This bug led to wrong result sets returned by the second execution of
prepared statements from selects using mergeable derived tables pushed
into external engine. Such derived tables are always materialized. The
decision that they have to be materialized is taken late in the function
mysql_derived_optimized(). For regular derived tables this decision is
usually taken at the prepare phase. However in some cases for some derived
tables this decision is made in mysql_derived_optimized() too. It can be
seen in the code of mysql_derived_fill() that for such a derived table it's
critical to change its translation table to tune it to the fields of the
temporary table used for materialization of the derived table and this
must be done after each refill of the derived table. The same actions are
needed for derived tables pushed into external engines.

Approved by Oleksandr Byelkin <sanja@mariadb.com>

@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
 select straight_join * from t0, part ignore index (primary)
 where p_partkey=t0.a and p_size=1;
 id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	Extra
-1	SIMPLE	t0	ALL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	5	Using where
+1	SIMPLE	t0	ALL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	6	Using where
 1	SIMPLE	part	eq_ref	i_p_size	i_p_size	9	const,dbt3_s001.t0.a	1

Variant#3: moved the logic out of create_key_parts_for_pseudo_indexes

Range Analyzer (get_mm_tree functions) can only process up to MAX_KEY=64
indexes. The problem was that calculate_cond_selectivity_for_table used
it to estimate selectivities for columns, and since a table can
have > MAX_KEY columns, would invoke Range Analyzer with more than MAX_KEY
"pseudo-indexes".

Fixed by making calculate_cond_selectivity_for_table() to run Range
Analyzer with at most MAX_KEY pseudo-indexes. If there are more
columns to process, Range Analyzer will be invoked multiple times.

Also made this change:
-    param.real_keynr[0]= 0;
+    MEM_UNDEFINED(&param.real_keynr, sizeof(param.real_keynr));

Range Analyzer should have no use on real_keynr when it is run with
pseudo-indexes.

mariadb-backup:

Adding a function get_os_user() to detect the OS user name
if the user name is not specified, to make mariadb-backup:
- work like MariaDB client tools work
- match its --help page, which says:

  -u, --user=name This option specifies the username used when
  connecting to the server, if that's not the current user.

MDEV-33355 Add a Galera-2-node-to-MariaDB replication MTR test cloning the slave with mariadb-backup

Replication from a 2-node Galera cluster to a regular MariaDB server.
Cloning the slave using mariadb-backup.

According to the standard, the autoincrement column (i.e. *identity
column*) should be advanced each insert implicitly made by
UPDATE/DELETE ... FOR PORTION.

This is very unconvenient use in several notable cases. Concider a
WITHOUT OVERLAPS key with an autoinc column:
id int auto_increment, unique(id, p without overlaps)

An update or delete with FOR PORTION creates a sense that id will remain
unchanged in such case.

The standard's IDENTITY reminds MariaDB's AUTO_INCREMENT, however
the generation rules differ in many ways. For example, there's also a
notion autoincrement index, which is bound to the autoincrement field.

We will define our own generation rule for the PORTION OF operations
involving AUTO_INCREMENT:
* If an autoincrement index contains WITHOUT OVERLAPS specification, then
a new value should not be generated, otherwise it should.

Apart from WITHOUT OVERLAPS there is also another notable case, referred
by the reporter - a unique key that has an autoincrement column and a field
from the period specification:
  id int auto_increment, unique(id, s), period for p(s, e)

for this case, no exception is made, and the autoincrementing rules will be
proceeded accordung to the standard (i.e. the value will be advanced on
implicit inserts).

Reason:
======
undo_space_dblwr test case fails if the first page of undo
tablespace is not flushed before restart the server. While
restarting the server, InnoDB fails to detect the first
page of undo tablespace from doublewrite buffer.

Fix:
===
Use "ib_log_checkpoint_avoid_hard" debug sync point
to avoid checkpoint and make sure to flush the
dirtied page before killing the server.

innodb_make_page_dirty(): Fails to set
srv_fil_make_page_dirty_debug variable.

There is no need for CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR parameter in Debian
build as dh_auto_configure should handle things better and
more reliable

write_record() when performing REPLACE has an optimization:
- if the unique violation happened in the last unique key, then do UPDATE
- otherwise, do DELETE+INSERT

This patch changes the way of detecting if this optimization
can be applied if the table has long (hash based) unique
(i.e. UNIQUE..USING HASH) constraints.

Problem:

The old condition did not take into account that
TABLE_SHARE and TABLE see long uniques differently:
- TABLE_SHARE sees as HA_KEY_ALG_LONG_HASH and HA_NOSAME
- TABLE sees as usual non-unique indexes
So the old condition could erroneously decide that the UPDATE optimization
is possible when there are still some unique hash constraints in the table.

Fix:

- If the current key is a long unique, it now works as follows:

  UPDATE can be done if the current long unique is the last
  long unique, and there are no in-engine (normal) uniques.

- For in-engine uniques nothing changes, it still works as before:

  If the current key is an in-engine (normal) unique:
  UPDATE can be done if it is the last normal unique.

use the original, not the truncated, field in the long unique prefix,
that is, in the hash(left(field, length)) expression.

because MyISAM CHECK/REPAIR in compute_vcols() moves table->field
but not prefix fields from keyparts.

