT_PRECEDENCE.
it should return the precedence of the inner operation.

The problem here is similar to the case with DISTINCT, the tree used for ORDER BY
needs to also hold the null bytes of the record. This was not done for GROUP_CONCAT
as NULLS are rejected by GROUP_CONCAT.

Also introduced a comparator function for the order by tree to handle null
values with JSON_ARRAYAGG.

For DISTINCT to be handled with JSON_ARRAYAGG, we need to make sure
that the Unique tree also holds the NULL bytes of a table record
inside the node of the tree. This behaviour for JSON_ARRAYAGG is
different from GROUP_CONCAT because in GROUP_CONCAT we just reject
NULL values for columns.

Also introduced a comparator function for the unique tree to handle null
values for distinct inside JSON_ARRAYAGG.

Backported from MYSQL
Bug #25331425: DISTINCT CLAUSE DOES NOT WORK IN GROUP_CONCAT
Issue:
------
The problem occurs when:
1) GROUP_CONCAT (DISTINCT ....) is used in the query.
2) Data size greater than value of system variable:
tmp_table_size.

The result would contain values that are non-unique.

Root cause:
-----------
An in-memory structure is used to filter out non-unique
values. When the data size exceeds tmp_table_size, the
overflow is written to disk as a separate file. The
expectation here is that when all such files are merged,
the full set of unique values can be obtained.

But the Item_func_group_concat::add function is in a bit of
hurry. Even as it is adding values to the tree, it wants to
decide if a value is unique and write it to the result
buffer. This works fine if the configured maximum size is
greater than the size of the data. But since tmp_table_size
is set to a low value, the size of the tree is smaller and
hence requires the creation of multiple copies on disk.

Item_func_group_concat currently has no mechanism to merge
all the copies on disk and then generate the result. This
results in duplicate values.

Solution:
---------
In case of the DISTINCT clause, don't write to the result
buffer immediately. Do the merge and only then put the
unique values in the result buffer. This has be done in
Item_func_group_concat::val_str.

Note regarding result file changes:
-----------------------------------
Earlier when a unique value was seen in
Item_func_group_concat::add, it was dumped to the output.
So result is in the order stored in SE. But with this fix,
we wait until all the data is read and the final set of
unique values are written to output buffer. So the data
appears in the sorted order.

This only fixes the cases when we have DISTINCT without ORDER BY clause
in GROUP_CONCAT.

Part#2: forgot to commit the adjustments for the testcases.

This is a race condition where a table on which a 10.3-style
instant ADD COLUMN is emptied during the execution of
ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN ..., DROP INDEX ..., ALGORITHM=NOCOPY.

In commit 2c4844c9 the
function instant_metadata_lock() would prevent this race condition.
But, it would also hold a page latch on the leftmost leaf page of
clustered index for the duration of a possible DROP INDEX operation.

The race could be fixed by restoring the function
instant_metadata_lock() that was removed in
commit ea37b144
but it would be more future-proof to prevent the
dict_index_t::clear_instant_add() call from being issued at all.

We at some point support DROP COLUMN ..., ADD INDEX ..., ALGORITHM=NOCOPY
and that would spend a non-trivial amount of
execution time in ha_innobase::inplace_alter(),
making a server hang possible. Currently this is not supported
and our added test case will notice when the support is introduced.

dict_index_t::must_avoid_clear_instant_add(): Determine if
a call to clear_instant_add() must be avoided.

btr_discard_only_page_on_level(): Preserve the metadata record
if must_avoid_clear_instant_add() holds.

btr_cur_optimistic_delete_func(), btr_cur_pessimistic_delete():
Do not remove the metadata record even if the table becomes empty
but must_avoid_clear_instant_add() holds.

btr_pcur_store_position(): Relax a debug assertion.

This is joint work with Thirunarayanan Balathandayuthapani.

