Pass char* to WSREP_LOG and others, instead of non-POD objects

This patch fixes the bug that TRIM(BOTH ... FROM $str), TRIM(LEADING ... FROM $str),
and TRIM(TRAILING ... FROM $str) failed with errors when executing on Spider.

This is important since Sys_var_typelib and its descendants return
pointers to constant symbols from *_value_ptr, which are situated in
write-protected-memory.

* functions const-qualified:
  - value_ptr
  - session_value_ptr
  - global_value_ptr
  - default_value_ptr
  - Sys_var_vers_asof::value_ptr
  - other minor private ones

* remove C-style typecasts when it discards qualifiers

MDEV-16026: Forbid global system_versioning_asof in non-default time zone

* store `system_versioning_asof` in unix time;
* both session and global vars are processed in session timezone;
* setting `default` does not copy global variable anymore. Instead, it sets
  system_time to SYSTEM_TIME_UNSPECIFIED, which means that no 'AS OF' time
  is applied and `now()` can be assumed

As a regression, we cannot assign values below 1970 (UTC) anymore

MDEV-16481: set global system_versioning_asof=sf() crashes in specific case

* sys_vars.h: add `MYSQL_TIME` field to `set_var::save_result`
* sys_vars.ic: get rid of calling `var->value->get_date()` from
 `Sys_var_vers_asof::update()`
* versioning.sysvars: add test; remove double warning

refactor Sys_var_vers_asof

* inherit from sys_var rather than Sys_var_enum
* remove junk "DEFAULT" keyword. There is DEFAULT in SQL grammar for it.
* make all conversions in check() to avoid possible errors
* avoid double var->value evaluation, which could
  consequence in undefined behavior

btr_scrub_start_space(): Avoid an unnecessary tablespace lookup
and related acquisition of fil_system->mutex. In MariaDB Server 10.3
we would get deadlocks between that mutex and a crypt_data mutex.

The fix was developed by Thirunarayanan Balathandayuthapani.

On POSIX systems, InnoDB would unconditionally acquire advisory locks
on the files that it opens. On Linux, this would be observable by
a large number of entries in /proc/locks.

Other storage engines would only acquire advisory locks on files
based on the Boolean configuration parameter external_locking.

Let InnoDB do the same.

NOTE: The --skip-external-locking is activated by default. To have
InnoDB acquire advisory locks, --external-locking must be specified.

Reviewed by: Sergei Golubchik

trx_t::will_lock: Changed the type to bool.

trx_t::is_autocommit_non_locking(): Replaces
trx_is_autocommit_non_locking().

trx_is_ac_nl_ro(): Remove (replaced with equivalent assertion expressions).

assert_trx_nonlocking_or_in_list(): Remove.
Replaced with at least as strict checks in each place.

check_trx_state(): Moved to a static function; partially replaced with
individual debug assertions implementing equivalent or stricter checks.

This is a backport of commit 7b51d11c
from 10.5.

MDEV-26062 : InnoDB: WSREP: referenced FK check fail: Lock wait index `PRIMARY` table `schema`.`child_table`

Problem was that not all normal error codes where not handled
after wsrep_row_upd_check_foreign_constraints() call. Furhermore,
debug assertion did not contain all normal error cases. Changed
ib:: calls to WSREP_ calls to use wsrep instrumentation.

Problem:
=========
As a part of MDEV-14398 patch, InnoDB added and removed
the tablespace from default encrypt list. But InnoDB removes
the tablespace from the default encrypt list too early due to
i) other encryption thread working on the tablespace
ii) When tablespace is being flushed at the end of
key rotation

InnoDB fails to decrypt/encrypt the tablespace since
the tablespace removed too early and it leads to
test case failure.

Solution:
=========
Avoid the removal of tablespace from default_encrypt_list
only when
1) Another active encryption thread working on tablespace
2) Eligible for tablespace key rotation
3) Tablespace is in flushing phase

Removed the workaround in encryption.innodb_encryption_filekeys test case.

failed for TokuDB engine CREATE TABLE

Analysis: Assertion failure happens because the database doesn't exist to
create the table but ha_tokudb::create() still returns false.
So error is not reported.
Fix: Store the error state and report the error.

Tests for the Spider storage engine often use the following idiom:

--let $command=CREATE TABLE t1 (...);CREATE TABLE t2 (...); ...
--eval $command

However, the idiom seems to work in the normal protocol, but fails
in the prepared statement (ps) protocol.
As testing CREATE TABLE statements in the ps protocol, we wrap the
idiom by --disable_ps_protocol and --enable_ps_protocol.

Set tests to non-valgrind:
  oqgraph.social
  encryption.innodb-page_encryption
  binlog_encryption.encrypted_master
  innodb.innodb-page_compression_lz4
  main.lock_multi_bug38499
  main.lock_multi_bug38691

Closes #1844

This patch fixes parsing problems concerning derived tables that use table
value constructors (TVC) with LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses of the form
  ((VALUES ... LIMIT ...) ORDER BY ...) as dt
The fix has to be applied only to 10.3 as 10.4 that employs a different
grammar rules has no such problems. The test cases should be merged
upstream.