Also, implement Field_string::cmp_prefix() for prefix comparison
of CHAR columns to work.

no need to use it when both arguments have the same length

use thd->start_time for the "start_time" column of the slow_log table.
"current_time" here refers to the current_time() function return value
not to the actual *current* time.

also fixes
MDEV-33267 User with minimal permissions can intentionally corrupt mysql.slow_log table

should fix numerous failures of main.bootstrap tets

Item_func_quote did not calculate its max_length correctly for nullable
arguments.

Fix:

In case if the argument is nullable, reserve at least 4 characters
so the string "NULL" fits.

MCOL-5611 supporting with Boost-1.80, the version "next_prime"
disappears from https://github.com/boostorg/unordered/blob/boost-1.79.0/include/boost/unordered/detail/implementation.hpp
makes it the currenly highest supported versions.

Lets check this version.

While CMake-3.19+ supports version ranges in package determinations this
isn't supported for Boost in Cmake-3.28. So we check for the 1.80 and
don't compile ColumnStore.

Statements affect by this bug are all SQL statements that
1) prefixed with "EXPLAIN"
2) have a lower level join structure created for a union subquery.

A bug in select_describe() passed an incorrect "result" object to
mysql_explain_union(), resulting in unpredictable behaviour and
out of context calls.

Reviewed by: Oleksandr Byelkin, sanja@mariadb.com

An existing binlog checksum can be overridden to 0 if writing a NULL
payload when using Zlib for the computation. That is, calling into
Zlib's crc32 with empty data initializes an incremental CRC
computation to 0.

This patch changes the Log_event_writer::write_data() to exit
immediately if there is nothing to write, thereby bypassing the
checksum computation. This follows the pattern of
Log_event_writer::encrypt_and_write(), which also exits immediately
if there is no data to write.

Reviewed By:
============
Andrei Elkin <andrei.elkin@mariadb.com>

MDEV-32968  InnoDB fails to restore tablespace first page from doublewrite buffer when page is empty

recv_dblwr_t::find_first_page(): Free the allocated memory
to read the first 3 pages from tablespace.

innodb.doublewrite: Added sleep to ensure page cleaner thread
wake up from my_cond_wait

Adding GEOMETRY type user variables.

MDEV-32968  InnoDB fails to restore tablespace first page from doublewrite buffer when page is empty

- InnoDB fails to find the space id from the page0 of
the tablespace. In that case, InnoDB can use
doublewrite buffer to recover the page0 and write
into the file.

- buf_dblwr_t::init_or_load_pages(): Loads only the pages
which are valid.(page lsn >= checkpoint). To do that,
InnoDB has to open the redo log before system
tablespace, read the latest checkpoint information.

recv_dblwr_t::find_first_page():
1) Iterate the doublewrite buffer pages and find the 0th page
2) Read the tablespace flags, space id from the 0th page.
3) Read the 1st, 2nd and 3rd page from tablespace file and
compare the space id with the space id which is stored
in doublewrite buffer.
4) If it matches then we can write into the file.
5) Return space which matches the pages from the file.

SysTablespace::read_lsn_and_check_flags(): Remove the
retry logic for validating the first page. After
restoring the first page from doublewrite buffer,
assign tablespace flags by reading the first page.

recv_recovery_read_max_checkpoint(): Reads the maximum
checkpoint information from log file

recv_recovery_from_checkpoint_start(): Avoid reading
the checkpoint header information from log file

Datafile::validate_first_page(): Throw error in case
of first page validation fails.

Upstream Debian Sid which will become Debian Trixie (13)
have dropped NCurses version 5 and changed dev package name just
libncurses-dev

Add INSERT ... SELECT to the list of commands that can be traced

Approved by Sergei Petrunia (sergey@mariadb.com)

The problem is the test is skipped after sourcing include/master-slave.inc.
This leaves the slave threads running after the test is skipped, causing a
following test to fail during rpl setup.

Also rename have_normal_bzip.inc to the more appropriate _zlib.
Signed-off-by: Kristian Nielsen <knielsen@knielsen-hq.org>

- Closes PR #2839
- Usage of `Column_definition_fix_attributes()` suggested by Alexandar
  Barkov - thanks bar, that is better than hook in server code
  (reverted 22f3ebe4)
  - This method is called after parsing the data type:
    * in `CREATE/ALTER TABLE`
    * in SP: return data type, parameter data type, variable data type
  - We want to disallow all these use cases of MYSQL_JSON.

- Reviewer: bar@mariadb.com
            cvicentiu@mariadb.org

This reverts commit 22f3ebe4.

Closes PR #2839
Reviewer: cvicentiu@mariadb.org

- We don't test `json` MySQL tables from `std_data` since the error `ER_TABLE_NEEDS_REBUILD
` is invoked. However MDEV-32235 will override this test after merge,
but leave it to show behavior and historical changes.

- Closes PR #2833
Reviewer: <cvicentiu@mariadb.org>
          <serg@mariadb.com>

All Spider tables are recorded in the system table
mysql.spider_tables. Deleting a spider table removes the corresponding
rows from the system table, among other things. This patch makes it so
that if spider could not find any record in the system table to delete
for a given table, it should correctly report that no such Spider
table exists.

The field is assigned but unused, and it causes heap-use-after-free.

remove thr_setconcurrency()
followup for 8bbcaab1

Fix by Rainer Orth

mark auto-inc columns for read/write on INSERT,
but only for read on UPDATE

When the host is not specified, it defaults to localhost.

A new column was introduced to the show index output in 10.6 in
f691d986

Thus we update the check of the number of columns to be at least 13,
rather than exactly 13.

Also backport an err number and format from 10.5 for better error
messages when the column number is wrong.