Apply this patch from Percona Server (amended for 10.5):

commit cd7201514fee78aaf7d3eb2b28d2573c76f53b84
Author: Laurynas Biveinis <laurynas.biveinis@gmail.com>
Date:   Tue Nov 14 06:34:19 2017 +0200

    Fix bug 1704195 / 87065 / TDB-83 (Stop ANALYZE TABLE from flushing table definition cache)

    Make ANALYZE TABLE stop flushing affected tables from the table
    definition cache, which has the effect of not blocking any subsequent
    new queries involving the table if there's a parallel long-running
    query:

    - new table flag HA_ONLINE_ANALYZE, return it for InnoDB and TokuDB
      tables;
    - in mysql_admin_table, if we are performing ANALYZE TABLE, and the
      table flag is set, do not remove the table from the table
      definition cache, do not invalidate query cache;
    - in partitioning handler, refresh the query optimizer statistics
      after ANALYZE if the underlying handler supports HA_ONLINE_ANALYZE;
    - new testcases main.percona_nonflushing_analyze_debug,
      parts.percona_nonflushing_abalyze_debug and a supporting debug sync
      point.

    For TokuDB, this change exposes bug TDB-83 (Index cardinality stats
    updated for handler::info(HA_STATUS_CONST), not often enough for
    tokudb_cardinality_scale_percent). TokuDB may return different
    rec_per_key values depending on dynamic variable
    tokudb_cardinality_scale_percent value. The server does not have a way
    of knowing that changing this variable invalidates the previous
    rec_per_key values in any opened table shares, and so does not call
    info(HA_STATUS_CONST) again. Fix by updating rec_per_key for both
    HA_STATUS_CONST and HA_STATUS_VARIABLE. This also forces a re-record
    of tokudb.bugs.db756_card_part_hash_1_pick, with the new output
    seeming to be more correct.

MDEV-15053 did not remove all unnecessary buf_pool.page_hash S-latch
acquisition. There are code paths where we are holding buf_pool.mutex
(which will sufficiently protect buf_pool.page_hash against changes)
and unnecessarily acquire the latch. Many invocations of
buf_page_hash_get_locked() can be replaced with the much simpler
buf_pool.page_hash_get_low().

In the worst case the thread that is holding buf_pool.mutex will become
a victim of MDEV-22871, suffering from a spurious reader-reader conflict
with another thread that genuinely needs to acquire a buf_pool.page_hash
S-latch.

In many places, we were also evaluating page_id_t::fold() while holding
buf_pool.mutex. Low-level functions such as buf_pool.page_hash_get_low()
must get the page_id_t::fold() as a parameter.

buf_buddy_relocate(): Defer the hash_lock acquisition to the critical
section that starts by calling buf_page_t::can_relocate().

if mysql_create_view is aborted when `view` isn't unlinked,
it should not be linked back on cleanup

On large hard disks (> 2TB), the plugin won't function correctly, always
showing 2 TB of available space due to integer overflow. Upgrade table
fields to bigint to resolve this problem.

The prefix of error log message out of a failed BINLOG applying
is corrected to be the sql command name.

CHECK constraint is checked by check_expression() which walks its
items and gets into Item_field::check_vcol_func_processor() to check
for conformity with foreign key list.

WITHOUT OVERLAPS is checked for same conformity in
mysql_prepare_create_table().

Long uniques are already impossible with InnoDB foreign keys. See
ER_CANT_CREATE_TABLE in test case.

2 accompanying bugs fixed (test main.constraints failed):

1. check->name.str lived on SP execute mem_root while "check" obj
itself lives on SP main mem_root. On second SP execute check->name.str
had garbage data. Fixed by allocating from thd->stmt_arena->mem_root
which is SP main mem_root.

2. CHECK_CONSTRAINT_IF_NOT_EXISTS value was mixed with
VCOL_FIELD_REF. VCOL_FIELD_REF is assigned in check_expression() and
then detected as CHECK_CONSTRAINT_IF_NOT_EXISTS in
handle_if_exists_options().

Existing cases for MDEV-16932 in main.constraints cover both fixes.