Approved by Oleksandr Byelkin <sanja@mariadb.com>

The `item_func::JSON_EXTRACT_FUNC` was not handled correctly in the previous
versions on the Spider storage engine, which makes queries like
`SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE json_extract(jdoc, '$.Age')=20`
failed with syntax error.

This patch writes specific code to handle JSON_EXTRACT in the Spider Storage
Engine and fix that bug.

In commit 83d2e084 (MDEV-24041)
we failed to notice that in addition to the bug with
DELETE and ON DELETE CASCADE, there is another bug with
UPDATE and ON UPDATE CASCADE.

row_ins_foreign_fill_virtual(): Use the correct memory heap
for everything that will be reachable from the cascade->update
that we return to the caller.

Note: It is correct to use the shorter-lived cascade->heap for
rec_get_offsets(), because that memory will be abandoned when
row_ins_foreign_fill_virtual() returns.

MDEV-26080 fixup: fixed .result file for galera_roles test (one word must be enclosed in single quotes).

This bug was fixed by the patch for bug MDEV-26025.
Only a new test case is added here.

Fix RPAD() handling without 3rd argument of padding, in which case default
padding is used.

Problem:
Server throws OOM error when we execute twitter load with SELECTs
for UPDATE + UPDATES, and SELECT queries on tables with full-text
index.
FTS cache->total_memory store count of total memory allocated to FTS
cache (for all fulltext indexes on a table).
For each word in fts cache, we store doc-id & word position in a
node->ilist.
we increment cache->total_memory with size of doc-id & word position
whereas we allocate ilist in chuck of 16, 32 ,64 bytes or 1.2 times
of last size.
When we wil insert huge amount of data into the FTS aux index tables
then collectively these small chucks for each token become huge
unaccounted memory allocated for FTS cache.

Fix:
Incremented cache->total_memory by size of chunk allocated to
node->ilist.

RB: 25286
Reviewed by : Rahul Agarkar <rahul.agarkar@oracle.com>

mysql/mysql-server@7ab5707f1c4482ed050ed9fa739e9ec0e2fc0ffa

This patch changes it so that we do not free old BP `page_hash`, but rather modify it's parameters, during resize.

RB: 26084
Reviewed-by: Marcin Babij <marcin.babij@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Yasufumi Kinoshita <yasufumi.kinoshita@oracle.com>

mysql/mysql-server@ea3adc6a1192e1bca4b4894fd7037e29fbcf0bd0

ha_innobase::prepare_inplace_alter_table(): Unless the table is
being rebuilt, determine the maximum column length based on the
current ROW_FORMAT of the table. When TABLE_SHARE (and the .frm file)
contains no explicit ROW_FORMAT, InnoDB table creation or rebuild
will use innodb_default_row_format.

Based on mysql/mysql-server@3287d33acdc4260806a2a407ca15e9d1e04dddcb

InnoDB tablespace identifiers and page numbers are 32-bit numbers.
Let us use a 32-bit type for them in innochecksum.

The changes in commit 1918bdf3
broke the build on 32-bit Windows.

Thanks to Vicențiu Ciorbaru for an initial version of this fixup.

SQL processor failed to catch references to unknown columns and other
errors of the phase of semantic analysis in the specification of a
hanging recursive CTE. This happened because the function
With_clause::prepare_unreferenced_elements() failed to detect a CTE as
a hanging CTE if the CTE was recursive.
Fixing this problem in the code of the mentioned function opened another
problem: EXPLAIN started including the lines for the specifications of
hanging recursive CTEs in its output. This problem also was fixed in this
patch.

Approved by Dmitry Shulga <dmitry.shulga@mariadb.com>

This gives a short overview over found/missing dependencies as well
as enabled/disabled features.

Initial author Heinz Wiesinger <heinz@m2mobi.com>
Additions by Vicențiu Ciorbaru <vicentiu@mariadb.org>
* Report all plugins enabled via MYSQL_ADD_PLUGIN
* Simplify code. Eliminate duplication by making use of WITH_xxx
  variable values to set feature "ON" / "OFF" state.

Reviewed by: wlad@mariadb.com (code details) serg@mariadb.com (the idea)

           from view

A crash of the server happened when executing a stored procedure whose the
only query calculated window functions over a mergeable view specified
as a select from non-mergeable view. The crash could be reproduced if
the window specifications of the window functions were identical and both
contained PARTITION lists and ORDER BY lists. A crash also happened on
the second execution of the prepared statement created for such query.
If to use derived tables or CTE instead of views the problem still
manifests itself crashing the server.

When optimizing the window specifications of a window function the
server can substitute the partition lists and the order lists for
the corresponding lists from another window specification in the case
when the lists are identical. This substitution is not permanent and should
be rolled back before the second execution. It was not done and this
ultimately led to a crash when resolving the column names at the second
execution of SP/PS.

This bug appeared after the patch for bug MDEV-23886. Due to this bug
execution of queries with CTEs used the same CTE at least twice via
prepared statements or with stored procedures caused crashes of the server.
It happened because the select created for any of not the first usage of
a CTE erroneously was not included into all_selects_list.
This patch corrects the patch applied to fix the bug MDEV-26108.

Approved by Oleksandr Byelkin <sanja@mariadb.com>

Store and maintain xdes pages always. And doesn't verify checksums for
freed pages.

innochecksum can work only with the first space file of multiple ones.
Tell about it and abort in case of not the first file.